This document provides an overview of basic anatomy, physiology, and pathology related to the heart. It defines common medical terminology used to describe positions and directions in the body. It describes the basic structure and function of the heart, including blood flow patterns and the layers of the heart. It also discusses coronary circulation and common conditions affecting the heart like ischemia, infarction, and atherosclerosis.

1. Basics of Anatomy Physiology
& Pathology
Soumya Ranjan Parida

2. All Anatomy Descriptions

3. Basic Medical Terminologies
• Medial , Lateral, Median
• Transverse , longitudinal
• Ventral/ Anterior , Dorsal/
Posterior
• Cephalad / Superior , Caudad/
Inferior
• Proximal, Distal

4. Position of the Heart

5. Mediastinum

6. Transverse section through thorax

7. Approaches
1. Sternotomy
2. Rt. Ant. Tho
3. Lt. Ant. Tho
4. Lt. Post. Tho
5. Rt. Post. Tho

8. Surfaces of Heart
Lateral
surface
Anterior
surface
Inferior
surface
Posterior
surface

9. Heart Anatomy
Brachiocephalic
Trunk
Left Common
Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian
Artery
Right Coronary
Artery
Left Coronary
Artery
Left Anterior
Descending
Artery
Circumflex
Branch
Right= Anterior , Left = Posterior

10. Heart : Blood Flow

12. Layers of Heart

13. Function of Heart: Salient Features
•Blood flows in series
•Atria : reservoir , Ventricles: pump
•Two atria as one, Two ventricles as one
•Valves prevent regurgitation
•RV dispensable

14. •Handles blood but cannot use it DIRECTLY
•Receives its ‘pay’ through coronary arteries
•Blood Supply = Work
= BP X HR

15. Coronary Circulation
Facts
• 250ml blood per minute
• Extracts all oxygen even at rest
• Myocardium can not store oxygen
• Hence
Increase in Demand = increase in supply

16. Position: LAD,D – anterior; PD, PLV – Inferior; OM – Posterior
Non accessible : LM, LCx, S , intramyocardial vessels

18. Heart: as seen through median sternotomy

19. Coronaries shaded black are difficult/ impossible to see

20. Left Chest
• Structures: Lt heart
Aorta ,LSCA
Lt lung
• Approach to: + mitral valve
Lt coronaries

22. Right Chest
• Structures: Right lung, RSCA
• Approach to: + mitral valve, RA, SVC

23. Layers of heart/ Blood vessels

24. Terminologies
• Ischemia
• Angina
• Infarction
• Arteriosclerosis / Atherosclerosis
• Risk factors
• % stenosis , critical/ sub total / total
• Proximal block
• ---- Equivalent : angina , LM

26. Atherosclerosis
• Generalised , affects all vessels
• proximal vessels>> distal vessels
• Cause: not known , risk factors : known
• Surgery treats blocks not the disease

27. F∞ R4

28. Vessel, site, severity