Describes 14 plants that can make up a complete human diet. CHEARS Three Sisters Demonstration Gardens in Greenbelt, Maryland is featuring these 14 plants for Year 2012.
The document provides information on leguminous vegetable cultivation and seed production. It discusses that legumes have been cultivated for over 6,000 years and are a major source of protein worldwide. It then describes several important legumes including beans, peas, mungbeans, soybeans and gives details on their origin, botanical characteristics, improved varieties developed in different countries. Controlled hybridization procedures that have been used to develop new varieties with higher yields and disease resistance are also summarized.
The potato is a tuber that was botanically named Solanum tuberosum in 1596. It develops from underground stolons and stores starches and sugars. Tubers vary widely in size, weight, and color. They have scars from scale leaves, multiple eyes that are axillary buds, lenticels for gas exchange, and an almost impermeable skin for protection. Potatoes are grown for their starchy tubers which are eaten around the world.
Total eight Vavilovian centers of origin for crop plants. This regions includes all cultivated vegetables crops. Domesticated plants differ from their wild progenitors in several morphophysiological traits, most of which are
associated with seed retention, dormancy and germination, growth habit, size, colour, and/or edibility of economically
important organs. Crop wild relatives includes crop ancestors as well as other species more or less closely related to crops. they may be from different gene pools.They are a critical source of genes for resistance to diseases, pests and stresses such as drought and extreme temperatures
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document discusses the potato and sweet potato. It provides details on their botanical classification, origin in South America, importance as food crops, varieties commonly grown in India, and breeding objectives such as high yield, disease resistance, and quality traits. It also describes the centers for potato and sweet potato research and development, including the Central Potato Research Institute in India and the International Potato Center in Peru.
Potato is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. the leaves can reach 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length and 5–15 cm (2–6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. It is grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. It grows best in cooler climates. Potatoes require a deep, fertile, loose, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.8 and 6.5 and will grow optimally at daytime temperatures between 18 and 27°C (65–80°F) and night time temperatures between 12 and 18°C (55–65°F). Potatoes are usually grown from seed potatoes. Each piece of planting material should have at least two eyes. Seed potatoes and pieces can be planted 0–2 weeks after the last frost. All tubers should be harvested when the vines have died. Harvest the tubers by gently digging them up with a fork. Do not wash the tubers prior to storing. Potatoes can also be processed into starch, alcohol or flour.
- Cowpea is a warm season legume crop originated in Africa and grown worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.
- In India it is commonly grown in central and peninsular regions for green peas, grains, and fodder. This document discusses the production technology of cowpea in Gujarat, including varieties grown, climate requirements, land preparation, sowing methods, and fertilizer use. The key locally grown variety highlighted is Gujarat Cowpea-1.
This document discusses the life cycles and classification of plantation and industrial crops. It covers:
- Annuals like maize, groundnuts, and soybeans that complete their life cycle in one growing season.
- Semi-perennials like sugarcane, pineapple, and plantains that take two to three years.
- Perennials like cocoa, coffee, and oil palm that take many years to complete their life cycle.
It also outlines key principles for establishing sustainable plantations, including choosing appropriate planting materials, nursery practices, suitable climatic conditions, land preparation, and integration of livestock.
The document provides information on leguminous vegetable cultivation and seed production. It discusses that legumes have been cultivated for over 6,000 years and are a major source of protein worldwide. It then describes several important legumes including beans, peas, mungbeans, soybeans and gives details on their origin, botanical characteristics, improved varieties developed in different countries. Controlled hybridization procedures that have been used to develop new varieties with higher yields and disease resistance are also summarized.
The potato is a tuber that was botanically named Solanum tuberosum in 1596. It develops from underground stolons and stores starches and sugars. Tubers vary widely in size, weight, and color. They have scars from scale leaves, multiple eyes that are axillary buds, lenticels for gas exchange, and an almost impermeable skin for protection. Potatoes are grown for their starchy tubers which are eaten around the world.
Total eight Vavilovian centers of origin for crop plants. This regions includes all cultivated vegetables crops. Domesticated plants differ from their wild progenitors in several morphophysiological traits, most of which are
associated with seed retention, dormancy and germination, growth habit, size, colour, and/or edibility of economically
important organs. Crop wild relatives includes crop ancestors as well as other species more or less closely related to crops. they may be from different gene pools.They are a critical source of genes for resistance to diseases, pests and stresses such as drought and extreme temperatures
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document discusses the potato and sweet potato. It provides details on their botanical classification, origin in South America, importance as food crops, varieties commonly grown in India, and breeding objectives such as high yield, disease resistance, and quality traits. It also describes the centers for potato and sweet potato research and development, including the Central Potato Research Institute in India and the International Potato Center in Peru.
Potato is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. the leaves can reach 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length and 5–15 cm (2–6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. It is grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. It grows best in cooler climates. Potatoes require a deep, fertile, loose, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.8 and 6.5 and will grow optimally at daytime temperatures between 18 and 27°C (65–80°F) and night time temperatures between 12 and 18°C (55–65°F). Potatoes are usually grown from seed potatoes. Each piece of planting material should have at least two eyes. Seed potatoes and pieces can be planted 0–2 weeks after the last frost. All tubers should be harvested when the vines have died. Harvest the tubers by gently digging them up with a fork. Do not wash the tubers prior to storing. Potatoes can also be processed into starch, alcohol or flour.
- Cowpea is a warm season legume crop originated in Africa and grown worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.
- In India it is commonly grown in central and peninsular regions for green peas, grains, and fodder. This document discusses the production technology of cowpea in Gujarat, including varieties grown, climate requirements, land preparation, sowing methods, and fertilizer use. The key locally grown variety highlighted is Gujarat Cowpea-1.
This document discusses the life cycles and classification of plantation and industrial crops. It covers:
- Annuals like maize, groundnuts, and soybeans that complete their life cycle in one growing season.
- Semi-perennials like sugarcane, pineapple, and plantains that take two to three years.
- Perennials like cocoa, coffee, and oil palm that take many years to complete their life cycle.
It also outlines key principles for establishing sustainable plantations, including choosing appropriate planting materials, nursery practices, suitable climatic conditions, land preparation, and integration of livestock.
The potato originated in the Andes Mountains of South America over 7,000 years ago. Tough farmers first cultivated potatoes for their nutritional value and hardiness. Europeans did not widely adopt the potato until the late 18th century, with some resistance due to associations with poverty. It was not until the 1780s that the potato gained prominence in Europe, being widely accepted in Ireland and promoted in France by Parmentier. Today the potato is one of the world's major food crops.
Cabbage is a cool weather vegetable that forms heads. It requires regular watering and fertilizing. Varieties differ in maturity time. Cabbages are harvested when heads are firm. Kale is a common leafy green in Kenya known as sukumawiki. It is planted in rows and fertilized regularly to allow for continuous leaf harvesting. Spinach grows well below 1000m altitude and produces leaves that can be eaten raw or cooked from various varieties.
An old world cool season annual legume crop.
A popular crop in world since a long time.
With broad genetic base.
Consumed in multiple forms.
Long history of cultivation and adaptation.
Different crop forms are present based upon the harvest time.
cauliflower - Cultivation- production technology varieties pest and disease jagathesan krishnasamy
1. Cauliflower is a cool season crop that has different varieties suited for different temperature ranges, from tropical types that form curds at 20-27°C to snowball types requiring 10-16°C.
2. Popular cauliflower varieties include Pusa Deepali, Pusa Himjyoti, Arka Kanti, and Pusa Snowfall K-1. Proper soil preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, weed control, and pest management are needed for optimal growth and yield.
3. Major pests of cauliflower include the mustard sawfly, which damages leaves, and aphids, which suck plant juices and secrete honeydew allowing so
This document provides information about sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) production, including its classification, origin, description, climatic requirements, cultivation practices, and post-harvest handling. It details aspects such as the plant description, root and stem structure, leaf and flower morphology, fruit characteristics, and cultivar selection. Requirements for temperature, soil type, and site are outlined.
The document provides instructions for growing cucumbers, including preparing the soil, planting seeds or seedlings, caring for the plants, and harvesting. Key steps include waiting until soils warm in spring, choosing a sunny spot, removing weeds, fertilizing and adjusting soil pH, watering regularly, protecting plants from pests, and harvesting cucumbers when they are 6-8 inches long before they turn yellow. The document recommends starting seeds directly in the ground or indoors and using a trellis for support as vines grow vertically.
This document discusses root and tuber crops, focusing on cocoyams. It identifies cocoyams as stem tubers widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Cocoyams can be processed into foods like fufu, soup thickeners, and flour. The document outlines the uses of cocoyam leaves and petioles as vegetables and animal feed. It provides details on the nutritional value, cultivation methods, harvesting, storage, and processing of cocoyams.
chickpea is an important pulse crop in india. the quality seed production of every crop is based on several seed standards set by seed certification agencies. here this powerpoint slides discuss about the importance of chickpea and the minimum seed standards of chickpeea crop
This document provides an overview of pea production technology. It discusses the origin, description, botany, taxonomy, cultivation practices and varieties of peas. Key points include:
- Peas are a cool season legume crop grown for their edible pods and seeds. Major producers include India, where they are grown in northern plains and hills.
- Peas fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules. They have a taproot system and bear compound leaves with tendrils. Flowers are self-pollinated and develop into edible pods.
- Cultivars are classified by seed type, plant height, and maturity period. Popular varieties include Arka Ajit, Bonneville, and Ar
This document summarizes the status of pulse crops in Nepal. It discusses the origin and diversity of major pulses grown in Nepal such as lentils, chickpeas, and mung beans. It then outlines the key breeding objectives for developing new pulse varieties for Nepal, such as tolerance to abiotic stresses and resistance to diseases and pests. Current recommended and promising varieties are listed for different pulse crops. The constraints facing pulse production and current research efforts are also summarized. Finally, future research prospects are outlined, including varietal development, improving crop management practices, and diversifying pulse-based cropping systems.
Systematics and production technology of sweet potatoSmit shah
This document provides information about the floral biology of sweet potato. It begins with identifying the botanical name as Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam and notes that it is a hexaploid plant originating in South America that is pollinated via cross-pollination. It then discusses taxonomic classification, morphological features of the plant such as leaves and flowers, nutritional value, uses, and ideal climate and soil conditions for cultivation.
The potato is the world's fourth largest food crop. In Pakistan, potato production has increased significantly over the past decades to become an important crop. It is grown primarily in Punjab province, which accounts for over 85% of national potato production. The three major potato growing seasons in Pakistan are spring, summer, and autumn. Improving potato seed quality, reducing post-harvest losses, and stabilizing prices fluctuations remain ongoing challenges.
This document provides an introduction to pea (Pisum sativum L.), including its origin, distribution, description, botany, uses, and breeding. It notes that pea originated in the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is now widely cultivated globally. Pea is used as a fresh or processed vegetable and for dehydration, canning, and freezing. The document describes pea plant morphology and inheritance patterns. It outlines breeding objectives such as disease resistance, yield, and quality. Breeding methods including selection and hybridization are discussed. Popular varieties developed in India are mentioned.
Six Companion Planting Secrets - Painless Garden CaretakerFulvia62m
Companion planting involves growing certain plants together to benefit each other in various ways. Some key points:
- Companion plants can help protect other plants from insect pests, diseases, and critters through natural repellents.
- This technique has been used for centuries and is backed by both traditional knowledge and recent scientific research.
- The "Three Sisters" method of growing corn, beans, and squash together is a classic Native American companion planting strategy that benefits all three plants.
- Other plant combinations mentioned include chamomile to revive sickly seedlings, tansy to repel various insect pests, and nasturtiums/petunias/geraniums
The growth of a potato plant can be broken down into five stages:
1) Sprout Development - The eyes of the potato sprout and emerge from the soil, using energy stored in the seed potato.
2) Vegetative Growth - Leaves, stems, roots and stolons develop as the plant grows above ground.
3) Tuber Set/Initiation - Small tubers form at the ends of stolons, around the size of jelly beans.
4) Tuber Bulking - Tuber cells expand and accumulate water, nutrients and carbohydrates as tubers enlarge greatly in size.
5) Maturation - Vines die back as photosynthesis decreases and tuber growth
This document is a handbook about using buckwheat as a cover crop for weed management on Northeastern farms. It provides production directions for using buckwheat in different situations, such as following early vegetables, bringing idle land into production, and preparing for strawberries. It also provides guidance on procedures for ground preparation, sowing, killing buckwheat, and following crops. The key benefits of buckwheat as a cover crop are suppressing annual and perennial weeds and improving soil health.
The Principles and Practices of Organic Beet Seed Production in the Pacific N...Seeds
This document provides information about organic beet seed production, including:
1) It discusses two methods for producing beet seed - the "seed-to-seed" method, where beet seed is planted and overwintered in the field, and the "root-to-seed" method, where beet roots are harvested, overwintered, and replanted to produce seed.
2) It describes the ideal climate and soil conditions for beet seed production, noting cool spring temperatures are best for vegetative growth while cooler, dryer summer weather supports pollination and seed development.
3) It explains the beet lifecycle as a biennial plant, producing leaves the first year and flowering the second year after a
Principles and Practices of Organic Pea Seed Production ~ Cornell University
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides an overview of different classification systems for crops. It begins by explaining the importance of botanical classification, which is based on structural characteristics and divides plants into kingdoms, divisions, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. It then discusses classification by agronomic use, life cycle, season, climate, photoperiod, growth habit, and pollination type. The key systems covered include classification by food vs. fiber crops, annual vs. perennial crops, temperature zone, photoperiod requirements, determinate vs. indeterminate growth, and self- vs. cross-pollination. Examples are provided for different categories within each system to illustrate how crops can be classified.
Students from Latvia and Italy collaborated on a research project about the migration and history of ingredients used in their cuisines. They researched topics like olives, barley, dill, potatoes, tomatoes, rye, and garlic. For each ingredient, they discussed its history, origins, growing requirements, uses in cooking and medicine, and fun facts. The results of the students' work are presented in this brochure documenting their international collaboration.
This document provides information on various species of yams. It discusses the origins, cultivation and uses of different yam species including D. rotundata, D. cayennensis, D. alata, D. polystachya, D. bulbifera, D. esculenta, D. dumetorum and D. trifida. It also describes yam botany, flowering, breeding objectives including disease resistance and yield, and breeding methods such as hybridization, selection and polyploidy breeding. The document is an informative overview of yams, their taxonomy and cultivation.
The potato originated in the Andes Mountains of South America over 7,000 years ago. Tough farmers first cultivated potatoes for their nutritional value and hardiness. Europeans did not widely adopt the potato until the late 18th century, with some resistance due to associations with poverty. It was not until the 1780s that the potato gained prominence in Europe, being widely accepted in Ireland and promoted in France by Parmentier. Today the potato is one of the world's major food crops.
Cabbage is a cool weather vegetable that forms heads. It requires regular watering and fertilizing. Varieties differ in maturity time. Cabbages are harvested when heads are firm. Kale is a common leafy green in Kenya known as sukumawiki. It is planted in rows and fertilized regularly to allow for continuous leaf harvesting. Spinach grows well below 1000m altitude and produces leaves that can be eaten raw or cooked from various varieties.
An old world cool season annual legume crop.
A popular crop in world since a long time.
With broad genetic base.
Consumed in multiple forms.
Long history of cultivation and adaptation.
Different crop forms are present based upon the harvest time.
cauliflower - Cultivation- production technology varieties pest and disease jagathesan krishnasamy
1. Cauliflower is a cool season crop that has different varieties suited for different temperature ranges, from tropical types that form curds at 20-27°C to snowball types requiring 10-16°C.
2. Popular cauliflower varieties include Pusa Deepali, Pusa Himjyoti, Arka Kanti, and Pusa Snowfall K-1. Proper soil preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, weed control, and pest management are needed for optimal growth and yield.
3. Major pests of cauliflower include the mustard sawfly, which damages leaves, and aphids, which suck plant juices and secrete honeydew allowing so
This document provides information about sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) production, including its classification, origin, description, climatic requirements, cultivation practices, and post-harvest handling. It details aspects such as the plant description, root and stem structure, leaf and flower morphology, fruit characteristics, and cultivar selection. Requirements for temperature, soil type, and site are outlined.
The document provides instructions for growing cucumbers, including preparing the soil, planting seeds or seedlings, caring for the plants, and harvesting. Key steps include waiting until soils warm in spring, choosing a sunny spot, removing weeds, fertilizing and adjusting soil pH, watering regularly, protecting plants from pests, and harvesting cucumbers when they are 6-8 inches long before they turn yellow. The document recommends starting seeds directly in the ground or indoors and using a trellis for support as vines grow vertically.
This document discusses root and tuber crops, focusing on cocoyams. It identifies cocoyams as stem tubers widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Cocoyams can be processed into foods like fufu, soup thickeners, and flour. The document outlines the uses of cocoyam leaves and petioles as vegetables and animal feed. It provides details on the nutritional value, cultivation methods, harvesting, storage, and processing of cocoyams.
chickpea is an important pulse crop in india. the quality seed production of every crop is based on several seed standards set by seed certification agencies. here this powerpoint slides discuss about the importance of chickpea and the minimum seed standards of chickpeea crop
This document provides an overview of pea production technology. It discusses the origin, description, botany, taxonomy, cultivation practices and varieties of peas. Key points include:
- Peas are a cool season legume crop grown for their edible pods and seeds. Major producers include India, where they are grown in northern plains and hills.
- Peas fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules. They have a taproot system and bear compound leaves with tendrils. Flowers are self-pollinated and develop into edible pods.
- Cultivars are classified by seed type, plant height, and maturity period. Popular varieties include Arka Ajit, Bonneville, and Ar
This document summarizes the status of pulse crops in Nepal. It discusses the origin and diversity of major pulses grown in Nepal such as lentils, chickpeas, and mung beans. It then outlines the key breeding objectives for developing new pulse varieties for Nepal, such as tolerance to abiotic stresses and resistance to diseases and pests. Current recommended and promising varieties are listed for different pulse crops. The constraints facing pulse production and current research efforts are also summarized. Finally, future research prospects are outlined, including varietal development, improving crop management practices, and diversifying pulse-based cropping systems.
Systematics and production technology of sweet potatoSmit shah
This document provides information about the floral biology of sweet potato. It begins with identifying the botanical name as Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam and notes that it is a hexaploid plant originating in South America that is pollinated via cross-pollination. It then discusses taxonomic classification, morphological features of the plant such as leaves and flowers, nutritional value, uses, and ideal climate and soil conditions for cultivation.
The potato is the world's fourth largest food crop. In Pakistan, potato production has increased significantly over the past decades to become an important crop. It is grown primarily in Punjab province, which accounts for over 85% of national potato production. The three major potato growing seasons in Pakistan are spring, summer, and autumn. Improving potato seed quality, reducing post-harvest losses, and stabilizing prices fluctuations remain ongoing challenges.
This document provides an introduction to pea (Pisum sativum L.), including its origin, distribution, description, botany, uses, and breeding. It notes that pea originated in the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is now widely cultivated globally. Pea is used as a fresh or processed vegetable and for dehydration, canning, and freezing. The document describes pea plant morphology and inheritance patterns. It outlines breeding objectives such as disease resistance, yield, and quality. Breeding methods including selection and hybridization are discussed. Popular varieties developed in India are mentioned.
Six Companion Planting Secrets - Painless Garden CaretakerFulvia62m
Companion planting involves growing certain plants together to benefit each other in various ways. Some key points:
- Companion plants can help protect other plants from insect pests, diseases, and critters through natural repellents.
- This technique has been used for centuries and is backed by both traditional knowledge and recent scientific research.
- The "Three Sisters" method of growing corn, beans, and squash together is a classic Native American companion planting strategy that benefits all three plants.
- Other plant combinations mentioned include chamomile to revive sickly seedlings, tansy to repel various insect pests, and nasturtiums/petunias/geraniums
The growth of a potato plant can be broken down into five stages:
1) Sprout Development - The eyes of the potato sprout and emerge from the soil, using energy stored in the seed potato.
2) Vegetative Growth - Leaves, stems, roots and stolons develop as the plant grows above ground.
3) Tuber Set/Initiation - Small tubers form at the ends of stolons, around the size of jelly beans.
4) Tuber Bulking - Tuber cells expand and accumulate water, nutrients and carbohydrates as tubers enlarge greatly in size.
5) Maturation - Vines die back as photosynthesis decreases and tuber growth
This document is a handbook about using buckwheat as a cover crop for weed management on Northeastern farms. It provides production directions for using buckwheat in different situations, such as following early vegetables, bringing idle land into production, and preparing for strawberries. It also provides guidance on procedures for ground preparation, sowing, killing buckwheat, and following crops. The key benefits of buckwheat as a cover crop are suppressing annual and perennial weeds and improving soil health.
The Principles and Practices of Organic Beet Seed Production in the Pacific N...Seeds
This document provides information about organic beet seed production, including:
1) It discusses two methods for producing beet seed - the "seed-to-seed" method, where beet seed is planted and overwintered in the field, and the "root-to-seed" method, where beet roots are harvested, overwintered, and replanted to produce seed.
2) It describes the ideal climate and soil conditions for beet seed production, noting cool spring temperatures are best for vegetative growth while cooler, dryer summer weather supports pollination and seed development.
3) It explains the beet lifecycle as a biennial plant, producing leaves the first year and flowering the second year after a
Principles and Practices of Organic Pea Seed Production ~ Cornell University
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides an overview of different classification systems for crops. It begins by explaining the importance of botanical classification, which is based on structural characteristics and divides plants into kingdoms, divisions, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. It then discusses classification by agronomic use, life cycle, season, climate, photoperiod, growth habit, and pollination type. The key systems covered include classification by food vs. fiber crops, annual vs. perennial crops, temperature zone, photoperiod requirements, determinate vs. indeterminate growth, and self- vs. cross-pollination. Examples are provided for different categories within each system to illustrate how crops can be classified.
Students from Latvia and Italy collaborated on a research project about the migration and history of ingredients used in their cuisines. They researched topics like olives, barley, dill, potatoes, tomatoes, rye, and garlic. For each ingredient, they discussed its history, origins, growing requirements, uses in cooking and medicine, and fun facts. The results of the students' work are presented in this brochure documenting their international collaboration.
This document provides information on various species of yams. It discusses the origins, cultivation and uses of different yam species including D. rotundata, D. cayennensis, D. alata, D. polystachya, D. bulbifera, D. esculenta, D. dumetorum and D. trifida. It also describes yam botany, flowering, breeding objectives including disease resistance and yield, and breeding methods such as hybridization, selection and polyploidy breeding. The document is an informative overview of yams, their taxonomy and cultivation.
Vegetables grown in Pakistan A Lecture by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses 46 different types of vegetables that are grown in Pakistan. It lists each vegetable in alphabetical order along with a brief 1-2 sentence description. The vegetables are produced across Pakistan's varied climatic zones and grown during different seasons to meet consumer demand year-round. Major vegetables include tomatoes, potatoes, onions, chillies, and various gourds.
Capsicum annuum, commonly known as chilli pepper, is an important crop cultivated worldwide for use as a spice, vegetable, and ornamental. It is rich in vitamins C and A. Chilli peppers show variation in shape, color, size, and pungency depending on variety and region. India is the largest producer of chillies, with the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu accounting for over 70% of national acreage. Chillies have various economic uses as food flavoring, medicine, and natural colorants.
This document discusses the production technology of sweet potato. It provides information on the scientific classification of sweet potato including its origin in tropical America. It describes two common varieties grown in Pakistan and the optimal climate and soil conditions for growth. Details are given on planting time, seed rate, spacing, manures, fertilizer, irrigation, diseases, harvesting, yield, medicinal importance and nutritional value of sweet potato.
Garlic is a cultivated plant that grows from a bulb and is known for its strong odor and flavor. It is grown worldwide for both culinary and medicinal purposes. There are over 300 varieties of garlic cultivated globally, with the main varieties being hardneck and softneck garlic. In India, garlic is mainly produced in states like Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat. It is cultivated through planting individual cloves in the ground and providing irrigation and fertilizers to support growth. Garlic bulbs are harvested after around 3-6 months of growth when the leaves begin to dry up.
This document provides information on the breadfruit tree (Artocarpus altilis), including its taxonomy, origins, distribution, importance as a food crop, varieties, and conservation efforts. It describes breadfruit's nutritional value and various uses. Key points include that breadfruit is native to New Guinea and western Micronesia, was spread throughout the Pacific by humans, and its introduction to the Caribbean was led by Captain Bligh in the late 18th century. Over 100 varieties have been identified. Conservation programs aim to preserve breadfruit diversity and habitats for threatened endemic species.
This document provides an overview of the origins and development of agriculture. It discusses how early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and other regions began cultivating crops and domesticating animals, leading to the establishment of settled communities. Key crops that were domesticated include rice, soybeans, sorghum, maize and many fruits and vegetables. The document also examines the history and spread of agriculture from its centers of origin to other parts of the world, and outlines the development of agriculture in regions like the Philippines under Spanish and American rule.
Fodder crops are crops cultivated primarily for animal feed. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is considered the "Queen of fodder crops". It is a perennial legume with trifoliate leaves and purple flowers. Alfalfa is high in proteins, vitamins, and minerals and is the world's highest protein feed. It is predominantly grown in the United States, Argentina, and Canada. While alfalfa provides excellent nutrition, factors like saponins and phytoestrogens can potentially cause issues if not properly managed.
Agronomy is the study of crop production and soil management. It aims to maximize food production through understanding the relationships between soils, plants and their environment. Some key milestones in agronomy include the establishment of the Department of Agriculture in India in 1880 and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1903. The Green Revolution of the 1960s greatly increased food production in India through the use of high-yielding varieties, irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides. Major crops are classified based on factors like life cycle, economic use, season and climate. Key soil types in India include alluvial, black, red, laterite and desert soils. Alluvial soils cover around 48 million hectares and are found in river basins.
Carrots have an optimal growth environment of 1500-2500m altitude, 500mm rainfall, and 15-20°C temperatures. They grow best in deep, loose, well-draining sandy or loamy soils with a pH of 6.0-6.5. Regular watering is important to maintain soil moisture levels and prevent roots from becoming woody or splitting. Photoperiod also influences flowering, with shorter photoperiods during chilling treatments promoting faster flowering than longer photoperiods.
INTRODUCTION IN AGRICULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINESJenniferCelades
This document outlines the stages of agricultural development from hunting and gathering to early domestication of plants and animals. It discusses the origins and history of major crops worldwide like soybeans, sorghum, maize, and rice, tracing their domestication to regions in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Key crops in the Philippines are also introduced, including coconut, banana, mango, pineapple and their origins in Southeast Asia or Americas.
This document discusses the Papilionaceae plant family. It describes the structure of Papilionaceae flowers, which are characterized by their butterfly-like shape. The document outlines the economic importance of some crops in the family, including peas, soybeans, and peanuts. It proposes developing peanuts and cowpeas as new crops and describes traditional and potential commercial uses of peanuts and cowpeas that could make them economically viable.
scope and importance of under exploited salad vegetables in india dhananjayaDhananjayaRout2
This document discusses underutilized salad vegetables in India. It notes that salad vegetables are rich sources of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Some key underutilized salad vegetables discussed include lettuce, celery, leek, and parsley. These vegetables provide health benefits like improving digestion and supporting immune function. The document advocates increasing production and consumption of underutilized salad vegetables in India to address nutritional needs and food security.
This document discusses the origins and early development of agriculture. It notes that agriculture began independently in multiple locations around 10,000 years ago after the last ice age. Early domesticated crops included grains like wheat and barley in Mesopotamia, rice in Southeast Asia, and maize in Mesoamerica. The transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agriculture involved cultivating wild plants through activities like weeding, pruning, and burning fields. Key traits like seed size increased through early domestication. Only a few genes were often responsible for major changes in plant phenotypes during domestication. Weeds also began to evolve mimicking cultivated crops. Domestication generally reduced genetic diversity in plants due to genetic bottlenecks.
This document discusses several tropical fruits and vegetables. It provides details on avocado, mango, pineapple, and kiwi as tropical fruits that are delicious and nutritious. It describes their places of origin and cultivation. It also discusses several tropical vegetables - zucchini, asparagus, artichoke, and fennel. For each it provides details on taste, culinary uses, and nutritional value. The document serves to educate about unique fruits and vegetables that can be enjoyed for their flavors and health benefits.
The raspberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus Rubus of the rose family.
The name may have been influenced by its appearance as having a rough surface related to Old English rasp or "rough berry".
There are many types of raspberries — including black, purple and golden — but the red raspberry, or Rubus idaeus, is the most common.
Red raspberries are unique berries with a rich history and nutrient and bioactive composition.
The seeds were identified in Britain at Roman forts. It was Romans who spread the cultivation of Raspberry throughout the Europe.
During Medieval Europe, the wild berries are used for the medicinal and practical purposes. The juice was used in the illuminated manuscripts and paintings.
Although they are most commonly known as food products, they are also a popular anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial remedy used in traditional medicine in eastern parts of Europe.
Although the most common herbal drug in folk medicine is the fruit, the shoots of R. idaeus have also been used to treat common cold, fever and flu-like infections
Legumes are members of the Fabaceae family and are a rich source of protein and nutrients. They contain nitrogen-fixing root nodules that enrich the soil. Some common edible legumes include beans, peas, lentils, soybeans, peanuts. Legumes have been cultivated for thousands of years by ancient civilizations and were an important crop for the Romans and Greeks. They are used widely around the world in soups, stews, and other dishes.
This document provides information about onions. It begins with an introduction to onions and their uses in cuisine. It then covers the scientific classification of onions, different types (e.g. yellow, red, white onions), seasonal classifications, a brief history of onion cultivation, how onions are grown from seed to harvest, common pests and diseases, health benefits, and safety information. The document aims to give a well-rounded overview of onions from a botanical, agricultural, nutritional, and cultural perspective.
Similar to One Circle Diet for Three Sisters Demonstration Gardens (20)
MLK Day of Service Tree Protection Workday at Buddy Attick ParkCHEARS
This document provides information about a tree protection workday being held on Martin Luther King Jr. Day in Buddy Attick Park in partnership with the City of Greenbelt Department of Public Works and the Chesapeake Education, Arts & Research Society (CHEARS) Greenbelt Forest Stewardship Project. The event will include introductions, information about protecting trees from beavers, managing invasive English ivy, and future volunteer opportunities with CHEARS.
Errors Found in National Evaluation of UpwardBound- Postive Re-Analysis ResultsCHEARS
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The document discusses community-based environmental conservation projects with AmeriCorps. It describes how AmeriCorps engages 80,000 Americans each year in service projects at nonprofits and community groups, focusing on issues like disaster services, education, health, and environmental stewardship. The document specifically profiles a volunteer program coordinator position with the Chesapeake Education Arts & Research Society, noting that the role involves 75% office work like project development and reporting, and 25% field work training volunteers and conducting environmental projects. It recommends a Bachelor's degree and skills in areas like gardening and wildlife identification to work in volunteer program development for environmental conservation.
Stormwater Solutions: Rain Barrels and More!CHEARS
Luisa Robles is the Sustainability Coordinator for the City of Greenbelt and has worked with Public Works since 2008. She has a Ph. D in Environmental Sciences, Sustainable Development and Ecological Economics from the University of Maryland. She is in charge of the City’s recycling programs, the greenhouse gas emissions inventory, is the liaison to the Greenbelt Advisory Committee on Environmental Sustainability (Green ACES), and is in charge of helping the City be more sustainable through various programs, workshops, and outreach efforts. Luisa will talk about watersheds, stormwater runoff, environmental impacts, and what we as a community can do to restore our environment.
Rain Barrels: Harvesting the Heavens Saving StreamsCHEARS
Matt Berres is the Director of Maintenance Operations for Greenbelt Homes Inc. (GHI). He is responsible for developing and implementing GHI’s stormwater management program and supporting efforts to promote sustainability throughout the coop. He has led efforts to encourage rain barrel usage in Greenbelt and designed and implemented numerous bioretention rain gardens in the community. Prior to joining GHI, Matt led watershed education and restoration programs for the Potomac Conservancy, a regional non-profit dedicated to protecting the Potomac River watershed. Matt will talk about GHI’s rain barrel program and its other storm water management activities to reduce the coop’s pollution impact on the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.
Prince George's County Raincheck Rebate ProgramCHEARS
Carole Ann Barth is a senior environmental planner with Prince George’s County Department of Environmental Resources. Her principle focus is to increase County employee, public, and business awareness about sustainability and to promote stewardship through everyday actions at work and at home. Previously, Barth worked in the fields of watershed assessment and restoration planning, as well as environmental site design. She co-developed the nationally-recognized Rainbows to Rain Gardens program. Ms. Barth will speak about Prince George's County Rain Check Rebate program.
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This document provides information about two forest insect pests: the red-bellied woodpecker and Callidiellum rufipenne. It describes the signs of damage caused by each pest, including exit holes, suckering, and galleries underneath bark. For C. rufipenne, it outlines its native range, hosts, and lifecycle of laying eggs in late spring that develop into larvae that burrow under bark to feed. The document also provides information about identifying Asian longhorned beetle, noting its size, antennae, coloration, potential blue feet, and signs of heavily infested trees with dime-sized exit holes and frass at the tree's base. Contact information is given if suspicious
The document discusses the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB), an invasive beetle that was first detected in Maryland in 2004. It has since caused extensive damage to ash trees. The summary describes:
1) Eradication efforts were undertaken in 2005 and 2007-2009 after initial detections, but the beetle continued to spread.
2) Monitoring and biocontrol methods using natural predators from the beetle's native Asia are now being used in an attempt to control further spread.
3) Homeowners and municipalities are encouraged to treat high-value ash trees with insecticides, remove low-value trees, and replace lost ashes with non-ash species to maintain urban forests.
This document provides information on invasive plant species and plant pests and pathogens. It defines native and exotic plants, and explains that invasive species are non-native species that cause economic or environmental harm. Several common invasive ornamental plants are described, as well as how invasives are introduced and why they are successful. Control methods including mechanical, chemical, and effective herbicide treatments are summarized. The document also provides an overview of plant pests and pathogens, describing different types of damage and examples like gypsy moth, emerald ash borer, and sudden oak death disease.
This document provides an introduction to identifying tree species. It discusses why identifying trees is important for land management, enjoyment and education. The document then describes some basic tree anatomy and different methods for identifying trees, such as leaves, bark, and fruit. It introduces the concept of a dichotomous key and provides a basic leaf key to demonstrate how to identify tree species step-by-step based on leaf characteristics. The key asks questions about whether leaves are broad or needle-like, opposite or alternate, simple or compound, and more, to systematically narrow down possibilities.
This document provides information about forest gardens and succession. It discusses choosing plants for a forest garden based on site conditions, including already existing plants and improved varieties. It emphasizes designing polycultures with layers including fruit/nut, vegetable/herb, nitrogen-fixing, and insectary plants. Diagrams demonstrate a sample forest garden design with these layers arranged for optimal sunlight, growth, and harvesting access. Yield goals and forest garden principles of phasing and succession are also covered.
This document discusses the value of forests and woodlands from both economic and ecological perspectives. It outlines how the UFORE model is used to quantify ecosystem services provided by urban forests, including examples from Prince William Forest Park. The document also addresses threats to forests like invasive pests and climate change, noting models predict most tree species in the park could experience unsuitable climates by the end of the century under higher emission scenarios. Land use change is also discussed as contributing to climate change and forest fragmentation.
The document discusses how forests help improve water quality in Chesapeake Bay. It notes that 39% of Maryland is forested, totaling over 2.46 million acres, and that forests are the best land cover for enhancing water quality by regulating water temperature, providing habitat and food for fish, and influencing sediment flux. It identifies several issues impacting Maryland forests, such as a decline in forest land area, an increase in even-aged forests from diameter limit cutting, and threats from invasive species and pests. The document provides contact information for Craig Highfield at forestryforthebay.org to learn more about their work improving forest management practices to benefit local waterways.
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Here are the key things to assess regarding exposure:
- Sunlight - Note direction of sun exposure and hours of direct sun. This will help determine shade-loving vs. sun-loving plants.
- Wind - Assess prevailing wind directions and speeds. Strong winds may require wind tolerant species.
- Microclimates - Note any areas that receive more/less sun or rain due to structures or landforms. These microclimates allow for more plant diversity.
- Frost pockets - Low-lying areas prone to frost should be avoided for frost-sensitive plants.
Documenting exposure will help select plants adapted to the specific sun/shade, wind and temperature conditions on your site. This improves plant health
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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2. 2012 Theme for Three Sisters Gardens
• One Circle: How to
Grow a Complete
Diet in Less Than
1,000 Square Feet
• By: David
Duhon
3. 14 Foods that can give complete diet in the
1000 square feet of garden space
1. Collards (kale, 8. Soy Beans
broccoli, chard) 9. Wheat
2. Parsley 10.Filberts/hazelnuts
3. Onions 11.Peanuts
4. Garlic 12.Turnips
5. Parsnips 13.Leeks
6. Potatoes 14.Sunflowers
7. Sweet potatoes
4. Collards
• Widely considered to be a healthy
food, collards are good sources of
vitamin C and soluble fiber, and
contain multiple nutrients with potent
anticancer properties, such as
diindolylmethane and sulforaphane]
Roughly a quarter pound (approx. 100
g) of cooked collards contains 46
Calories.
• Researchers at the University of
California at Berkeley have recently
discovered that 3,3'-diindolylmethane
in Brassica vegetables such as collard
greens is a potent modulator of the
innate immune response system with
potent antiviral, antibacterial and
anticancer activity
5. Parsley
• In addition to its volatile oils and
flavonoids, parsley is an excellent
source of two vital nutrients that are
also important for the prevention of
many diseases: vitamin C and
vitamin A
• Good Companion plant atracks
predatory insects-especially for
tomatoes
• As parsley seed germinates slowly
(sometimes taking several weeks),
it should be soaked in warm water
overnight before planting. Sow
outdoors in early spring in rows 10
to 12 inches apart, and cover 1/2
inch deep. Later thin the plants to
stand about 6 inches apart
6. Onions
• With their unique combination of flavonoids
and sulfur-containing nutrients, the allium
vegetables — such as onions — belong in
your diet on a regular basis.
• Onions, and other Allium species, are highly
valued herbs possessing culinary and
medicinal value. Some of their beneficial
properties are seen after long-term usage.
Onion may be a useful herb for the
prevention of cardiovascular disease,
especially since they diminish the risk of
blood clots. Onion also protects against
stomach and other cancers, as well as
protecting against certain infections. Onion
can improve lung function, especially in
asthmatics. The more pungent varieties of
onion appear to possess the greatest
concentration of health-promoting
phytochemicals .
7. Garlic
• Garlic plants can be grown closely together,
leaving enough space for the bulbs to
mature, and are easily grown in containers
of sufficient depth. When selecting garlic for
planting, it is important to pick large heads
from which to separate cloves. Large cloves,
along with proper spacing in the planting
bed, will also improve head size. Garlic
plants prefer to grow in a soil with a high
organic material content, but are capable of
growing in a wide range of soil conditions
and pH levels.[6]
• Garlic scapes are removed to focus all the
garlic's energy into bulb growth. The scapes
can be eaten raw or cooked.
8. Parsnips
• The parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) is a root
vegetable related to the carrot. Parsnips
resemble carrots, but are paler in colour
than most carrots, and have a sweeter taste,
especially when cooked.[2] The buttery,
slightly spicy, sweet flavor of cooked mature
parsnips (often picked after the first frost) is
reminiscent of butterscotch, honey, and
subtle cardamom. Like carrots, parsnips are
native to Eurasia and have been eaten there
since ancient times.
9. Potatoes
• Wild potato species occur throughout the
Americas, from the United States to
Uruguay. The potato was originally believed
to have been domesticated independently in
multiple locations,[4] but later genetic testing
of the wide variety of cultivars and wild
species proved a single origin for potatoes in
the area of present-day southern Peru and
extreme northwestern Bolivia (from a
species in the Solanum brevicaule complex),
where they were domesticated 7,000–
10,000 years ago.[5][6][7] Following
centuries of selective breeding, there are
now over a thousand different types of
potatoes.[6] Of these subspecies, a variety
that at one point grew in the Chiloé
Archipelago (the potato's south-central
Chilean sub-center of origin) left its
germplasm on over 99% of the cultivated
potatoes worldwide
10. Sweet Potatoes
• The plant is a herbaceous perennial vine,
bearing alternate heart-shaped or palmately
lobed leaves and medium-sized
sympetalous flowers. The edible tuberous
root is long and tapered, with a smooth skin
whose color ranges between yellow, orange,
red, brown, purple, and beige. Its flesh
ranges from beige through white, red, pink,
violet, yellow, orange, and purple. Sweet
potato varieties with white or pale yellow
flesh are less sweet and moist than those
with red, pink or orange flesh
• The center of origin and domestication of
sweet potato is thought to be either in
Central America or South America.] In South
America, Peruvian sweet potato remnants
dating as far back as 8000 BC have been
found]
11. Soy Beans
• The soybean (U.S.) or soya bean
(UK) (Glycine max)[2] is a species
of legume native to East Asia,
widely grown for its edible bean
which has numerous uses
• Soybeans produce significantly
more protein per acre than most
other uses of land.[
12. Wheat
• In 2009, world production of wheat was 682
million tons, making it the second most-
produced cereal after maize (817 million
tons), and with rice as close third (679
million tons). Wheat was a key factor
enabling the emergence of city-based
societies at the start of civilization because it
was one of the first crops that could be
easily cultivated on a large scale, and had
the additional advantage of yielding a
harvest that provides long-term storage of
food. Wheat contributed to the emergence of
city-states in the Fertile Crescent. The
whole grain can be milled to leave just the
endosperm for white flour. The by-products
of this are bran and germ. The whole grain
is a concentrated source of vitamins,
minerals, and protein, while the refined grain
is mostly starch.
13. Filberts--Hazelnuts
• The Celts believed hazelnuts gave one
wisdom and inspiration. There are numerous
variations on an ancient tale that nine hazel
trees grew around a sacred pool, dropping
into the water nuts that were eaten by
salmon (a fish sacred to Druids) which
absorbed the wisdom. The number of spots
on the salmon were said to indicate how
many nuts they had eaten. A Druid
teacher, in his bid to become omniscient,
caught one of these special salmon and
asked a student to cook the fish but not to
eat it. While he was cooking it, hot liquid
from the cooking fish splashed onto the
pupil's thumb, which he naturally sucked to
cool, thereby absorbing the fish's wisdom.
This boy was called Fionn Mac Cumhail (Fin
McCool) and went on to become one of the
most heroic leaders in Gaelic mythology
14. Peanuts
•
• Contrary to what their name implies,
peanuts are not true nuts but a
member of a family of legumes related
to peas, lentils, chickpeas and other
beans. Peanuts start growing as a
ground flower that due to its heavy
weight bends towards the ground and
eventually burrows underground where
the peanut actually matures. The
veined brown shell or pod of the
peanut contains two or three peanut
kernels. Each oval-shaped kernel or
seed is comprised of two off-white
lobes that are covered by a brownish-
.
red skin
15. Turnip
• Pliny the Elder considered the turnip one of
the most important vegetables of his day,
rating it "directly after cereals or at all events
after the bean, since its utility surpasses that
of any other plant." This vegetable is not
particular about the type of soil it grows in
and because it can be left in the ground until
the next harvest, it "prevents the effects of
famine" for humans (N.H. 18.34).
• Turnips grow wild in Siberia and have been
eaten since prehistoric times.
• Turnips are easy to grow if sown in the
proper season. They mature in two months
and may be planted either in the spring, late
summer or fall for roots or greens. The
spring crop is planted for early summer use.
The fall crop, which is usually larger and of
higher quality, is often stored for winter use.
16. Leeks
• Dried specimens from archaeological
sites in ancient Egypt, as well as wall
carvings and drawings, led Zohary and
Hopf to conclude that the leek was a
part of the Egyptian diet “from at least
the 2nd millennium BCE onwards.”
They also allude to surviving texts that
show it had been also grown in
Mesopotamia from the beginning of
the 2nd millennium BCE.[4] The leek
was the favourite vegetable of the
Emperor Nero, who consumed it in
soup or in oil, believing it beneficial to
the quality of his voice
17. Sunflower
• Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus) is an annual plant
native to the Americas.
Sunflowers should be allowed
to mature in the garden. There
are several indicators of
maturity. The back of the
flower head will be brown and
dry; most of the yellow petals
will have dried and fallen; the
seeds will be plump; and the
seed coats will be black and
white striped