Total eight Vavilovian centers of origin for crop plants. This regions includes all cultivated vegetables crops. Domesticated plants differ from their wild progenitors in several morphophysiological traits, most of which are
associated with seed retention, dormancy and germination, growth habit, size, colour, and/or edibility of economically
important organs. Crop wild relatives includes crop ancestors as well as other species more or less closely related to crops. they may be from different gene pools.They are a critical source of genes for resistance to diseases, pests and stresses such as drought and extreme temperatures
In this presentation you will come to know about the HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS, that is (PEDIGREE METHOD, MASS PEDIGREE METHOD, BULK METHOD, SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD).
GPB 311: RICE-Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Rice crop.
Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding.
In this presentation you will come to know about the HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS, that is (PEDIGREE METHOD, MASS PEDIGREE METHOD, BULK METHOD, SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD).
GPB 311: RICE-Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Rice crop.
Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding.
One Circle Diet for Three Sisters Demonstration GardensCHEARS
Describes 14 plants that can make up a complete human diet. CHEARS Three Sisters Demonstration Gardens in Greenbelt, Maryland is featuring these 14 plants for Year 2012.
The vegetables we eat today have not always been found in Europe--far from it!
Learn the history of vegetables, how they migrated and the people in history who made them stars.
For more educational games and kits :
http://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/france/en/know-your-vegetables/educational-kits/1.html
Running head: THE BLACK PEPPER 1
THE BLACK PEPPER 5
The Black Pepper
Taijin Wang
Joel Tannenbaum
Commodity Essay (Draft)
11/15/2015
Introduction
The black pepper is a flower producing plant primarily cultivated for its fruits. The fruits are dried and then used as a spice and for the seasoning of food. The dried fruits are commonly known as peppercorns. The pepper plant is a vine that can grow up to a maximum of four meters by winding itself around poles, trees, or even trellises. Before drying, the peppercorn is called a drupe. It grows well is a soil that is slightly moist. Besides, the soil should not be susceptible to a lot of flooding. Most of the black pepper that we use in the different parts of the world originate from the South East Asian communities.
The use of the black pepper has been present in the Indian cooking since two thousand BC. Though there is widespread evidence that the same plant was also grown in Thailand and Malaysia, the major source of the plant was from the Malabar Coast of India. The region is the current state of Kerala. Also, the history of black pepper has a close correlation with what the ancient Romans referred to as the long paper (Nunn, 2009). Without taking a keen interest in their differences, the Romans referred to the plants as generally ‘piper.'
Both the long and the black pepper were also known to the Greece as early as the fourth century. It was a rare and expensive commodity that only the rich would access. The two commodities were just obtained from India. The Indians grew the long paper in the North Western parts of the country while the black pepper originated from the further south. With the long distance from the south and the postulated spiciness of the long paper, the black pepper became less popular at that time.
Black pepper as a commodity
The peppercorn was first deemed as a commodity in the Coast of Malabar. It was a top-notch trade good that was high valuation regarding its monetary value. The most common term used at that particular time was the black gold. At the edge of the 16th century, the black pepper acquired a lot of recognition in many societies. It was predominantly grown in the regions of Java, Sunda, Sumatra, and Madagascar. There were also some regions in the South East Asia that cultivated the plant. Most of the named regions traded the commodity with China or consumed the product locally. For the commodities that got traded in the Middle East, the port of Malabar acted as a resting destination on one’s way to Europe through the Indian Ocean.
Influence of the Human Diet
The black pepper has its primary use as a spice and a food additive. Most people use other substances because of their sweetness. In the case of peppercorns, its desirable quality i.
Biodiversity and conservation efforts in plantation, spices, and medicinal crops are crucial for preserving ecosystems and sustaining agriculture. These efforts focus on maintaining genetic diversity within plant species, protecting endangered species, and promoting sustainable farming practices.
In plantation agriculture, such as tea, coffee, and rubber, conserving biodiversity involves preserving natural habitats, preventing deforestation, and implementing agroforestry practices that support a variety of plant and animal species. This can help maintain ecological balance and ecosystem services like pollination and pest control.
In the case of spices, which often come from diverse plant species grown in different regions, conservation efforts may include protecting natural habitats where these plants grow, promoting sustainable harvesting practices, and supporting local communities that depend on spice cultivation.
For medicinal crops, biodiversity conservation is essential to safeguarding the genetic diversity of plants used in traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals. This involves preserving natural habitats, preventing overharvesting of wild medicinal plants, and promoting cultivation of medicinal crops using sustainable methods.
Overall, biodiversity and conservation efforts in plantation, spices, and medicinal crops are vital for ensuring the long-term sustainability of agriculture, protecting ecosystems, and supporting human well-being.
In the Present scenario, the total mushroom production in India is approximately 0.13 million tons.
From 2010-2017, the mushroom industry in India has registered an average growth rate of 4.3% per annum.
By considering the production statistics, the spawn demand in India is estimated about 8000-10000 tons per annum.
It is a technology of growing mushrooms using plant, animal and industrial waste. This technology has gained importance worldwide because of its dietary fibres andproteins value.
Breadfruit is an ancient domesticated cultigen & its origin, domestication & distribution must be considered within a geographic & cultural context.
It was first domesticated in the Western Pacific & spread by humans throughout the region beginning 3600 yrs. ago.
The breadfruit is believed to be native to a vast area extending from New Guinea through the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to western Micronesia.
The Bismarck Archipelago being the Centre of diversity for wild seeded forms of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg.
Few-seeded and seedless forms occur throughout the Pacific Islands, with the greatest diversity found in the eastern Pacific in Polynesia. Seedless breadfruit has been widely distributed throughout the tropical world.
Propagating by seeds is not popular, as seeds lose viability quickly & the germination percentage is low.
Similar to Centers of origin, wild relatives, domestication and history of vegetable crops research in India (20)
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Centers of origin, wild relatives, domestication and history of vegetable crops research in India
1. Centers of origin, wild relatives,
domestication and history of vegetable
crops research in India
Dr. Palanisamy Muthukumar
ICAR-ARS Scientist
Division of Vegetable Science
IARI, New Delhi
2. Centers of origin of vegetable crops
Mega gene
center
Primary centres of origin and
domestication
Secondary
centres
Chinese-Japanese Eggplant, wax gourd, chinese cabbage, welsh
onion
Water melon
Indo-chinese Sponge gourd, ridge gourd, bittergourd,cucumber
Yam,
Chinese cabbage
amaranth
Hindustani Drumstick, hyacinth bean, Bittergourd, cucumber Watermeoln,bottle
gourd
Central Asia Onion, garlic, spinach, carrot Eggplant, cauliflower
,okra
Near East Leek, beet , onion , garlic okra
Mediterranean White cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, beans,
radish
Sweet pepper, garlic
African Bottlegourd,cowpea, okra, eggplant Lima bean
European Siberian Lettuce Spinach ,carrot
South America Tomato, chilli, pumpkins , squashes, cassava Common bean
Central American
and Mexian region
North America
Sweet potato, amaranth, yam bean and hot
pepper
Melons, lima bean
3. Tomato
Origin : Andes mountain regions and Galapagos island
Cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentm Mill revised to
Solanum lycopersicum
Domestication
Human consumption- 15 th century in Europe
Commercial scale: 17 to 18 century in Italy
4. Solanum lycopersicum L. (Peralta and Spooner, 2006), 2n=2X=24
Second most consumed vegetable after potato
Protective food (rich source of lycopene)
Possible spreading routes of the tomato beginning in the 16th century (Esquinas-Alcázar and Nuez, 1995).
History of tomato domestication in the world
5. Domestication of tomato in world
• Solanum sect. Lycopersicon
• cultivated tomato: Solanum lycopersicum (formerly Lycopersicon
esculentum)
• 13 closely related species or subspecies
• Mexican origin of domestication Jenkins, 1948
• Domesticated tomato and wild or weedy forms of the cherry tomato (S.
cerasiforme) (Peralta et al. 2008)
• Tomato first introduced to Italy 1521
• First description of the tomato in Europe 1544
• Andean region to Europe in the 16th century
• Tomato was probably used for human consumption 17 th century
• Tomato consumption very common by the mid-18th century.
• India introduced in to 18 th century
6. Solanum section Lycopersicon wild species
commercially utilized for tomato breeding
S. lycopersicum var.
cerasiforme
Tolerance to humidity, resistance to fungi
and root rot
S. cheesmaniae Joint less gene, high β-carotene content
S. galapagense Resistance to white fly
S. pimpinellifolium Colour, resistance to early blight, late blight
S. chmielewskii High sugar content , high TSS
S. neorickii Resistance to Grey mold
S. pennellii Resistance to drought
S. habrochaites Tolerance to cold and chilling, resistance to TLCV,
TMV
S. chilense Resistance to TLCV, TYLCV, CMV
S. peruvianum Resistance To TLCV, Nematodes
7. Brinjal Origin and Domestication
• Brinjal (S. melongena) occurs in wild or semi wild form in India.
• Various data indicate, that from the several species that evolved in Africa,
• S. incanum is spread to South-East Asia as the wild ancestor of S.
melongena (Lester 1998).
• India or Indochina are recognized as the entre of the eggplant diversity.
• Brinjal eggplant was described in India in 3rd century B.C. There were at
least 33 sanskrit names for eggplant in ancient Indian literature, the most
common being Varttaka, Bhantaki and Nattingan (Swarup 1995). The
growing of eggplant small fruited characters began in 4th century in China,
and in 9th century in Africa.
• Eggplant appears Mediterranean by the Arabs relatively late, probably in
7th century.
8. Source novel traits from brinjal wild
species
Specific traits Wild species
Resistant to shoot and fruit
borer
S. incanum, Solanum viarum
Fusarium wilt S. indicum
Verticillium wilt S. torvum
Phomopsis blight S. gilo, S. integrifolium
Bacterial wilts S. integrifolium, S. torvum
9. Chilli origin and domestication
• Capsicum will exceed 40 species.
• 5 species commercially domesticated and cultivated in the world
• C. annuum
• C. chinense
• C. frutescens
• C. baccatum
• C. Pubescens
• Capsicum was domesticated about 7000 BC (Andrews 1984).
• C. annuum is the most important and widely grown around the world
Species Source of novel traits
C. baccatum Resistance to anthracnose
C. chinense Resistance to anthracnose, viruses
C. chacoense Resistance to bacterial spot disease
11. Centre of origin and domestication of 5 cultivated capsicum species
Chilli was first introduce in India during the 17th century period
Capsicum species introduced in to Europe 14-15 th century
Chilli
12. Cultivated vegetable brassicas and their
variations in edible parts
Botanical name 2n Common name Usage
B. oleracea
var. botrytis 18 Cauliflower Vegetable (inflorescence)
var. capitata 18 Cabbage Vegetable (head)
var. gemmifera 18 Brussels sprouts Vegetable (head)
var. gongylodes 18 Kohlrabi Vegetable, fodder (stem)
var. italica 18 Broccoli Vegetable (inflorescence)
var. acephala 18 Kale Vegetable, fodder (leaves)
var. alboglabra 18 Chinese kale Vegetable (stem, leaves)
B. oleracea is a highly polymorphic species with extensive variation in leaf, stem,
and inflorescence morphology.
It represents a classical example of structural evolution in plants
13. Vegetable brassicas origin
Centers of origin
• Italy - cauliflower and broccoli
• Belgium - Brussels sprouts
• Central Europe – Kohlrabi
• Europe - Cabbage
14. Geographic distribution and probable places of origin of different Brassica
species.
(Source: Dixon 2007).
Vegetable Brassicas
Vegetable brassicas are unique as various plant parts have been modified during
domestication for use—for example, roots, leaves, stems, and inflorescences.
15. Source of traits Species
High Glucoraphanin Brassica villosa
Resistant to Cabbage aphid B. incana
B. villosa
Resistant to Cabbage white fly B. cretica
B. incana
Resistant to black rot B. carinata
Resistant to Sclerotinia B. incana
Wild species commercially exploited for
breeding
16. History of Indian cauliflower
• Cauliflower was introduced to India in 1822 by Dr. Jemson, a botanist
from Kew, took charge of the Company Bagh (United Provinces,
Saharanpur in the northern plains) to carry out some horticultural
experiments during the period of the East India Company
• The Royal Agri-Horticultural Society, Calcutta (West Bengal), also
introduced seeds of English vegetables including cauliflower, in 1824
from South Africa
• During the days of the East India Company, the seeds of vegetable crops
• were brought to India from England in small sailing boats.
• The seeds were distributed to different parts of the country and
performance reports obtained from them. For about a century (1822 to
1929), cauliflower underwent selection by local growers.
• Selection made for early maturity and for adaptability to hot humid
weather
17. • The first four Indian varieties listed by Sutton
and Sons, India, in 1929
• Early and Main Crop Patna, and Early and
Main Crop Benaras
Indian cauliflower types
18. Origin and evolution of Indian cauliflower
• Cauliflower is harvested from late August or early September to late
February or early March in the north Indian plains
• Hills: March to November
• Indian plains can be broadly classed into four maturity groups depending
upon time of curd availability:
Maturity group I : September to October
Maturity group II : Early November to mid-November
Maturity group III : Early December to mid-December
Maturity group IV : Mid-January; and, mid-January to early March
Most of the cauliflower varieties in India carrying the IARI cauliflower blood.
19. Cucumis sativus is native to the Indian
subcontinent
Cucumbers were carried eastward and grown in
China by 2000 years ago.
Until recently, cucumbers were thought to have
diffused westward at a very early time, being
familiar to the ancient Egyptians, Greeks,
Romans and Jews
Cucumber
20. Musk Melon
Melon (Cucumis melo L.; 2n=2x=24) is a tropical
Old World species
Africa as the region of domestication of melon
Melon may have been first domesticated as a food
source in Egypt and Iran during the second and third
millennia BCE.
India is the center of domestication, with the earliest
remains date to between 2300 and 1600 BCE at the
Indus Valley site of Harappa
21. Representative fruits of nondessert melon landraces of India
1. var. acidulus, 2. var. flexiosus, 3. var. chate, 4. var. memordica, 6. semi
domesticated wild melons
22. Water melon
Origin of different Citullus species in Africa
Origin : Africa
The crop was grown in India by at least 800 AD, and in China by 1100 AD.
The spread of watermelon into late in the 16th century.
23. Singh and Rana, 2014
Potato is originally a native of South American .
Lake Titicaca in Andes Mountains on the border of Peru and Bolivia
Potato origin and Domestication
24. Potato introduction in india
• Potato was introduced in India by the Portuguese during
early 17th century
• British took potato to hills in Northern Indian and Sri Lanka
• Potato cultivation was introduced in the Shimla hills in 1828
and Nilgiri hills in 1830
• By late 18th or early 19th century, the potato was an
important established vegetable crop in the hills and plains
of India
25. Dr. S. Ramanujam (First Director ). The institute was
established in August 1949 at Patna and started functioning
from an old single-storey, barrack-type building provided by
the Government of Bihar.
Three small units under the IARI looking after potato, namely
Potato Breeding Station at Shimla, Seed Certification Station
at Kufri, and Potato Multiplication Station at Bhowali were
merged with the newly created CPRI.
The headquarter of the institute was shifted to Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh in 1956 in order to facilitate hybridization
work and better maintenance of seed health.
26. Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) was drawn up in 1945
Under the guidance of Sir Herbort Stewart, the then Agricultural
Advisor to the Government of India and CPRI was established in
1949 at Patna.
Headquarters of CPRI was shifted to Shimla in 1956
CPRI and AICRP account for more than 95% potato related
research in this country
During 1956 to 1983, several regional research stations were
established in different potato growing zones of the country to
address local problems of potato cultivation
27. Seven regional research stations
1. Kufri, Himachal Pradesh
2. Jalandhar, Punjab
3. Patna, Bihar
4. Shillong, Meghalaya
5.Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh
6. Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
7. Ooty, Tamil Nadu
All India Coordinated Research Project on Potato (AICRP-Potato) was
initiated 1971, with headquarters at CPRI.
28. Seed plot technique (SPT)
Till mid-1960’s, potato seed production was restricted to high hills. This had
restricted the expansion of potato in India as the seed from spring crop in plains
was fully exposed to aphids and the seeds were degenerated within one season
and thus required to be replaced every year by the growers in the plains at very
high cost
Seed Plot Technique first initiated at Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar
Main aim: Quality seed production in NW plains under aphid free/low aphid
conditions.
Result : Major centre of disease free seed production shifted from the hills to the
plains
Main advantage: seed produced through seed plot technique in the plains not
only gave 30-40% higher yields but also was free from many soil and tuber borne
diseases and pests
29. True potato seed (TPS)
• An alternate technology for crop production through botanical seed
called True Potato Seed (TPS) has been developed by the CPRI.
• TPS suitable for regions where quality seed tubers cannot be
produced
• The TPS technology offers low cost on seed, case in storage and
transportation, and lower incidence of diseases and insect-pests
• Three TPS hybrids namely, TPS C-3, HPS I/13 and 92 PT-27 have
been recommended for commercial cultivation
30. Popular varieties released at CPRI
Till date, 50 potato varieties released
Specific purposes Varieties
First potato processing
variety
Kufri Himsona
Processing industry Kufri Chipsona-1 and Kufri Chipsona-2,
Heat tolerant variety Kufri Surya
Dual purpose (fresh and
processing)
Kufri Chandramuki, Kufri Jeevan, Kufri
Lauvkar
Suitable for intensive
cropping system
Kufri Jawahar
Wider adaptability Kufri Jyoti
Leading potato variety Kufri Sadabahar
Late blight resistant for
plains
K. Sutlej,
K. Jawahar, K. Anand,
Late blight resistant for
plains for hills
K. Megha, K. Giriraj, K. Swarna and K.
Girdhari
31. Central Tuber Crop Research Institute
(CTCRI)
• Dr A. Abraham, Prof. of Botany, in the Travancore-Cochin University
• served as Special Supervisory Officer of the Tuber Crops Research Schemes
in Kerala (Abraham et al. 1976)
• Main Tuber Crops Research Station was established in July 1963 by the
Government of India for intensification of research on the improvement of
tuber crops (other then potato) at Sreekariyam, near Trivandrum
• The Institute established in 1963 at Thiruvananthapuram
• The station was redesignated as Central Tuber Crops Research Institute
(CTCRI) with effect from 29th August 1964
• The All India Coordinated Research Project for Tuber Crops (AICRPTC) was
started by the ICAR in 1968
32. Achievements of CTCRI in tropical Tuber crops
Crops Specific purpose Varieties/hybrids
Cassava Short duration cassava varieties Sree Jaya and Sree Vijaya
High starch variety (Industry
purpose)
Sree Harsha
Sweet potato High yielding varieties Gouri and Sankar
Orange fleshed variety Sree Kanaka
White yam Dwarf variety Sree Dhanya
Greater yam First hybrid Sree Shilpa
Taro First hybrid Sree Kiran
Elephant foot
yam
First improved variety Sree Athira
33. Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research (IIHR)
• IIHR is established 1968 at Bangalore
• Arka Anamika (okra), Arka Manik (watermelon),
Arka Komal (French bean), Arka Kalyan (onion)
and Arka Vikas (Tomato) contributed immensely
to the horticultural GDP during the past three
decades
34. IIHR-Perspective
Crops Specific purpose Varieties/hybrids
Tomato Resistant to bacterial wilt F1
hybrids
Arka Abhijit, Arka Shreshta
Resistant to root knot nematodes Arka Vardan (F1 hybrid),
Resistant to TLCV Arka Ananya, Arka Rakshak,
Arka Samrat
Brinjal Resistant to bacterial wilt Arka Nidhi, Arka Keshav,
Arka Neelkanth,
Chilli First CGMS based F1 hybrids Arka Sweta, Arka Harita,
Arka Meghana
Okra Revolutionized YVMV resistant
variety
Arka Anamika
Pumpkin Small fruited type Arka Suryamukhi
35. Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research,
Rajgurunagar, Pune
National Research Centre for Onion and Garlic in VIII Plan with its
headquarter at Nasik in 1994
Onion Systematic breeding programme was started as early as 1960 at
Pimpalgaon, Baswant, Nashik and later at IARI, New Delhi.
Bhima Super, Bhima Red and Bhima Raj have the potential to grow in all three
seasons, viz., kharif, late kharif and rabi season in Maharashtra
Bhima Shubra, Bhima Shweta white onion varieties for dehydration industry
Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple garlic varieties for kharif season
36. Division of Horticulture at IARI
Genesis and Growth
Improvement work on vegetable crops began at IARI with
the establishment of a small section of vegetable crops in
the erstwhile Division of Botany during 1940.
In 1956, a separate Division of Horticulture was established
with the objectives to conduct research in all major
horticultural crops including vegetables and impart
postgraduate teaching.
It was further strengthened with creation of the Division of
Vegetable Crops and Floriculture in 1970.
In 1982, it gained independent identity as a Division of
Vegetable Crops. Its name was rechristened and known as
Division of Vegetable Science since Ist April, 2004.
37. SAUs
GBPUAT PANTNAGAR
The department of Vegetable Science was established
on January 31, 1995 after the bifurcation of the existing
department of Horticulture.
The major vegetables under the research programme
are Cauliflower, French bean, brinjal , pea, tomato,
okra, chilli, cucurbits, spices and potato.
The department has been able to develop and get
relased 34 vegetable varieties including four hybrids.
38. VIVEKANANDA PARVATIYA KRISHI
ANUSANDHAN SANSTHAN
•First open pollinated synthetic onion variety VL Piaz 3 for Uttarakhand.
The institute was established at Kolkata
(then known as Calcutta) by Padma Bhushan
late Prof. Boshi Sen on July 4, 1924 and
named it as Vivekananda Laboratory.
The Laboratory was permanently shifted to
Almora in 1936 and was being run on
donations and grants till it was handed over
to Uttar Pradesh Government in 1959.
On October 1, 1974, ICAR took it over and
rechristened it as Vivekananda Parvatiya
Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan.
Engaged in hill agricultural research for
North-Western Himalayan region of India . It
is a multi-crop and multi-disciplinary
institute
39. CCS HARYANA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,
HISAR
• Dr G Kalloo identified a TLCV resistance
source from S.habrochaites
• Identified ty-2 gene on chromosome number
11
• Hisar Anmol is the first TLCV resistant variety
in India
40. PAU Ludhiana
The Department of Vegetable Crops, Landscaping and
Floriculture was established in 1974. It was renamed as the
Department of Vegetable Crops in 1995 and then as the
Department of Vegetable Science in 2012.
Till date, the department has evolved 155 improved
cultivars of vegetable crops. Of these, 33 cultivars
have been identified at the national level.
Developing and commercially exploiting male
sterility in chilli and muskmelon.
41. • First GMS based F1 hybrid development in
chilli
• CH-1, CH-2 two hybrids revolution of F1
hybrids popularity in chilli
• First GMS based Punjab hybrid F1 hybrid
development in musk melon
Achievements of PAU in vegetable
breeding
42. YSPUHF Solan
The department of Vegetable Science was carved out of the
erstwhile Department of Horticulture in the year 1976.
The Centre of Advanced Studies in Horticulture (Vegetables) was
also sanctioned by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
during VIII th plan to this department and is still continuing.
Technology for growing of high value capsicum varieties in the polyhouse
Technology for year round production of tomatoes in the poly house
Technology on Organic production practices for vegetable crops
43. History of Vegetable Research in India
1940 : Seed production of temperate vegetable crops at Queta (now in pakistan)
1949: Established of a Vegetable breeding station at Katrain in Kullu Valley (H.P.)
Significant Achievements
First F1 hybrid of cabbage ‘Pusa Cabbage
Hybrid - 1’ from the public sector
A CMS based F1 hybrid of temperate carrot
‘Pusa Nayanjyoti’
A knol-khol variety ‘Pusa Virat’ was released by
the HP State Seed Sub Committee during 2012.
44. History of vegetable research in India
• The research on vegetable crops in India was initiated in
1947-48 by the ICAR with the sanctioning of a nucleus “Plant
Introduction Scheme” at IARI New Delhi.
• More systematic research on vegetables was, however,
organized with the creation of the Division of Horticulture at
the IARI, New Delhi in 1956-57
• Boost with the establishment of the Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research (IIHR) with a full-fledged Division of
Vegetable Crops at Bangalore in 1968
• All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on vegetables
• was started in July 1971
45. History of vegetable breeding in india
• Choudhury and Singh in 1971 first developed
the breeding of the F1 hybrid in India.
• 1971 to 1980 bottle gourd, brinjal, chilli
• 1980s tomato, brinjal, muskmelon,
watermelon, sponge gourd
• 1990s cauliflower, cabbage, summer squash,
chilli, bittergourd, capsicum, cucumber, carrot
46. • It was elevated to the status of a Project Directorate
of Vegetable Research (PDVR ) in 1986.
• During 1992, the head quarter Varanasi from IARI
New Delhi.
• PDVR was further upgraded to the level of national
institute under ICAR system during 1999 and named
as a Indian Institute of Vegetable Research.
• The AICRP on vegetables consists of 8 main centres,
18 sub-centres and more than 30 voluntary centres,
situated across the country in ICAR institutions, SAUs
and private organizations.
47. Hybrid vegetables in India
• Heterosis breeding in vegetables was initiated as early as
1908'in tomato followed by tomato 1916
• Commercial F1 Hybrids available Japan 1925
• In India, though the first report of heterosis in chilli came
in 1933 IARI, New Delhi
• first commercial F1 Pusa Meghdoot of bottle gourd
developed at IARI, Regional Research station Katrain and
released in 1971
• F1 hgbrids
• summer squash Pusa Alankar and cucumber hybrid seed
Cucumber Pusa Sanjog in 1973.
48. Hybrid vegetables
• First tomato hybrid ‘Karnataka’ and first Capsicum
hybrid 'Bharath' in 1973.
• Realizing the potentiality of vegetable
• hybrid technology in India, several projects have
been initiated by the I.C.A.R.
• This project was executed during 1995-96 in nine
vegetables tomato, Brinjal, chilli, capsicum, okra,
onion, cabbage cucumber and bitter gourd
49. AICRP Centres
Initially during 1971, the project was started with seven main centres and ten sub-centres
making a total of seventeen centres
In the V plan three, VI plan two,
VII plan two, VIII plan three and
XI Plan two new centres have
been added while in the VII plan
one centre namely Kovilpatti has
been deleted. NSP (Veg) has
been merged with AICRP(VC) in
XI Five year plan.
29 Approved centres
25 Voluntary centres
50. IARI Vegetable Varieties/F1 Hybrids Developed and Notified from Delhi AICRP
Centre
S.No crop No. of varieties/hybrids
1 Tomato 16
2 Brinjal 14
3 Cauliflower 18
4 Cabbage 04
5 Pea 02
6 Indian bean 02
7 Carrot 06
8 Radish 04
9 Bottle gourd 07
10 Onion 05
11 Bitter gourd 04
12 Amaranth 03