Production Thechnology of Leguminous Summer Vegetables

ASSIGNMENT
ON
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF
LEGUMINOUS SUMMER VEGETABLES
COURSE TITLE: PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF WARM SEASON
VEGETABLE CROPS
COURSE NO: VSC 502
SUBMITTED BY:
Vaghela Kalpesh
Reg.No.:04-3178-2017
Msc. Horticulture
(Vegetable Science)
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. A. V. Kotecha
Assistant Professor
(Horticulture) BACA,
AAU, ANAND

Leguminaceae family
INTRODUCTION:
 Also called Fabaceae, bean and pea family.
 All pulse are leguminous but all leguminous are not pulse.
 Legumes are used as crops, forages and green manures.
 It is the third largest family of angiosperms after
Orchidaceae (Orchids) and Asteraceae (daisies,
sunflower) and second only to Poaceae (grasses) in terms
of agricultural and economic importance.

Distribution
• There are about 18,000 species in 630 genera.
• The members are cosmopolitan in distribution but abundant in
tropical and subtropical regions.
• Based on the characters of the corolla and androecium, family
is divided into three sub-families:
 Mimosoidae (2500 species, 40 genera)
 Caesalpinoidae (2700 species, 150 genera)
 Papilionoidae (12,600 species, 429 genera)

Legume – Papilionoideae flower
Banner petal
keel
wing
Stamens: 9 + 1

Acacia - Mimosoideae Senna - Caesalpinoideae

Legumes – Changes Under Domestication
1. Annual habit, selfing
breeding system
2. Less seed scattering
3. Greater seed size
4. Synchronous fruiting
5. Loss of dormancy

Leguminous vegetable crop
Garden pea French bean

Indian bean Cluster bean

cowpea Broad bean

Winged bean Leguminous tuber crop
Yam bean (Pachyrrhizus erosus)

Minor leguminous vegetable crop
Sword bean (Canavalia gladiata)
Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis)
Soy bean (Glycine max )
African yam bean (Sphentylis stenocarpa)
Velvet bean (Mucuma deeringiana)

Leguminous pulse crop
Chick pea (Cicer arietinum) Lentil (Lens esculenta
Moench)

Field pea (Pisum
sativum var. arvense .)
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)

Green gram (Vigna radiata) Black gram (Vigna mungo)

Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) Soybean (Glycine max)

French bean – Phaseolus
vulgaris Sew gram – Vigna aconitifolia

Leguminous Oil crop
Ground nut (Arachis
hypogea) :
 Oil is obtained from seeds
and used for cooking and
manufacture of vegetable
ghee.
 Oil cake is used for cattle
and as bio-fertilizer.

Leguminous Oil crop
Soyabean (Glycin max) :
Oil is obtained from seeds,
Used for cooking, and manufacturing for ink of printing, Paints,
Insectides.
Oil cake contain 32-42% proteins which are called soya nagates.

Leguminous Oil crop
Pongamia pinnatta :
• Oil from seeds
• Used for manufacturing
soap and lubricants.

Leguminous Fibre crop
Sun hemp (Crotolaria juncea) :
Bast fibres obtain from stem
which are useful in manufacturing
Rops, cannvas, sacs.
Dhaincha (lesbania cannabinus)

Leguminous Fodder crop
Egyptean clover or Barseem -
Trifolium alexandrium. Alfa alfa - (Medicago sativa).

Indian Clover or senji -
Melilotus alba.
Sweet clover or van methi -
M.indica.

Subabool - Leucaena
leucocephala. Cesbania - C. aegyptiaca

Leguminous Dyes crop
Indigo or neel (Indigophora
tinctoria) : Blue dye obtains from
leaves and young branches.
Red sandel (Pterocarpous
santalinus) : Red dye
extracted from heart wood.

Leguminous Dyes crop
Dak (Butea monosperma) :
 Yellow orange dye obtains
from petals of flowers.
 It is also called “Flame of
Forest”.

Leguminous Timber crop
Shisham - Dalbergia sisoo
Indian rose wood (kala
shisham)- Dalbergia latifolia

Leguminous Timber crop
Indian Kino tree - Pterocarpus
marsupium.
African black wood - Dalbergia
melanoxylon.

Leguminous Gum crop
Tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer) :
Tragacanth gum is useful in
confectionary, textile industry and
cosmetics.
Bengal kino (Butea) : Gum has
medicinal use.

Leguminous Gum crop
• Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) :
• Guargum obtains from seeds, used in textiles, paper industry
and cosmetics.

Leguminous Insecticides crop
Deris elliptica :
“Rotenone” Insecticide is obtained.

Leguminous Ornamental crop
Phoolmantar or sweet pea -
Lathyrus odoratus
Indian telegraph plant -
Desmodium gyrans

Japanees pagoda tree - Sophora
japonica
Indian coral tree - Erythrima
undica

Butterfly pea - Clitoria termata
Flame of Forest - Butea
monosperma

Leguminous Medicinal crop
• Oinment prepared from
leaves used in leucoderma
• seeds were used by
jewellers in weighing
ornaments.
• Abrin – toxin, one of most
toxic substances known
• Single crushed seed can be
fatal if ingested
Jeweller’s weight ‘Ratti’-
(Abrus prictorious) :

Leguminous Medicinal crop
• Liquorice or mulaithi
(Glycyrrhiza glabra) :
• Roots are useful in cough.

Cowpea
 Also known as : Black eye pea, Kathir pea, China pea,
southern pea & vegetable meat.
 Kingdom : Plantae
 Division : Spermatophyta
 Sub division : Angiosperms
 Class : Dicotyledonae
 Order : Leguminales
 Family : Leguminaceae
 Genus : Vigna
 Species : unguiculata
 Botanical name: Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
 Origin: Central Africa
 chromosome no. 2n : 22

Subsp. cylindrica - erect type Subsp. sesquipedalis - trailing
or climbing type
Subsp. unguiculata -
viny some times erect
type.

Floral characters
• Flower: Bisexual and complete,
zygomorphic, hypogynous, white, purple
or violet in color.
• Inflorescence: Racemose
• Calyx: Sepals usually (5), two are large
and three small which make 2+3
arrangement of sepals, valvate
aestivation.
• Corolla: Petals usually 5, polypetalous
(butterfly like), vexillary.
• Androecium: Stamens 10, diadelphous
(9)+1.

• Gynoecium: Hairy growth on style, carpel
one, ovary superior, unilocular, marginal
placentation with 1 to many ovules.
• Fruit: A legume or pod, splitting along both
dorsal and ventral sutures.
• Seed: Many, mostly exalbuminous, kidney
shape.
• Pollination: Self pollination
• Gynoecium: Hairy growth on style, carpel
one, ovary superior, unilocular, marginal
placentation with 1 to many ovules.
• Fruit: A legume or pod, splitting along both
dorsal and ventral sutures.
• Seed: Many, mostly exalbuminous, kidney
shape.
• Pollination: Self pollination

Floral diagram
Floral formula: % K (5) C 5 A (9) + 1 G 1

 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
 Synonymous: Lobia, Black eye
pea, Kathir pea, China pea,
sothern pea & vegetable meat
 Day neutral plant
 Adopted to poor soil fertility and
vey little rainfall
 Shade tolerant (inter cropping
systems )
 Ground cover (moisture, weed,
soil erosion )
 Increase soil fertility (N fixation)

• Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) originated in Africa and is
widely grown in Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia and in
the southern United States.
• In India, it is grown in central and peninsular regions, Uttar
Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and West
Bengal.
• cowpea is grown throughout the country for green peas (as
vegetable), grain and fodder.
• This crop can be grown in kharif and summer season in North
India, while in South India it is grown throughout the year.

Benefit of cowpea
• Quick green manure
• IPM insectary crop
• Companion crop
• Seed and feed options
• Low moisture need
• Cultivars for diverse niches
• Weed-smothering biomass- Drilled or broadcast cowpea
plantings quickly shade the soil to block out weeds.

Nutrient content of mature cowpea seed
Protein 24.8%
Fat 1.9%
Fiber 6.3%
Carbohydrate 63.6%
Sodium 4 mg
Riboflavin 0.00042%
Niacin 0.00281%

Climate
• Cow Pea can grow in tropical and sub-tropical climate.
• It is a warm season crop and drought-hardy. but can not tolerate
cold weather.
• Germination of cowpea is better between 12-15°C, whereas
proper growth and development takes place between 21-350 C .
• Cowpea can grow both in spring and rainy season in the plains.
Some of its varieties can be grown as a rainfed crop.
• A well distributed rainfall of 75 to 99 cm during its growth
period is the best for cultivation.

Soil
• Cowpea grows well on a wide range of soils including
poor soils with low pH (soil pH is in the range of 5.5 to
6.5.). However, saline and alkali soils are not suitable.
• Sandy loam, silt loam and loamy soils are the best suited
for its cultivation. Well drained soils rich in organic
matter are very good for cultivation.

Land preparation
• The field for cowpea is prepared in such a way that it retains
sufficient soil moisture required for seed germination.
• Also, there should be proper aeration in soil for active bacterial
activities and plant root development.
• After giving pre-sowing irrigation, the field is ploughed twice
or thrice with a soil turning plough. Then it is harrowed and
planked to conserve soil moisture.
• Farm yard manure is mixed in soil during the last ploughing.

Sowing :
• In Gujarat condition, the cowpea grown in July-August or for
summer crop grown in February.
• Cowpea should not be planted until soil temperatures are
consistently above 65°F and soil moisture is adequate for
germination and growth.
• Seeds will decay in cool, wet soils.
Spacing :
• Traditionally, in Gujarat it has been seeded in rows spaced 45×15
cm. or 45×30cm in the row.
• Seed should be planted 1 inch deep and good seed-soil contact is
important.

Seed germination field of cowpea

Seed Rate : Seed rate for vegetable purpose -15kg/ha
Fodder Purpose -35-45 Kg /ha
Green Manuring Crop -35-40 Kg/ha
Fertilizer application:
• Recommendation by G.A.U for cowpea 10 to 15 t/hectare FYM and
N-20, P-40Kg/ha. Full dose of N at basal dose and P in two split.
• Cowpea, like all legumes, forms a symbiotic relationship with a
specific soil bacterium (Rhizobium spp.).
• Rhizobium makes atmospheric nitrogen available to the plant by a
process called nitrogen fixation.

Varieties
 In Gujarat mostly grown variety of cowpea is Anand veg.
cowpea 1, Pusa Phalguni, Gujarat cowpea-4.

GUJARAT COWPEA-1
• Characteristics : Plant
Height 40-45 Cm
• Maturity: Early
• Branches Per Plant : 6-7,
• Pods per plant :15-20,
• Pods Thin With Translucent
Pod Cover,
• Pod length: 14-16 Cm
Long, Whitish Green,
• Seeds Per Pod: 10-12
• Single Pod Bearing Habit.
• Kidney Shaped seed and
White In Colour,
• 1000 Seeds Weight is 76 gm
GUJARAT COWPEA-2
• Characteristics Plant Hieght
65-70 Cms.,
• Branches/Plant 4-6,
• No. Of Pods Per/Plant 20-25,
• Pod Characteristics-thin Short
Pods With Pointed Tip.,
• Pod Bearing Habit-single Pod
Remain Upright Above Leaf
Canopy,
• Pod Length 10-12 cm
• Seed/Pod 12-14,
• Pod Colour-yellowish Brown
When Matured
• Seed Colour-yellowish
• 1000 Seed Weight is 65 gm
• Average Yield: Kharif 11-12
Summer 17.50 To18.50

GUJARAT COWPEA-4
(GC-4)
• Suitable For Kharif Season
(Rainfed ) In Gujart State.
• Plant Height : 35 -45 ;
• Av. No Of Pods /Plant : 10-
15;
• Av. No Of Seed /Pod : 9-10;
• 100 Seeds Weight : 13.9-
14.1;
• seed Colour : White
• Maturity: Early Group.
• Average Yield:
• Commercial Product : 1200-
1500 ;
• Seed Product : 1100-1300
Pusa Barsati
• It is an early maturing dwarf
variety with long pods.
• The green pods get ready for
first picking after 45 days of
sowing.
• It suits best to rainy season.

Pusa Komal:
• Developed by hybridization
of P-85-2 and P-426 cowpea
strains.
• It is widely adapted,
resistant to bacterial blight
and gives higher pod yield.
• Mature pods shrivel and do
not shatter. The yield of
green pods is 172
quintals/hectare.

• It is recommended for
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,
Delhi, Madhya Pradesh.
• Its plants are dwarf, bushy
• Matures in about 65 days.
• Its yield is about 50-60
quintals green
pods/hectare.
Pusa phalguni
Pusa Phalguni

Pusa Sukomal:
• Plants semi dwarf and erect;
• pods light green, round,
meaty, less fibrous, around
30 cm long and 1 cm thick.
• Maturity in 42-45 days
during kharif and 55-60
days during summer.
• Highly resistant to golden
yellow mosaic virus and leaf
spot disease.
• Year of release: 2005
• Yield : 6.2-6.6 t/ha

Pusa 578:
• It is resistant to yellow
mosaic virus.
• It matures in about 90
days.
• Yield : 1.2t/ha

Pusa Sampada (V
585)
• It is resistant to yellow
mosaic virus.
• It matures in about 100
days
• Yield : 0.86t/ha

Arka Garima
 Plants are tall, photo
insensitive.
 Pods are light green,
long, thick, round,
fleshy and stringless.
 Suitable for vegetable
purpose.
 Tolerant to heat and low
moisture stress.
 Pod Yield 18 t/ha.

Pusa Dofasli
This variety can be grown in spring, summer and
kharif seasons.
Pusa Rituraj
This variety is grown mostly in North Indian states.
It can be grown successfully during kharif as well as
in summer seasons.
It is best suited for vegetable purpose and gets ready
within 40-50 days after sowing.
CO-I and CO-2
It is a semi-spreading variety which takes about 100
days to mature.

Irrigation:
 Cowpeas are grown under both irrigated and non-irrigated
regions.
 Cowpea is more drought resistant than common bean. If
irrigation is used, more vegetative growth and some delay in
maturity may result.
 The most critical moisture requiring period is just prior to and
during bloom.
 For higher yield the crop should be irrigated regularly at 5-7
days interval.

Weed Control
• Adequate weed control is necessary for good
growth and high yields.
• Two hand weeding is required before earthing up.
Mechanical:
• Use of the rotary hoe and row cultivator in cowpea.
Chemical:
• A pre-sowing application of Fluchloralin @ 2
litre/ha check the weed growth for 20-25 days.

PLANT PROTECTION
Pest
Leaf minor
• This insect lays eggs on tile surface of leaves.
Control - Spraying With 0.07% Endosulfan emulsion is effective
in killing the larvae.
Bean beetle
• The adult and larvae cut the leaves and tender stems.
Control- Spray crop with 0.2% sevin.
Pod borer
• The caterpillars first feed on tile pods bore into them and feed on
the seeds.
• Pod borer can be controlled by spraying Quinalphos 25 EC @
2ml/lit.

Diseases
Yellow mosaic (vector -
Whitefly)
Control
 Rouge out the affected
plants as soon as they
noticed in the field.
 Spray Metasystox @ 1
litre/hectare dissolved in
1000 litres of water to
check the whitefly.
Yellow mosaic virus

Cowpea leaf spot disease
Cercospora leaf spot
(Cercospora spp. )
Control:
Remove all the affected
plants and bum them.
Spray any of the
following fungicides.
Dithane Z- 78 @ 2 kg in
1000 litres of water/
hectare, or
Dithane M-45 @ 2 kg in
800 litres of water/hectare.

Bacterial blight (Xanthonwnas viginicola)
Control
 Grow resistant varieties such as K-ll, T-26, T-5826, P-78, P-
309. P-426 and P-1327.
 In case of severe infection crop may be sprayed with 0.2%
Fytolan.
Cowpea tip necrosis
Control
• It can be controlled by treating the plants with some systemic
chemicals like Disulfoton or Thimate.
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni )
Control
• controlled by dusting Sulphur 25 kg/ha or spray Wettable
sulphur 2 g/lit.

HARVESTING AND YIELD
Harvesting:
stages of maturity:
• green snaps
• green-mature
• dry.
Yield: 6.2 – 7 t dry seed/ha.
12 – 15 t green pod/ha.

 Scientific name : Phaseolus vulgaris
Family : Leguminosae, 2n=22
 Common name : Kidney bean, haricot bean, snap bean, navy
bean
 Origin : Southern Mexico and Central America
Flower Pod Seed
FRENCH BEAN

There are three type of French bean:
1. Bush type with short internodes
2. Semi-pole type with longer internodes than those in
bush type
3. Pole typed having longer internodes than that of semi
pole type
French cultivars are classified into stringless based on the
extent of fiber in the pod and into bush type and poly types
according to the growth habit.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

Climate & Soil condition
 Day neutral crop (semi-pole varieties are short day types)
 Optimum temperature ranging between 15-25°C
 Sensitive to frost and very high temperature
 The plants shed their blossom or young pods in very hot or rainy
weather.
 Suitable soil: Light sandy soils to clay soils
 Tolerant to water logging
 The optimum soil pH is between 5.3 to 6.0.
Season:
 The first sowing is done July-September and may even extended up to
September
 The second sowing is early Spring that is between January to February
 In hilly regions, March to May seeds are sown.

 Land Preparation
 The soil should be ploughed, clods are broken & weeds are removed
and drought to fine tilth by shallow cultivation.
 Seed Rate:
• Bush varieties: 60-65 kg/ha
• Pole varieties: 25-30kg/ha
 Sowing :
 The seeds of bush beans are sown in rows 30-45 cm apart and 10-15
cm away from seed to seed
 Pole beans are in the spacing's of 60cm-1m between rows and plant
to plant 30cm
 Depth of the sowing shall be 2-3 cm
 To avoid fungal infection, treat the seed with Thiram @2-4kg/kg of
seed
 Seed treatment:
 To avoid fungal infection, treat the seed with Thiram @2-4kg/kg of
seed

VARIETIES
Arka Komal
It takes 70 days for flowering. Pods are green, straight, flat and tender, pod yield
being 90q/ha.
Bountiful
Its pods are borne in clusters on main stem. Pod yield is 100–120q/ha. The pods
remain tender for 4–5 days after harvesting.
Contender
It takes 50–55 days for first picking. Pods are round, green, 13–14cm long,
stringless, meaty and slightly curved, seeds light brown. Pod yield is 80–95q/ha. It
is tolerant to powdery mildew and mosaic.
Lakshmi
Pods are 13–14cm long, stringless, green and round. Three pods are found in a
cluster. Pods become ready for picking in 65–70 days. Seed colour is white. Pod
yield is 120–140q/ha. It is tolerant to angular leaf-spot disease.
Premier
Pods are 11–13cm long, seeds black, ready in 55–60 days, adapted to late sowing.
Pod yield is 75–90q/ha.
Pusa Parvati
Its pods become ready in 45–50 days. Pods are 15–18cm long, round, tender,
stringless and green. Pod yield is 80–85q/ha. It is resistant to mosaic and PMD.

Irrigation:
• Prior to sowing the plots are irrigated and after 2-3 days when the soil is
moist condition seeds are sown along the sides of the ridges
• Light irrigation is given after 2nd to 3rd day after sowing
• About 6-7 irrigations would be required at regular intervals
• The crop should be irrigated at an interval of one week
• Excess water reduces nodule formation and ultimately growth of plant
Nutrients / nutrition requirement :
• Before sowing, at the time of ploughing apply 25 FYM into the soil
• Application of 63kg N, 100 kg P2O5 and 75kg K2O ha is recommended
• Half of the N along with entire dose of P and K fertilizer should be
applied at the time of sowing. Remaining half of N should be applied at
the time of earthing up after 3rd week of sowing

Weed control:
• A pre sowing application of Fluchloralin @ 2litr/ha checks the weed
growth.
• At least two hand weedings are required before earthing up
• Shallow cultivation during the early stages of crop is necessary to
check the weeds and to facilitate earthing up
• At the later stages of the crop growth, the weeds are kept under check
due to the thick canopy of the crop
Staking :
• Staking is an important operation for pole beans.
• The bamboo sticks or other wooden stick or
branches which are locally suitable can be
used for the support.
• If the plants are grown in rows, single stick of
about 2m length should be fixed near the plant.
If the plans are grown in hills, the twigs and
branches will give good support.

Use of growth regulators :
• Application of growth regulators improves the plant growth,
flowering fruitset and pod yield
• PCPA at 2ppm, L-naphthly acetamide or B-naphthal acetic acid at
5-25ppm shown favourable effect on fruit set
• GA3 sprayed at 50-200 ppm proved effective in improving the crop
growth
Harvesting:
• The crop is ready for first harvest in about 45 days after sowing
• The green pods are to be picked when they are immature and fully
grown but still tender
• The yield of tender pods: Bush varieties-8-10t/ha
Pole types-12-15t/ha.
Maturity standards :
• The various maturity parameters like seed size, % seed, dry matter
content and distribution of pods according to sieve size are found to
reliable maturity standards.

Marketing :
• After harvesting, pods kept in shade to avoid evaporating
• Over matured, diseased and damaged pods should be sort out
• Pods may be packed in baskets/gunny bags and transport to
market
Storage :
• The pods stored for 2-3 days in summer and 4-6 days in winter
at room temperature
• In cold storage, pods can be stored at 2°C to 4°C with 60-70 %
RH for about 15-20 days
Seed yield :
• 15-20q/ha

Pests & Diseases
 Bean anthracnose
 Infect French bean and other
legume vegetable.
 Most severe subtropical to
temperate than in tropical areas.
 C.M: use of healthy seeds, clean
cultivation, and avoidance of
overhead irrigation cultural
management.
 Use of organic sulphur fungicide
like thiram, Dithane Z-78 and the
systemic fungicide like benlate of
Bavistin.

Powdery mildew
 The fungus has a very wide host
range
 White powdery growth occurs
on leaves, spreading to cover the
stem and other plant parts.
 C.M:- Powdery mildew can be
controlled by spraying wettable
sulphur 2 g/lit or dust with
sulphur 25 kg/ha.
 Repeat the application at 15
days interval.

Leaf spot
 Lower leaves are first affected.
 Water-soaked lesion develop on the leaf lamina which soon
turns reddish brown to brown.
 C.M : Spraying with copper oxy chloride or organic sulphur
fungicide is recommended for control.

Viral diseases:
 Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean yellow mosaic virus
diseases are the two common similar viral diseases of beans
 Both are mechanically transmitted and myzus persicae is acommon
aphid vector transmitte the diseases

CLUSTER BEAN
Common Name : Cluster bean, Guar
Botanical Name :Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.
Kingdome : Plantae
Division : Spermatophyta
Class : Dicotyledonae
Order :Fabales
Genus : Cyamopsis
Species : Tetragonoloba
Family : Leguminoceae
Origin : India
Chromosome No. : 2n=2x= 14
Toxic substance : Trypsin inhibitor

Introduction
 The Guar or cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is an
annual legume and the source of guar gum. It is also known as
Gavar, Guwar or Guvar bean.
 Guar is a drought tolerant annual legume that grows in hot,
semiarid regions with sandy soils.
 The major world suppliers are India, Pakistan, the United States
and smaller acreages in Australia and Africa.
 The world demand for Guar increased which lead to
introduction of Guar in other countries
 Cluster bean is grown for green vegetables and dry pods, and
also as forage crop and green maturing crop. It is cultivated in
many parts of India; some of its varieties are used for extraction
of gum.

Cluster bean plant, pod, and flower

Dry pods and seeds of cluster bean

Flowering and fruiting stage of cluster bean

Health benefits of Cluster Beans
 Good for diabetics
 Great for heart health
 Improves blood circulation
 Acts as a digestive aid
 Full of Nutrients
 Beneficial for the cardio health
 Make Bone Strong
 Recommended during pregnancy
 Manage Blood pressure
 Stimulates bowel movement
 Do away with diseases
 Calms the brain

Guar - Crop properties
Guar is an upright course-growing
summer annual legume (18-40 inches)
(45-100 cm).
The deep roots reach deep moisture.
Leaves, stem and pods are smooth.
The Guar bean has a large endosperm.
The endosperm contains large amounts
of gum which is the marketable product
of the plant.

Guar Cultivation In India
 India is the leading producer of guar and guar gum in
the world.
 It share around 80 % production of world, rest
of major production comes from Pakistan. In India
Rajasthan is leading producer of the guar seed and guar
gum.
 It contributes around 70 % production of India.
Haryana, Gujarat and Punjab are other Guar producing
states in India.

REASONS FOR LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF CLUSTER BEAN
 Low rainfall lads to low and unstable production.
(Rajasthan)
 Cultivation on marginal and low fertile arid zone soils.
 Using local genotypes having very low productivity.
 Long maturity duration due to inadequate supply/availability
of quality and certified seeds.
 Large price fluctuations and no minimum support price
also discourage farmers to grow this important legume.

Growing belts of Guar : India
 Rajasthan :- Rajasthan is the largest guar producing state,
around 70% of the total production in India.
 Haryana :-Haryana at second position with 12% share
in total production.
 Gujarat :- Gujarat place at the third position regarding the
production in India with 11%.
 In Gujarat Kutch, Banaskantha, Mehsana,
Sabarkantha, Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Kheda, Surat,
Navsari and some part of Junagadh and Jamnagar are
guar growing areas.

UTILITY
 Vegetable,
 Green fodder,
 Green manure
 For production of seeds
 Livestock feed

Climate & Soil condition
 Cluster bean is essentially a warm season crop and grows well in
summer as well as rainy season crop.
 It is very hardy crop and relatively resistant to drought.
 Cluster bean grows nicely on alluvial and sandy loam soils. It can
tolerate 7.5 to 8 soil PH. Preparation of soil should be done up to
good Tilth for better plant growth and higher yields.
 This crop can tolerate salinity.
 Sowing time
 Cluster bean grown twice in a year as a spring – summer and
rainy season crop.
 Second week of July (monsoon), Second week of
February(summer).
 South India: June- July & Oct-Nov.

 planting distance
 45 X 15 cm.(Commercial)
 45 X 30 cm.(seed production)
 Seed Rate:
 15 to 25 kg/ha
 Seed treatment:
 Treat the seeds with Rhizobium culture@ 250g/10 kg of seed
before sowing.
 Dry the treated seeds in shade for 15-30 minutes.

Guar (CLUSTER BEAN) Varieties in India
 Pusa nav bahar: It combines the good traits of both
Mausami and pusasadabahar cultivars. The disadvantage of
this variety are single stemmed nature, suscepetibility to
bacterial blight and lodging.
 pusa sada bahar :It is a selection from a local cultivar
‘Jaipuri’ of Rajasthan. It is a non branching type suitable for
both summer and rainy seasons.
 Sarad bahar : It is evolved on the basis of single plant
selection from IC 11704. It is a branching type producing 12
to 14 branches with 133 pods on an average per plant.

 Durgajay:The variety was developed ARS, Durgapura from single
plant selection of the material collected from Nagaur, Rajasthan.
 Durgapura Safed: This variety was developed by ARS,
Durgapura by single plant selection from local material of
Rajasthan. It is a dual type variety suitable for late sown
conditions.
 Agaita Guara-111: The variety was developed by PAU, Ludhiana
from inter varietal cross of G 325 and FS 277 followed by pedigree
method of selection.
 Agaita Guara-112: The variety was developed by PAU, Ludhiana
through hybridization of (326 × FS 277) × 315 followed by
pedigree method of selection. The variety is an early maturing type
and is recommended for cultivation in all guar growing areas of
Punjab state.

VARIETIES OF GUAR SEED
 KACHAN BAHAR(M83)
 GAUR LATHI(RGC-1066)
 GAUR UDAY(RGC-1055)
 HG-20
 HG(HG884)
 GUAR KRANTI(RGC-1031)
 RAJASHTHAN GUAR(RGC1038)
 GUJRAT GUAR -1(GAUG-34)

Preparation of field:
 Plough the field to fine tilt and form ridges and furrows at 45
cm apart.
 Irrigation
 Irrigate the field immediately after sowing and then followed
at weekly intervals. In kharif crop if irrigation is require.
 Inter cultural operations:
 Weed management-(Parthenium)
 2- 3 weddings are required for control of weeds. Spraying
insecticides and fungicides from time to time for control of
insect peat and diseases.

Application of fertilizers:
 25 kg N, 50 kg P and 50 kg k/ha should be applied ½ N &
full dose P and K should be applied at the sowing.
 Remaining half nitrogen applied one month after sowing.
 IN GUJARAT
 FYM 10 t/ha , Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria each 2
L/ha, N 12.5, P 37.5 Kg/ha as basal. 12.5 Kg/ha is applied as
top dressing on 30 days after sowing

Harvesting
 Green pods will be ready for harvest at 45 DAS.
 Harvest at an interval of 4 to 5 days.
 Continue harvesting up to 2 months.
 No. of pickling: 10 to 12.
 Quick growing crop.
 For green manure: Guar should be turned under when lower
pods turn brown.
 Dry seeds are harvest when a large percentage of pods are
fully developed and most of them turn yellow. It is to be
harvested before the lower pods dry enough to start shattering.
 Yield:
• Green pods : 3-4 t/ha

Seed production
 Self pollinated crop due to presence of
“Keel’(2 % out crossing)
 Isolation distance: F:50 m, C:25 m
 Seed rate: 12 to 25 kg/ ha
 Distance: 45 X 30 cm
 Seed production: 1 to 2 t/ha
 Seed index: weight of 100 seed= 6 g
 Ripen pods are harvested along with
entire plant preferably.
 Dry seed : 33.3 % protein.

Plant protection:
 Pests
 1) Leaf hopper
 2)Aphid
 Leaf hopper can be controlled by spraying Methyl-o-
Demeton 25 EC 1 ml/l or Dimethoate 30 EC 1 ml/l. or
Imidacloprid 5ml/10 liter water

Diseases
 Bacterial blight(Xanthomonas
cyamopsidis)
 Serious disease, soil and seed borne
disease,
 Spot on leaves , vein black , whole
leaf, petiole, stem turn in black
(Known as kaliyo in gujarati).
 C.M: Seed treatment with 100ppm(1
g/10 l water) Streptocycline: for 15
minutes: dry in shed and then use or 1
g Streptocycline+ 20 g CoC in 10 l of
water.
 Hot water treatment for seed for 10
minutes at 56 ˚C.
 Follow crop rotation.

Powdery mildew
 Powdery mildew can be controlled by spraying wettable
sulphur 2 g/lit or dust with sulphur 25 kg/ha.
 Repeat the application at 15 days interval.

WILT:
 Symptoms are premature yellowing and whitening of
leaves and finally the drying of entire plant.
 Plant may continue to wilt in patches in quick
succession till the maturity period. The diseases
affected plants can easily be pulled out. The diseases
cause considerable damage when the crop is sown
early and in light soil.
 C.M : Carbendazim 100 g/ 100 l water drenching
 Use of trichoderma viridae:2.5 kg/ha.

Nutritive value of cluster bean :
(per 100 g of edible portion)
Nutrients Content
Moisture 81.0 g
Carbohydrates 10.8 g
Protein 3.2 g
Fat 0.4 g
Minerals 1.4 g
Thiamine 0.09 mg
Riboflavin 0.09 mg
Vitamin - C 47 mg
Vitamin - A 316 I.U.

Guar gum
 The gum is refined to make a yellowish white powder and
which is obtained from the endosperm of the seed.
 Seed contains 28 to 33 per cent gum.
 This powder has some unique characteristics like grease
resistance, thickening agent, capacity to bind water, high
viscosity and the capability to function in low temperatures
which makes it a highly popular in those sectors.
 Guar gum has its use in almost all types of industries viz.,
fertilizers, papers, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, food
processing, cosmetics, mining explosives, oil drilling etc.
 India occupies top position in world trade of guar gum.

GUAR GUM PROCESSING
 Guar seed is the final farm production form the Guar crop.
 The crop matures in 90-120 days as per characteristics and the
climatic condition. The crop will turn yellow after the maturity.
 The seeds are separated from the crops residual by the gravitational
force.
 The seeds are further processed into the guar gum split , the split if
further processed into the guar gum powder.
 The gaur gum powder is used in different industries.

Guar gum powder Gum meal Seed
Split
Gel

Different packaging of guar gum

Indian guar market
The major trading centers of guar are in Rajasthan:
• Jodhpur
• Bikaner
• Nokha
• Nagaur
• Merta

References
 Glaustas Horticulture by P. Muthukumar
 Glaustas Olericulture by R. Selvakumar
 Hand book of Horticulture by K. L. Chadha
 Text Book of Botany by M. P. Singh and A. K. Sharma

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