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This document provides an overview of heat and heat technology concepts. It defines temperature as a measure of particle kinetic energy, and discusses different temperature scales like Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. It also covers topics like thermal expansion, heat transfer through conduction, convection, and radiation, states of matter, and changes of state. Finally, it summarizes different heat technologies like steam heating systems, warm air heating systems, insulation, solar heating, heat engines, air conditioners, and refrigerators.
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4.2.1 Explain heat capacity, C.
4.2.2 Define specific heat capacity of a material, c
4.2.3 Experiment to determine:
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(ii) the specific heat capacity of aluminium
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Show an understanding of what is meant by the thermal capacity of a body
Supplement
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This document contains notes from a Thermal Physics class on various topics:
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2) When two objects at different temperatures come into contact, heat will flow from the hotter object to the cooler object until they reach thermal equilibrium, where their temperatures are equal and there is no more net heat transfer between them.
3) The amount of heat an object contains depends on its mass, material, and temperature - an object with greater mass or at a higher temperature contains more heat.
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1. Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance, while thermal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy.
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“HEAT”
Heat is a form of energy that flows from warmer bodies to colder bodies.
It is viewed as a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.
The SI unit of heat is joule (J).
Common unit of heat is calorie.
CALORIE the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of one gram of water from the pressure of the atmosphere.
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LAYMAN’S TERM
- It is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.
Molecular level
- A measure of the average kinetic energy of these molecules.
Based from our sensory experiences:
“Can we use our senses to determine temperature?”
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The most common type of the thermometer.
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-two different metals (usually copper and iron) that are twisted together
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-a device (camera) that measures the amount of radiant energy given off by an object
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An introductory outline of the Physics of Heat. I created this presentation at Curtin Sarawak Malaysia as a basis for Foundation Physics students and others to edit and expand. A Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.
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Several daily situations involving heat capacity also discussed.
4.2 Specific Heat Capacity
4.2.1 Explain heat capacity, C.
4.2.2 Define specific heat capacity of a material, c
4.2.3 Experiment to determine:
(i) the specific heat capacity of water
(ii) the specific heat capacity of aluminium
4.2.4 Communicate to explain the applications of specific heat capacity in daily life, material engineering and natural phenomena.
4.2.5 Solve problems involving specific heat capacity
2.2.3 Thermal capacity (heat capacity)
Core
Relate a rise in the temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy
Show an understanding of what is meant by the thermal capacity of a body
Supplement
• Give a simple molecular account of an increase in internal energy
• Recall and use the equation thermal capacity = mc
• Define specific heat capacity
• Describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance
• Recall and use the equation change in energy = mcΔT
Specific heat capacity & heat capacity
Specific heat capacity and heat capacity are different but related concepts. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1K, while heat capacity does not consider mass and is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1K. Specific heat capacity includes mass in its calculation and has a consistent, fixed value for a particular substance, while heat capacity can vary for a substance and have the same value for different substances.
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This document discusses specific heat capacity, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. It explains that different substances have different specific heat capacities due to differences in their molecular structure. For example, water has a higher specific heat capacity than metals like iron because its molecules can absorb heat through rotation, vibration, and stretching of bonds between molecules. This allows water to resist temperature changes more than substances like iron or sand.
Latent heat
When energy is absorbed as heat by a solid or liquid, the temperature of the object does not necessarily rise.
The thermal energy may cause the mass to change from one phase, or state, to another.
The amount of energy per unit mass that must be transferred as heat when a mass undergoes a phase change is called the heat of transformation, L.
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Specific Heat Capacity
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Applied Chapter 2.1 : Energy
1) Physical and chemical changes in matter involve transfers of energy. Energy can move or change objects and form new compounds. It is always involved in changes of matter.
2) The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, just changed from one form to another. Changes can be endothermic, absorbing energy, or exothermic, releasing energy.
3) Heat is the energy transferred between objects, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. Heat is involved in both physical and chemical changes, but does not necessarily affect the temperature.
EFFECT OF HEAT
Heat
Temperature
Effect of Heat
-Thermal Expansion
Types of Thermal Expansion
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ThermalEnergyAndHeat.ppt
This document discusses key concepts related to thermal energy and heat. It covers temperature and different temperature scales, forms of heat transfer including conduction, convection and radiation, states of matter and changes between states, and applications of heat such as in engines and refrigerators. The document contains sections on these topics along with diagrams, examples, questions and other learning activities.
SPM Phyiscs - Thermal energy
Thermal energy, temperature, and heat are defined. Thermal energy depends on temperature, number of particles, and particle arrangement. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is, while heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems. Temperature is measured in Kelvin using a thermometer, while heat is measured in Joules using a calorimeter. Systems reach thermal equilibrium when there is no net heat transfer between them. The three laws of thermodynamics are also summarized.
Energy utilization.pptx
Heat is a form of energy transfer between objects of different temperatures. It can be transferred through conduction, convection, or radiation. There are various methods of electric heating including resistance heating, arc heating, induction heating, and dielectric heating. Electric heating has applications in industrial processes like metal melting as well as domestic uses like cooking and water heating. It provides benefits like cleanliness, ease of control, uniform heating, and high efficiency.
Tempertaure and Heat
Here are two examples of hydraulic devices and how they apply Pascal's principle:
Brakes in cars - When the brake pedal is pressed, it pushes hydraulic fluid through the brake lines and into the brake calipers at each wheel. This increases the fluid pressure which is then used to push the brake pads against the rotor, creating friction to slow the wheel down. The pressure is multiplied through the hydraulic system, allowing a person to stop a multi-ton vehicle using only the force of one foot.
Hydraulic lifts - Used to lift heavy equipment and machinery. When the lift arm is pressed down on, it decreases the volume in the hydraulic cylinder and increases the pressure. This high-pressure fluid is then sent to the
Temperature,Heat, and Energy Transfer
1) Temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of air molecules, with higher temperatures indicating faster moving molecules. Different temperature scales are discussed, including Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin.
2) Heat is the transfer of energy that changes an object's temperature, with specific heat referring to the amount of heat needed to change an object's temperature. Water has a specific heat of 1.0.
3) Latent heat is the energy required for phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas, such as melting or evaporation. Latent heat drives thunderstorms and hurricanes.
Heat
The document discusses heat and thermodynamics, specifically:
1) The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
2) The second law states that it is impossible to convert all heat into work, some heat must be wasted.
3) Heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection, or radiation, moving from warmer to cooler bodies until equilibrium is reached.
Heat
Heat is a form of energy that is generated by the motion of molecules. Heat transfers from warmer objects to colder ones through conduction, convection, or radiation. Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of molecules and is quantified using instruments like thermometers. Absolute zero is the temperature where molecular motion stops, which is 0 Kelvin or -273°C. Heat can be measured in units like calories and joules. Specific heat refers to how much heat different substances absorb. A calorimeter measures heat from chemical reactions. Phase changes from solid to liquid to gas require an input or output of heat. Thermostats use bimetallic strips that expand at different rates when heated to regulate temperature.
Basic refrigeration cycle
Refrigeration involves removing heat from one substance and transferring it to another. Heat naturally flows from hot to cold substances. Refrigerants are substances that absorb and transfer heat through a phase change process. Common refrigerants include pure ice, dry ice, and chemical refrigerants like R-22, each of which absorbs heat and changes phase at different fixed temperatures, allowing them to be used for cooling below the melting point of ice. Understanding the phase change properties of refrigerants is important for efficient refrigeration.
Unit 11 thermochemistry
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The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including:
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2. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects of different temperatures.
3. There are various instruments for measuring temperature like thermometers, which use thermal sensors and temperature scales.
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Lecture 6 heat
Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between objects in contact with each other or at different temperatures. There are three main mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction requires physical contact, convection occurs through the motion of fluids, and radiation can occur through empty space. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecular motion and is measured using thermometers on standardized scales like Celsius and Kelvin. The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance depends on its specific heat. Architectural design can influence heat transfer through a building's envelope and systems.
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Chapter 17
1. Thermochemistry examines energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and changes in state.
2. Energy can be transferred as heat or work. Exothermic processes release heat to the surroundings while endothermic processes absorb heat from the surroundings.
3. The specific heat of a substance depends on its mass and chemical composition and determines how much its temperature changes when heat is added or removed. Water has a high specific heat.
Coolphysicsofheat 1226918507463132-8
The document provides an overview of the physics of heat. It defines heat as the transfer of energy between objects due to temperature differences. Key concepts discussed include the conservation of energy as it relates to heat, mechanisms of heat transfer including conduction, convection and radiation, phase changes and latent heat. Global warming due to the greenhouse effect is briefly explained. A variety of applications and areas for further study involving heat are also mentioned.
Physics chapter 12
Thermal energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of particles within an object and depends on mass, while temperature is a measure of how hot an object is based on a defined scale and depends on the average kinetic energy per molecule independent of mass. When a hot object meets a cold object, their particles will transfer energy through collisions until thermal equilibrium is reached where they have the same temperature. Heat is the energy that flows due to a temperature difference and will always flow from warmer to cooler regions. Materials will expand when heated and contract when cooled due to thermal expansion. Natural energy resources include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, fossil fuels, biomass, and nuclear, each with their own advantages and disadvantages related to factors
Combustion thermodynamics - a principle concept
Combustion thermodynamics refers to the study of the energy transformations that occur during a combustion reaction. Combustion is a chemical process where a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen, typically producing heat and light. This process is fundamental in various energy-related applications, including power generation, transportation, and heating.
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OLM Science6_5
The document discusses different types of natural resources and energy resources. It defines renewable and nonrenewable resources. Fossil fuels like petroleum, natural gas, and coal are discussed as nonrenewable energy resources that form over millions of years. Alternative energy resources like nuclear, solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal energies are also summarized.
OLM Science6_4
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This document summarizes key concepts about minerals from the Earth's crust. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with crystalline structures composed of elements or compounds. It also outlines the different crystal classes and types of minerals such as silicate and non-silicate minerals. Furthermore, it identifies several properties used to identify minerals including color, luster, cleavage, fracture, hardness, density, and special properties like fluorescence or radioactivity. Finally, it briefly discusses the formation of ores, and mining methods like surface and deep mining along with the process of land reclamation after mining.
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