Liniments are topical preparations intended for external application to relieve conditions like itching, dry skin, pain, and inflammation, and can be alcoholic, oily, or emulsion bases. They are applied with friction and contain ingredients like analgesics, rubefacients, and counterirritants. Common examples of liniments include Compound Calamine Liniment, Efficascent Oil, and White Liniment.

1. LINIMENTS

2. Liniments
 Liniments are solutions or mixtures of various substances
in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap, or emulsions and may
contain suitable antimicrobial preservatives.
 These preparations that may be liquid or semi-liquid are
intended for external application and should be so
labeled.
 They are rubbed onto the affected area; because of
this, they were once called embrocation. They are
applied with friction and rubbing of the skin, the oil or
soap base providing for ease of application and massage.

3. General uses of Liniments
 Antipruritic - used to relieve itching
 Astringents - causes biological tissue to contract
 Emollients - products that soften skin or treat dry skin
 Analgesics
 Rubefacient-Substance that causes redness (Rubar)
 Counterirritant- an agent applied locally to produce
superficial inflammation with the object of reducing
inflammation in deeper adjacent structures.

4. Liniments
 Only suitable for external use
 That are emulsions or that contain insoluble matter must
be shaken thoroughly before use

5. How Liniments are prepared
 The vehicle should be selected for the type of action
desired (rubefacient, counterirritant, massage) and also
on the solubility of the desired components in the
various solvents
 Prepared in the same manner as solutions, emulsions, or
suspensions

6. There are two types of Liniments:
Alcoholic liniments Oleaginous liniments.
 used generally for their  Milder in their action but
rubefacient, counterirrita is more useful when
nt mildly astringent, and massage is required
penetrating effects  less irritating to the
 penetrate the skin more skin, depending on their
readily than do those ingredients
with an oil base.  may function solely as
protective coatings.

7. There are two types of Liniments:
Alcoholic liniments Oleaginous liniments.
 used generally for their  Solvent may be a fixed
rubefacient, counterirrita oil (almond oil, peanut
nt mildly astringent, and oil, sesame
penetrating effects oil, cottonseed oil) or
 penetrate the skin more volatile substance (
readily than do those wintergreen
with an oil base. oil, turpentine) or a
combination of fixed and
volatile oil

8. Liniments:
 Liniments should NOT be applied to skin that is
bruised/Broken because excessive irritation might occur.
This application should be marked for “external use
only”
 Dermatologist prescribe products of this type but only
those containing the rubefacients are advertised
extensively and used by consumers for treating minor
muscular aches and pains.

9. Examples of Liniments
 Compound Calamine Liniment
 Efficascent oil
 White Liniment

10. Examples of Liniments
 White liniments

11. Formulation
Material Original formular catergory Uses
Oleic Acid 85mL
Turpentine Oil 250mL Corrective Counterirritant
Ammonia solution 45mL Alkalinizing agent provide alkaline
medium
Ammonium 12.5g Active ingredient
Chloride
Purified water 625ml Diluent Primary solvent

12. Procedure
1. Mix oleic Acid with turpentine oil
2. Dilute ammonia solution with 45ml of water, previously
warmed.
3. Add to the oily solution and shake to form emulsion
4. Dissolve Ammonium Chloride in water
5. Add the emulsion.

13. COMPOUND CALAMINE LINIMENT
 USE:
= Soothing application used to treat the discomfort of
dermatitis and eczema.
 APPEARANCE:
= Yellow suspension
 Synonym: Compound Calamine liniment, Applicatio Calamine
Composita

14. EFFICASCENT OIL
 USE:
= For Temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles
and joints associated with:
 Simple Backache
 Arthritis
 Strains
 Sprains
 Counterirritant
 APPEARANCE:
= green clear liquid
 Synonym = methylsalicylate camphor