This document discusses the risks of nanotechnology related to soil, air and water pollution. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the nature and characteristics of nanoparticles, the manufacturing processes used and their byproducts, and how nanoparticles may behave in the environment. It then discusses some examples of consumer products containing nanoparticles and potential health issues if nanoparticles are inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Environmental groups are concerned about a lack of research on nanoparticle impacts and the need for regulation and oversight of nanotechnology. In conclusion, while nanotechnology has potential benefits, new risk assessment and regulatory approaches may be needed to understand and mitigate potential negative environmental and health impacts.
It is an unforgettable thing and it is the first conference paper which I have presented in my university. This describes how the Nanotechnology alters the world to advance. It also has lots of applications due to it's large surface area.
Introduction
Definition
History
Advantages of nanobiotechnology
Applications of nanobiotechnology
Drawback of nanobiotechnology
New features in the nanobiotechnology
Conclusion
References
It is an unforgettable thing and it is the first conference paper which I have presented in my university. This describes how the Nanotechnology alters the world to advance. It also has lots of applications due to it's large surface area.
Introduction
Definition
History
Advantages of nanobiotechnology
Applications of nanobiotechnology
Drawback of nanobiotechnology
New features in the nanobiotechnology
Conclusion
References
Green nanotechnology & its application in biomedical researchRunjhunDutta
This presentation gives detailed description of Green Nanotechnology including its principles & significance. Illustrated with examples for its application in various biomedical research fields.
introduction to Nanobiotechnology
what is nanotechnology
bionanotechnology
classical biotechnology industrial production using biological system
modern biotechnology from industrial processes to noval therapeutics
modern biotechnology immunological enzymatic and neucleic acid based technology
Dna based technology
self assembly and supramolecular chemistry
formation of ordered structure at nano scale
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
here you can find the most rare topics in detail
all fields of chemistry are deeply understood here for presenting the lectures
stay blessed and keep supporting
The use of nanoparticles and nanotechnology to enhance the microbial activity to remove pollutants, they also enhance bioremediation.
NanoBioremediation has the potential not only to reduce the overall costs of cleaning up large-scale contaminated sites, but it can also reduce clean up time.
Green chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
Application of Nanotechnologies in the Energy SectorBasiony Shehata
Applications of nanotechnology for increasing efficiency of generated power at low cost and the other hand,increasing efficiency of storage energy and transmission power.
Green nanotechnology & its application in biomedical researchRunjhunDutta
This presentation gives detailed description of Green Nanotechnology including its principles & significance. Illustrated with examples for its application in various biomedical research fields.
introduction to Nanobiotechnology
what is nanotechnology
bionanotechnology
classical biotechnology industrial production using biological system
modern biotechnology from industrial processes to noval therapeutics
modern biotechnology immunological enzymatic and neucleic acid based technology
Dna based technology
self assembly and supramolecular chemistry
formation of ordered structure at nano scale
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
here you can find the most rare topics in detail
all fields of chemistry are deeply understood here for presenting the lectures
stay blessed and keep supporting
The use of nanoparticles and nanotechnology to enhance the microbial activity to remove pollutants, they also enhance bioremediation.
NanoBioremediation has the potential not only to reduce the overall costs of cleaning up large-scale contaminated sites, but it can also reduce clean up time.
Green chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
Application of Nanotechnologies in the Energy SectorBasiony Shehata
Applications of nanotechnology for increasing efficiency of generated power at low cost and the other hand,increasing efficiency of storage energy and transmission power.
Nanotechnology_20231223_114542_0000.pdf in questions type presentationManishKumar822818
This is a presentation ppt on nanotechnology. This is a short presentation on nanotechnology.
This is question type presentation.
Topics covered is :
What is nanotechnology?
What is the current state of nanoscience and nanotechnology?
What are the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles?
How are nanoparticles formed?
What are the uses of nanoparticles in consumer products?
What are potential harmful effects of nanoparticles?
How can exposure to nanoparticles be measured?
Are current risk assessment methodologies for nanoparticles adequate?
Conclusion
Although nanotechnology has been recognized as an enabling technology, human and environmental exposure to nanomaterials is inevitable. As such, the need to ensure that the technology and its various applications are safe is paramount. The current concern on the risks of nanotechnology tends to specialize in the potential dangers of nanomaterials and nanoparticles. The ability to predict and mitigate potential health effects is crucial for sustainability of nanotechnology. This paper introduces the reader to safety in nanotechnology. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Essence of Nanosafety" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47873.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/47873/essence-of-nanosafety/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Nanotechnologies refer to technologies which exploit the unique properties of tiny particles of nanometre size (millionths of a millimetre).
Nanotechnologies represent a fast-growing market; they are already being used in a variety of technologies and consumer products. (Click here for a list of such products)
However, materials containing nanoparticles may be of concern for human health and the environment, and the risks of these recently developed materials need to be assessed.
Are the existing methodologies to assess these risks appropriate?
Kerala Engineering Architecture Medical is an entrance examination series for admissions to various professional degree courses in the state of Kerala, India. It is conducted by the Office of the Commissioner of Entrance Exams run by the Government of Kerala
Paleontology is the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils. Fossils are the remains of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and single-celled living things that have been replaced by rock material or impressions of organisms preserved in roc
The ways in which an element—or compound such as water—moves between its various living and nonliving forms and locations in the biosphere is called a biogeochemical cycle. Biogeochemical cycles important to living organisms include the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles.
The AC and DC bridge both are used for measuring the unknown parameter of the circuit. The AC bridge measures the unknown impedance of the circuit. The DC bridge measures the unknown resistance of the circuit.
The Wien bridge is a type of bridge circuit that was developed by Max Wien in 1891. The bridge consists of four resistors and two capacitors. At the time of the Wien bridge's invention, bridge circuits were a common way of measuring component values by comparing them to known values.
For most of us, our name existed even before we did.
In anticipation of our arrival, our parents went through an ultra stressful process of narrowing down dozens of potential names until they chose the perfect one.
Luckily they did, because whatever your name is, it has followed you throughout your entire life; and in some cases, people may have heard of your name before they’ve ever met you.
When it comes to how to name an app, it’s of similar importance as naming a child. The name of your app will follow your brand forever, and in many cases, potential users will hear the name before they ever actually use your app.
flora and fauna of himachal pradesh and keralaAJAL A J
flora and fauna of himachal pradesh and kerala
A green pearl in the Himalayan crown, Himachal Pradesh is blessed with a rich flora and fauna that graces the land with grandeur and majesty. Other animals that can be sighted in the wild include the ibex, wild yak, ghoral deer, musk deer, Himalayan black bear, brown bear, leopards and the Himalayan Thar. Also kerala is gods on country
Bachelor of Science in Cardio-vascular technology is an undergraduate course in cardiology. These technologists assist the physicians in the diagnosis and the treatment of cardiac (heart) and peripheral vascular conditions (blood vessels). The cardiovascular technologists are also responsible for preparing the patients for open-heart surgeries and pacemaker implantation surgeries. The technologists also monitor the patient’s cardiac parameters while they undergo the surgery. B. Sc. in Cardiovascular technology is a three years’ full-time undergraduate course and is an interesting and important course in medicine.
`Remove Unprofitable Products and Services. The products or services with the highest gross profit margin are the most important to your business. ...
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels. The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs
Are you an NRI and aiming to come back to India to pursue graduation from the top-tier colleges of India?
Then, you’re halfway there. Being an NRI, your top preference would be IITs and NITs of India. If that's the case, you must know the fee structure of both the IITs, NITs (under DASA scheme), Centrally Funded Institutions and State-Level Govt. Engineering Colleges.
Note: According to the latest update from DASA, from session 2021-22 onwards, JEE Rank is made mandatory for NRI/PIO/OCI Students to be eligible for DASA & CIWG Schemes. Hence, 2020-21 will be the last year when SAT 2 scores will be considered for DASA/CIWG Scheme.
Subjects to study if you want to work for a charityAJAL A J
The charity sector can be competitive and experience, volunteer or otherwise, can count for a lot. But there are ways to make that third sector CV stand out from the competition. Why not take some courses? A course can be a great way to make your application shine and an opportunity to learn new skills and ideas.
Joint Entrance Examination - Main or commonly known as JEE Main is a national level entrance exam conducted by the NTA to offer admission to BE/BTech, BPlan and BArch courses at the IIITs (Indian Institute of Information Technology), NITs (National Institute of Technology) and other Centrally Funded Technical Institutions (CFTIs) across the country.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
1. Soil, Air and Water pollution :
Risks of Nanotechnology
PRESENTED BY AJAL.A.J
FACULTY- Dept of ECE
FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
2. NANO
AIR WATER SOIL
Objective
• Nature of Nano particles
themselves.
• Characteristics of the
products made.
• Manufacturing processes
involved.
As nano-xyz is
manufactured, what
materials are used?
• What waste is produced?
• Are toxic substances used in
the manufacturing of nano-
xyz?
• What happens when nano-xyz
gets into the air, soil, water,
or biota?
NanotechnologyNanotechnology
for thefor the
EnvironmentEnvironment
Nanites = “Servants of Humanity”
3. What is expected through nanotechnology development?
It is expected to provide driving
forces for continuous economic
growth through technological
innovation for IT, BT, and
materials and energy Ts.
Creating new industries and
jobs and
Giving us global
competitiveness of products
It is also the key technology for
sustainable growth.
Reduction of energy and
material usage
Cleaner environment
Improved health care
Extend life-span, its quality,
physical capabilities
4. “A time when no one lacks for any need,
and everyone is enabled to reach
their full potential.”
WARNING!
Technology can be misused
Advanced technology = Advanced dangers
The Promise of Modern Technology
5. In late march 2006, six people
went to hospital with serious
respiratory problems after using
a new German bathroom
cleaning product called Magic
Nano. The product was removed
from sale after just three days.
Some manufacturerers are using
high strength materials for tennis
rackets and golf clubs and stain
resistant fabrics. These products
contain nanoparticles of zinc
oxide. But they all have one thing
in common-their Nano
components have not gone
through safety tests.
6. The benefits in this product is supported by the
nanotechnology so it helps the skin and gives vitamin D
The Bottom Line
Ms. McCann tried this,
and found the skin
around her eyes felt soft
and looked shiny at first
but no lasting effects.
She did not find it
comfortable.
7. What are nanotechnology socks
Nanotechnology socks
contain nanoparticles
of silver. These
particles help kill the
bacteria that makes our
feet smell. Many people
with smelly feet will
benefit from this
technology.
8. Nanotechnology offers ... possibilities for health,
wealth, and capabilities beyond most past
imaginings.
K. Eric Drexler
9. Improving the Economy:
Refrigerants Automobiles
…working with U.S. Industry
Electric Power
Information & Semiconductor
Technology Cell Phones
Improving the Quality of Life:
Medical Tests
Mammography
Cancer Treatment
Smoke Detectors
Body Armor
Dentistry
ADVANTAGES : NANOTECHNOLOGY
12. The “Dark Side” of Nanotechnology?
• There has not been enough research done to know
what the biological implications of Nano Industry will
be.
• There is evidence to suggest possible problems.
• As a scientific community, we should be pro-active
in addressing the possible risks.
14. Groups opposing the installation of nanotechnology
laboratories in Grenoble, France, have spray painted
their opposition on a former fortress above the city
15. Nanotechnology.
Risks of nanotechnology
Can cause serious damage.
3 reasons:
More reactive
Can accumulate
Lack of knowledge
Company policy.
Lack of leadership and organisation.
16. What are environmental groups and
NGO’s saying about nanotechnology?
The ETC group, an NGO, recently
sponsored a contest calling for individuals
to design a warning label for
nanotechnology.
“Nano Risk Framework Draft” DuPont and
the Environmental Defense Fund.
February 26, 2007.
17.
18.
19.
20. PM10 (10,000 nm) air pollution isPM10 (10,000 nm) air pollution is
linked to increased lung cancer,linked to increased lung cancer,
heart, and lung disease and deathheart, and lung disease and death
Donaldson K, Tran L, Jimenez L, Duffin R, Newby DE, Mills N,Donaldson K, Tran L, Jimenez L, Duffin R, Newby DE, Mills N, et alet al.:.:
Combustion-derived nanoparticles: A review of their toxicology followingCombustion-derived nanoparticles: A review of their toxicology following
inhalation exposure 1.inhalation exposure 1. Part Fibre ToxicolPart Fibre Toxicol 2005, 2:102005, 2:10
21. Nanomaterials may cause oxidativeNanomaterials may cause oxidative
stress, inflammation, and cancerstress, inflammation, and cancer
Xia et al, Nano Lett. 2006 Aug;6(8):1794-Xia et al, Nano Lett. 2006 Aug;6(8):1794-
807. Reviewed in Stone and Donaldson,807. Reviewed in Stone and Donaldson,
Nature Nanotechnology 1, (2006)Nature Nanotechnology 1, (2006)
Air pollution such as diesel soot, and nanoparticles such asAir pollution such as diesel soot, and nanoparticles such as
carbon black and carbon buckyballs can generate reactivecarbon black and carbon buckyballs can generate reactive
oxygen species and induce oxidative stressoxygen species and induce oxidative stress
Since there is a clear link between oxidative stress and diseasesSince there is a clear link between oxidative stress and diseases
including cancer, asthma and cardiovascular disease, scientistsincluding cancer, asthma and cardiovascular disease, scientists
have suggested that by characterizing the oxidative stresshave suggested that by characterizing the oxidative stress
profile of nanomaterials, we may be able to predict the toxicityprofile of nanomaterials, we may be able to predict the toxicity
22. Basic elements of a precautionaryBasic elements of a precautionary
policy for nanomaterials:policy for nanomaterials:
1.1. Prohibit the untested or unsafe use of nanomaterialsProhibit the untested or unsafe use of nanomaterials
2.2. Conduct full life-cycle EHS impact assessments as aConduct full life-cycle EHS impact assessments as a
prerequisite to commercialization; assessprerequisite to commercialization; assess
nanomaterials as new substances, since uniquenanomaterials as new substances, since unique
physical properties impart unique hazard profilesphysical properties impart unique hazard profiles
3.3. Facilitate full and meaningful participation by publicFacilitate full and meaningful participation by public
and workers in nanotechnologies development andand workers in nanotechnologies development and
control; assess the social and ethical impacts ofcontrol; assess the social and ethical impacts of
nanotechnologiesnanotechnologies
4.4. Act on early warnings to protect communities andAct on early warnings to protect communities and
workers.workers.
23. Problem: no regulatory oversightProblem: no regulatory oversight
Must trigger a mass/vol threshold to triggerMust trigger a mass/vol threshold to trigger
regulation .regulation .
Burden on govt to prove harm; No dataBurden on govt to prove harm; No data
means no risk.means no risk.
Reg’s target chemical, not final use/productReg’s target chemical, not final use/product
No detection equipment means noNo detection equipment means no
enforcement abilityenforcement ability
24. Why worry?
Inhaled nanomaterials have the potential to
pass directly to the brain, and from the lungs
into the blood stream.
Ingested nano
materials
pass from the
gut into the
blood stream.
Nemmar et al, 2001, 2002. (Reviewed in Borm PJ, Kreyling W: J
Nanosci Nanotechnol 2004, 4:521-531)
25. 25
I.I. Develop TechnologyDevelop Technology
I.I. Understand ImplicationsUnderstand Implications
I.I. Prepare SolutionsPrepare Solutions
I.I. Implement GloballyImplement Globally
Challenges of Nanotech
Satisfactory
outcome requires
all four
to be effectively
addressed.
Satisfactory
outcome requires
all four
to be effectively
addressed.
26. 26
Potential Risks of Nanotechnology
• Health issues
– Nanoparticles could be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed
through skin, or deliberately injected
– Could they trigger inflammation and weaken the
immune system? Could they interfere with regulatory
mechanisms of enzymes and proteins?
• Environmental issues
– Nanoparticles could accumulate in soil, water, plants;
traditional filters are too big to catch them
• New risk assessment methods are needed
– National and international agencies are beginning to
study the risk; results will lead to new regulations
27. Science and Engineering approaches are
needed that offer new capabilities to prevent or
treat highly toxic or persistent pollutants, and
that result in the more effective monitoring of
pollutants or their impact in ways not currently
possible.
Conclusions
Nanoscience, engineering, and technology
holds great potential for the continued
improvement of technologies for environmental
protection. The recent breakthroughs in creating
nanocircuitry, give further evidence and support
the predictions that nanoscale science and
engineering “will most likely produce the
breakthroughs of tomorrow.”
PARADIGM SHIFT
(nano in the environment) ( nano for the environment )
30. Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM)
Uses high-energy electron
beam to probe material
with thickness < 100 nm.
Some electrons are
absorbed or bounced off
object; some pass through
the object and make
magnified images
Digital camera records
images.
31. Atomic Force Microscope
(AFM)
Use small silicon tip as
probe to make images of
sample material
Probe moves along
surface
Electrons of atoms in
sample repel those in
probe
Creates 3-D images
32. Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM)
Uses nanosized probe to
scan objects and
materials
Uses tunneling to detect
surface and creates a
map of surface
Rate of electrons that
tunnel from probe to
surface related to distance
between probe and
surface
Editor's Notes
The main problem with nanotechnology is that there are no firm rules for how it can be safely used.
Although we breathe 10million nanoparticles everyday, from which not much are really harmfull, there&apos;re still some that can cause serious problems.
One reason for this is that the most reactive part of a material is the surface. With a nanoparticle this is 50% of the particle.
Another reason is that nanoparticles are so small that they can evade some of the body&apos;s natural defense and can accumulate in the brain, cells, blood and nerves.
Because of the lack of knowledge about nanoparticles ever new particle needs to be treated as a new substance. Which means that it needs to be extensively tested for it&apos;s proporties and especially it&apos;s toxicity.
But the lack of research and the variation of results means there are no rules yet on when a particle is save. Therefor companies can themselves determine what the safety policies are on nanotechnology. Because their aims are gaining profits, they&apos;re more inclinned to fund research for applications than for safety.
Although &quot;more research is needed&quot; is the main cry of scientists, there are still other problems like the lack of leadership and organisation and most will agre that this is what nanotechnology needs in order to have a promising future.
The transmission electron microscope is one that utilizes a high-energy electron beam that probes sample materials with a thickness less than 100 nanometers (nm). While some electrons are either absorbed or bounced of the material, others pass through it creating a magnified image as the one shown in the example. Current TEMs use digital cameras placed behind the material to capture and record images, magnifying images up to 30 million times. The TEM is the most popular microscope used the make images published in scientific journals on nanocrystals found in semiconductors.
The atomic force microscope (AFM) uses a small silicon tip as a probe to make images of sample material. While the probe move along the surface of the sample, the electrons of the atoms in the material begin to repel the electrons of the probe. The AFM then adjusts the height of the probe to keep the force of the sample constant. A mechanism records the movement of the probe and sends this information to a computer that will generate a three-dimensional image as shown in the slide. The image will show the exact topography of the surface.
A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) uses a wavelike property of electrons known as tunneling, which allows electrons emitted from a probe to penetrate, or tunnel into, the surface of the examined object. The electrons generate a tiny electric current that the STM measures. Similar to the atomic force microscope, the height of the probe in the STM is adjusted constantly to keep the current constant. In doing, so a detailed map of the material’ surface is produced as the example in this slide shows.