The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the human eye. It describes the eyelid, tear film, cornea, aqueous humor, iris, lens, vitreous, retina, choroid, intraocular muscles, optic nerve and their roles in vision. The tear film lubricates the eye and the cornea refracts light, while the iris controls the pupil size. The lens focuses light and the retina converts it to neural signals. Various muscles control eye movement and the optic nerve transmits signals to the brain.
This is an educational presentation on contents of orbit. The presentation includes anatomy of bony orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands and extra ocular muscles with their action explained in detail.
This is an educational presentation on Anatomy of Eyeball. This presentation includes different layers of eyeball with their blood and nerve supply.
Here, is a link of a presentation on contents of orbit-
https://www.slideshare.net/AyshahHashimi1/contents-of-orbit
This is an educational presentation on contents of orbit. The presentation includes anatomy of bony orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands and extra ocular muscles with their action explained in detail.
This is an educational presentation on Anatomy of Eyeball. This presentation includes different layers of eyeball with their blood and nerve supply.
Here, is a link of a presentation on contents of orbit-
https://www.slideshare.net/AyshahHashimi1/contents-of-orbit
Histology: Secondary Sentiment Sense Organs - The EarDr. Julius Kwedhi
A complete lecture of Secondary Sentiment Sense Organs: The Ear, taught at First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, in the Histology department, for the first year English medium foreign medical students.
This is an Educational presentation on mechanism of vision. In this presentation layers of retina, process of transduction and electrical signals generation is well explained and finally optic nerve pathway is well illustrated.
This PPT includes the valuable information about the extrapyramydal tract ot the nervous system. The PPT is made up from the well known book named essentials of medical physiology by k.sembulingam.
THIS POWER POINT PRESENTATION IS TO GIVE READERS AN OVERVIEW ON THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE: STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS OF EACH PART OF THE EYE, AS WELL AS THE PHYSIOLOGY ON HOW THE IMAGE IS CAPTURED IN THE EYE AND TRANSLATED BY THE BRAIN IN ORDER TO HAVE THE MEANINGFUL VIEW OF THE IMAGE.
Histology: Secondary Sentiment Sense Organs - The EarDr. Julius Kwedhi
A complete lecture of Secondary Sentiment Sense Organs: The Ear, taught at First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, in the Histology department, for the first year English medium foreign medical students.
This is an Educational presentation on mechanism of vision. In this presentation layers of retina, process of transduction and electrical signals generation is well explained and finally optic nerve pathway is well illustrated.
This PPT includes the valuable information about the extrapyramydal tract ot the nervous system. The PPT is made up from the well known book named essentials of medical physiology by k.sembulingam.
THIS POWER POINT PRESENTATION IS TO GIVE READERS AN OVERVIEW ON THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE: STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS OF EACH PART OF THE EYE, AS WELL AS THE PHYSIOLOGY ON HOW THE IMAGE IS CAPTURED IN THE EYE AND TRANSLATED BY THE BRAIN IN ORDER TO HAVE THE MEANINGFUL VIEW OF THE IMAGE.
Eye Anatomy and Physiology in b.pharm 1 semester and 2 semester of pharmacy education.
This slide help to more to make notes and easily read out this subject.
1 GNM anatomy Unit - 12 - sense organs.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 12:
Skin, eye, ear, nose and tongue
Physiology of vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste and equilibrium.
Sensory organs or Special senses:
The nervous system must receive and process information about the world outside in order to react, communicate, and keep the body healthy and safe.
Skin, eye, ear, nose & tongue (taste buds) are called sensory organ or special senses.
Sensory organs have special receptors that allow us to smell, taste, see, hear, touch and maintain equilibrium or balance.
Information conveyed from these receptors to the central nervous system is used to help maintain homeostasis(self-regulating process by which biological systems help to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival).
Skin:
Skin is the largest organ of our body.
It is related to the sense of touch. The sense of touch is also referred to as tactioception.
The skin contains general receptors which can detect touch, pain, pressure & temperature.
They are present throughout the skin.
Skin receptors generate an impulse, and when activated, is carried to the spinal cord and then to the brain.
Structure of the skin:
The skin is composed of 3 major layers of tissue:
Epidermis layer
Dermis layer
Subcutaneous layer.
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.
The dermis - the middle layer, under the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) - deeper/ innermost layer, it is made of fat and connective tissue.
Epidermis:
The epidermis is the thin, outer layer of the skin that is visible to the eye.
Contains different types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells.
The skin’s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. These form a pigment shield against UV radiation.
It does not contain blood vessels
The epidermis consists of 4 layers: Stratum germinativum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum
Main functions: protection, absorption of nutrients and homeostasis.
Dermis:
The dermis is the middle layer of the skin that offers elasticity.
It is composed of connective tissues and collagen fibers.
is much thicker than the epidermis
The dermis provides a site for the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory receptors, nerve fibers, muscle fibers & specialized cells (mast cells and fibroblasts).
The main functions of the dermis are:
Protection
Cushioning the deeper structures from mechanical injury;
Providing nourishment to the epidermis;
Playing an important role in wound healing
Subcutaneous:
The subcutaneous is the layer of tissue directly underneath the dermis.
It is also called hypodermis.
This layer of tissue is composed of fat cells and connective tissue.
It is the thickest l
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
3. Eyelid
• In addition to tear spreading, the
eyelid is primarily responsible for
corneal nutrition
• Also provides protection to
cornea
• Lashes offer additional protection
4.
5. Lacrimal System/Tear Film
• Lacrimal system is responsible for tear
production and drainage
• Made up of 3 layers
• Created primarily by lacrimal
apparatus and meibomian glands
• Lubricate the eyeball, provides
oxygen/nutrition for cornea, has
antibacterial properties and helps
wash away debris
• Also have unique composition which
keeps surface of cornea slick
7. Cornea
• Made up of 5 layers
• Specialized Transparent Tissue
– No blood vessels
• Primarily responsible for refracting
light
– Does more of the job than the lens
• More nerve endings than anywhere
else in the body
– Protection to the eye
• The only part of the eye that is
transplanted from one person to
another
8.
9. Aqueous humor
• Fills space between cornea and iris
• Continuously produced by ciliary body
• Flows into chamber through the pupil
• Drains from eye through trabecular
meshwork to canal of schlemm
• Nourishes the cornea and lens
• Gives front of eyeball form and shape
– Anterior chamber is area between the cornea and
the iris: filled with aqueous
– Posterior chamber is the area behind the iris and
in front of the lens: filled with aqueous
10.
11. Limbus
• Juncture between the cornea and
the sclera
• Nourishes peripheral
cornea…assists in corneal wound
healing
• Pathway for aqueous outflow
(contains trabecular meshwork
and canal of schlemm)
12.
13. Conjunctiva
• Thin translucent mucous membrane
starts at the limbus and covers the
sclera and inner surface of the eyelid
• Has some responsibility of tear
production
• Subject to infection…problems from
contact lens use
• Can be degraded by environmental
conditions heat, wind, dust, etc.
14.
15. Sclera
• Whites of the eye
• Made up of 3 layers
• Tough, fibrous tissue: site of
extra-ocular muscle attachment
• Opaque...allows no light to enter
• Subject to inflammation
16.
17. Iris
• The colored part of the eye…unique to every
individual like a fingerprint
– Color is dependent on the amount of pigment
• A diaphragm, the iris has tiny muscles that
control the light levels in the eye
• Has 2 layers
• Pupil is located in the center of the iris
– pupil = hole: it is not an eye structure per se
18.
19. Lens
• Transparent, biconvex structure, held in
place by ciliary zonules
• Composed of 6 layers
• Refracts light
• Nutrition comes from aqueous
humor…insoluble deposits of proteins build
up over time = cataracts
– A clouding of the lens and capsule
• Live long enough and you WILL have some
degree of cataract
• cataracts also caused by other agents
20.
21. Ciliary body
• Connects the choroid with the iris
• Has three parts including:
– The ciliary muscle is ring shaped muscle
that controls the shape of the lens
(accommodation)
– The ciliary process is the attachment site
for the zonules and produces the aqueous
in the pars plicata
– The ciliary ring is attached to the choroid
and is composed of the pars plana. The
pars plana has no known function in the
post-fetal eye thus this is a safe area
through which surgical instruments may
be inserted
22.
23. Zonules
• Attach the lens to the ciliary body
• May become broken or stretched
causing the lens to move out-of-
place
24.
25. Vitreous
• A thick, transparent gel like substance that fills the
center of the eyeball, giving it form and shape
• A canal runs through the vitreous from optic disk to
the lens. It is a developmental leftover from the
hyaloid artery. Usually regresses but may persist and
result in floaters
• May see reference to hyaloid membrane. This
transparent tissue surrounds the vitreous and
separates it from the retina
• Central retinal veins and arteries extend in bundles,
exit and enter respectively through the optic nerve
26.
27. Choroid
• A brown vascular sheet lying
between the sclera and the retina
• This is the blood supply for the
retina
28.
29. Retina
• Most internal layer of eye, facing the vitreous
• Converts light energy into electrical energy
which is then sent to the brain via the optic
nerve
• Actually an extension of brain tissue
• Composed of 10 layers…contains
photoreceptors: cones, near center
(responsible for seeing detail and color) and
rods, in periphery (responsible for seeing in
low light and seeing movement)
• Point of sharpest vision is in the fovea;
located in the center of the macula
30.
31. Ora Serrata
• A serrated juncture between the
retina and ciliary body marking
the transition between non-
sensitive tissue and the retinal
portion with many layers and
specialized photoreceptor cells
32.
33. Intra-ocular muscles
• Purpose is to move eyes
• Maintain binocularity
• 6 muscles
– medial rectus (MR)—moves the eye toward the nose
– lateral rectus (LR)—moves the eye away from the nose
– superior rectus (SR)—primarily moves the eye upward and
secondarily rotates the top of the eye toward the nose
– inferior rectus (IR)—primarily moves the eye downward and
secondarily rotates the top of the eye away from the nose
– superior oblique (SO)—primarily rotates the top of the eye
toward the nose and secondarily moves the eye downward
– inferior oblique (IO)—primarily rotates the top of the eye away
from the nose and secondarily moves the eye upward
34.
35. Optic Nerve
• Purpose is for energy transmission to brain
• Subject to underdevelopment, damage,
inflammation
• Contains over 1 million nerve fibers…once
severed cannot be reconnected=no “eye
transplant”
• Upon examination only the head can be
seen by doctor. Should appear as yellowish
pink, flat and with distinct margins
• The cup to disk ratio is evaluation as a
measure of health…increase in size of cup
may indicate elevated pressure
36.
37. Optic Nerve Pathways/Visual
Cortex
• Message is carried down the optic nerve
through pathways to occipital cortex; here
vision becomes sight
• At the optic chiasm, the nasal nerve fibers
cross; temporal nerve fibers go straight back
to cortex; this arrangement impacts on visual
fields
• Results in visual field losses can be
predicted based on where damage is located
on the optic nerve
• When damage is located anterior of the optic
chiasm; it is likely there will be a cortical
component to the field loss