these slide are modified or upgraded from the slid belonging to this website.i had added some of the content.hope that it will be more helpful to you all.
Cornea is the clear front surface of the eye. It lies directly in front of the iris and pupil, and it allows light to enter the eye.
Cornea forms the transparent and anterior 1/6th of the external fibrous coat of the globe of the eyeball.
The cornea is the eye's most powerful structure for focusing light that provides approximately 65 to 75 percent of the focusing power of the eye.
The cornea has unmyelinated nerve endings sensitive to touch, temperature and chemicals; a touch of the cornea causes an involuntary reflex to close the eyelid.
1. Introduction Gross anatomy Layers Blood supply, drainage and nerve supply
2. INTRODUCTION • Sclera forms posterior 5/6th of external tunic , connective tissue coat of eyeball. • it continues with duramater and cornea • Its whole surface covered by tenon’s capsule • Anteriorly covered by- bulbar conjunctiva • Inner surface lies in contact with choroid • With a potential suprachoroidal space in between
3. Equa THICKNESS OF SCLERA
4. • Thickness varies with individual, with age • Thinner- children, elder, F> M • Thickest posteriorly • Gradually becomes thinner when traced anteriorly • Thin at insertion of extraocular muscle
these slide are modified or upgraded from the slid belonging to this website.i had added some of the content.hope that it will be more helpful to you all.
Cornea is the clear front surface of the eye. It lies directly in front of the iris and pupil, and it allows light to enter the eye.
Cornea forms the transparent and anterior 1/6th of the external fibrous coat of the globe of the eyeball.
The cornea is the eye's most powerful structure for focusing light that provides approximately 65 to 75 percent of the focusing power of the eye.
The cornea has unmyelinated nerve endings sensitive to touch, temperature and chemicals; a touch of the cornea causes an involuntary reflex to close the eyelid.
1. Introduction Gross anatomy Layers Blood supply, drainage and nerve supply
2. INTRODUCTION • Sclera forms posterior 5/6th of external tunic , connective tissue coat of eyeball. • it continues with duramater and cornea • Its whole surface covered by tenon’s capsule • Anteriorly covered by- bulbar conjunctiva • Inner surface lies in contact with choroid • With a potential suprachoroidal space in between
3. Equa THICKNESS OF SCLERA
4. • Thickness varies with individual, with age • Thinner- children, elder, F> M • Thickest posteriorly • Gradually becomes thinner when traced anteriorly • Thin at insertion of extraocular muscle
structure of eye ball,eyeball is a specialized sense organ that helps us to understand our environment. It is a sensory unit composed of three parts: receptor, sensory pathway, and a brain center
The main parts of the human eye are The Conjunctiva,
Sclera,Choroid,
Cornea, Iris, Pupil,
Anterior Chamber,
Posterior Chamber, Aqueous humor, Lens, Vitreous humor, Retina,Macula and Optic nerve.
in this ppt we describe about anatomy of eyeball( cornea, sclera, choroid, iris, retina, ciliary body, vitreous etc..), dimension of the eyeball, coats of the eyeball.
The retina is the sensory membrane that lines the inner surface of the back of the eyeball. It's composed of several layers, including one that contains specialized cells called photoreceptors.
Photoreceptor cells take light focused by the cornea and lens and convert it into chemical and nervous signals which are transported to visual centers in the brain by way of the optic nerve.
In the visual cortex of the brain (which, ironically, is located in the back of the brain), these signals are converted into images and visual perceptions.
Vitreous humour
1. Vitreous Humour
2. General features Vitreous humour is an inert ,transparent , colourless, jellylike, hydrophilic gel that serves the optical functions and also acts as important supporting structures for the eyeball. The vitreous cavity is bounded by anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the retina Its weighs nearly 4g Vitreous is an extacellular material composed of approximately 99 per cent water
3. Structure The vitreous body is the largest and simplest connective tissue present as a single piece in the human body Divided into three parts- 1. The hyaloid layer or membrane 2. The cortical vitreous and 3. The medullary vitreous
structure of eye ball,eyeball is a specialized sense organ that helps us to understand our environment. It is a sensory unit composed of three parts: receptor, sensory pathway, and a brain center
The main parts of the human eye are The Conjunctiva,
Sclera,Choroid,
Cornea, Iris, Pupil,
Anterior Chamber,
Posterior Chamber, Aqueous humor, Lens, Vitreous humor, Retina,Macula and Optic nerve.
in this ppt we describe about anatomy of eyeball( cornea, sclera, choroid, iris, retina, ciliary body, vitreous etc..), dimension of the eyeball, coats of the eyeball.
The retina is the sensory membrane that lines the inner surface of the back of the eyeball. It's composed of several layers, including one that contains specialized cells called photoreceptors.
Photoreceptor cells take light focused by the cornea and lens and convert it into chemical and nervous signals which are transported to visual centers in the brain by way of the optic nerve.
In the visual cortex of the brain (which, ironically, is located in the back of the brain), these signals are converted into images and visual perceptions.
Vitreous humour
1. Vitreous Humour
2. General features Vitreous humour is an inert ,transparent , colourless, jellylike, hydrophilic gel that serves the optical functions and also acts as important supporting structures for the eyeball. The vitreous cavity is bounded by anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the retina Its weighs nearly 4g Vitreous is an extacellular material composed of approximately 99 per cent water
3. Structure The vitreous body is the largest and simplest connective tissue present as a single piece in the human body Divided into three parts- 1. The hyaloid layer or membrane 2. The cortical vitreous and 3. The medullary vitreous
The eye is our organ of sight. The eye has a number of components which include but are not limited to the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, macula, optic nerve, choroid and vitreous.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
3. Eye lid
In addition to tear spreading, the eyelid is primarily
responsible for corneal nutrition
Also provides protection to cornea
Lashes offer additional protection
4. Lacrimal System/Tear Film
Lacrimal system is responsible for tear production
and drainage
Made up of 3 layers
Created primarily by lacrimal apparatus and
meibomian glands
Lubricate the eyeball, provides oxygen/nutrition
for cornea, has antibacterial properties and helps
wash away debris
Also have unique composition which keeps
surface of cornea slick.
6. Cornea
Made up of 5 layers
Specialized Transparent Tissue
No blood vessels
Primarily responsible for refracting light
Does more of the job than the lens
More nerve endings than anywhere else in the
body
Protection to the eye
The only part of the eye that is transplanted from
one person to another
7.
8.
9. Aqueous humor
Fills space between cornea and iris
Continuously produced by ciliary body
Flows into ant chamber through the pupil
Drains from eye through trabecular meshwork to canal of
schlemm
Nourishes the cornea and lens
Gives front of eyeball form and shape
Anterior chamber is area between the cornea and the iris: filled
with aqueous
Posterior chamber is the area behind the iris and in front of the
lens: filled with aqueous
10.
11.
12. Limbus
Junction between the cornea and the sclera
Nourishes peripheral cornea…assists in corneal
wound healing
Pathway for aqueous outflow (contains trabecular
meshwork and canal of schlemm)
13.
14.
15. Conjunctiva
Thin translucent mucous membrane starts at the
limbus and covers the sclera and inner surface of
the eyelid
Has some responsibility of tear production
Subject to infection…problems from contact lens
use
Can be degraded by environmental conditions
heat, wind, dust, etc.
16.
17. Sclera
White of the eye
Made up of 3 layers
Tough, fibrous tissue: site of extra-ocular muscle
attachment
Opaque...allows no light to enter
Subject to inflammation
18.
19. Iris
The colored part of the eye…unique to every individual
like a fingerprint
Color is dependent on the amount of pigment
A diaphragm, the iris has tiny muscles that control the
light levels in the eye
Has 2 layers
Pupil is located in the center of the iris
pupil = hole: it is not an eye structure
20.
21.
22. Lens
Transparent, biconvex structure, held in place by ciliary
zonules
Composed of 6 layers
Refracts light
Nutrition comes from aqueous humor…insoluble deposits
of proteins build up over time = cataracts
A clouding of the lens and capsule
Live long enough and you WILL have some degree of
cataract
cataracts also caused by other agents
23.
24. Ciliary body
Connects the choroid with the iris
Has three parts including:
The ciliary muscle is ring shaped muscle that controls
the shape of the lens (accommodation)
The ciliary process is the attachment site for the
zonules and produces the aqueous in the pars plicata
The ciliary ring is attached to the choroid and is
composed of the pars plana. The pars plana has no
known function in the post-fetal eye thus this is a safe
area through which surgical instruments may be
inserted
25.
26. Zonules
Attach the lens to the ciliary body
May become broken or stretched causing the lens to
move out-of-place
27.
28.
29. Vitreous
A thick, transparent gel like substance that fills the
center of the eyeball, giving it form and shape
A canal runs through the vitreous from optic disc to
the lens. It is a developmental leftover from the
hyaloid artery. Usually regresses but may persist and
result in floaters
May see reference to hyaloid membrane. This
transparent tissue surrounds the vitreous and
separates it from the retina
Central retinal veins and arteries extend in bundles,
exit and enter respectively through the optic nerve
30.
31. Choroid
A brown vascular sheet lying between the sclera and
the retina
One of the route of blood supply for the retina
32.
33. Retina
Most internal layer of eye, facing the vitreous
Converts light energy into electrical energy which is then
sent to the brain via the optic nerve
Composed of 10 layers…contains photoreceptors: cones,
near center (responsible for seeing detail and color) and
rods, in periphery (responsible for seeing in low light and
seeing movement)
Point of sharpest vision is in the fovea; located in the
center of the macula
34.
35. Ora Serrata
A serrated juncture between the retina and ciliary
body marking the transition between non-sensitive
tissue and the retinal portion with many layers and
specialized photoreceptor cells
36.
37. Intra-ocular muscles
Purpose is to move eyes
Maintain binocularity
6 muscles
medial rectus (MR)—moves the eye toward the nose
lateral rectus (LR)—moves the eye away from the nose
superior rectus (SR)—primarily moves the eye upward and
secondarily rotates the top of the eye toward the nose
inferior rectus (IR)—primarily moves the eye downward and
secondarily rotates the top of the eye away from the nose
superior oblique (SO)—primarily rotates the top of the eye
toward the nose and secondarily moves the eye downward
inferior oblique (IO)—primarily rotates the top of the eye away
from the nose and secondarily moves the eye upward
38.
39. Optic Nerve
Purpose is for energy transmission to brain
Subject to underdevelopment, damage, inflammation
Contains over 1 million nerve fibers…once severed cannot
be reconnected=no “eye transplant”
Upon examination only the head can be seen by doctor.
Should appear as yellowish pink, flat and with distinct
margins
The cup to disc ratio is evaluation as a measure of health…
increase in size of cup may indicate elevated pressure
40.
41. Optic Nerve Pathways/Visual Cortex
Message is carried down the optic nerve through pathways
to occipital cortex; here vision becomes sight
At the optic chiasma, the nasal nerve fibers cross;
temporal nerve fibers go straight back to cortex; this
arrangement impacts on visual fields
Results in visual field losses can be predicted based on
where damage is located on the optic nerve