Marine resources are physical and biological entities that are found in seas and oceans that are beneficial to man. They include fish, coral reefs and crabs, fungi, etc. A lot of conservation effort is required to protect these resources from human destruction activities like pollution and over fishing. Marine natural resources include both biological and physical sources. Biological sources include anything attributed to life forms whereas physical sources are considered to be those things that are not part of life processes. In a few instances some resources are both biological and physical. In considering the outlook of our oceans it is important to first identify the main natural resources and their status.
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
1. DEFINITIONS OF OCEANOGRAPHY:-
2. Branches of oceanography
3. Nature of Oceanography
4. A Geographical approach into Oceanography
5. Importance of Oceanography
6. Contribution of oceanographers
7. DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN OCEANOGRAPHY
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
Biological and chemical oceanography.Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle
Oceans also contain a huge amount of mineral resources. Deep ocean basins are the zones of continuous sedimentation. The oceans are the final destination for many of all the sediments to be deposited. About 200 million years of earth history are available in the fossiliferous sediments deposited within the ocean basins. This module explains the characteristics of marine sediments.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
1. DEFINITIONS OF OCEANOGRAPHY:-
2. Branches of oceanography
3. Nature of Oceanography
4. A Geographical approach into Oceanography
5. Importance of Oceanography
6. Contribution of oceanographers
7. DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN OCEANOGRAPHY
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
Biological and chemical oceanography.Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle
Oceans also contain a huge amount of mineral resources. Deep ocean basins are the zones of continuous sedimentation. The oceans are the final destination for many of all the sediments to be deposited. About 200 million years of earth history are available in the fossiliferous sediments deposited within the ocean basins. This module explains the characteristics of marine sediments.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladesh : A Seminar Paperihn FreeStyle Corp.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladeshihn FreeStyle Corp.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
The term “sustainability” or also “sustainable development”, often used as nothing more than a catch-phrase, has much more to offer. It is a concept to guarantee a livable environment for all people in the long term, encompassing at least three fundamental components of sustainable development, preservation of a functional environment, economic welfare and social equity. Accordingly, also in the field of aquaculture, aiming for sustainability requires not only the achievement of environmental objectives, but also to provide clear economic advantages for aquaculture farmers in the long term. However, the term “sustainability” is often diluted and weakened , being used by politicians, entrepreneurs and the public, in a general way on numerous occasions, very often in a superficial or misleading way and with an incorrect definition, just to exploit the positive , connotations of the term.
Rotifers are popularly called as wheel animalcules. They are an important group of live food organisms for use in aqua hatcheries. Brachionus, which is the most known form of all rotifers, serve as an ideal starter diet for early larval stages of many fish and prawn species in marine as well as freshwater. Species of the genus Brachionus (Brachionidae: Rotifera) are well represented in different water bodies worldwide (Pejler, 1977). Depending on the mouth size of the cultured organisms, small (50 to 110 micron length) or large (100 to 200 micron length) rotifers are used. There are about 2,500 species of rotifers have been known from global freshwater, brackish water, and seawater. B. plicatilis is the species used most commonly to feed fish larvae in hatcheries around the world. It is a euryhaline species, small and slow swimming, with good nutritional value. It is well suited to mass culture because it is prolific and tolerates a wide variety of environmental conditions. The rotifer, B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis, have been indispensable as a live food for mass larval rearing of many aquatic organisms (Maruyama et al., 1997). By way of significant developments in larval rearing technology of fishes, demand for the rotifer is further increasing.
A rice-fish system is an integrated rice field or rice field/pond complex, where fish are grown concurrently or alternately with rice. Fish may be deliberately stocked (fish culture), or may enter fields naturally from surrounding water ways when flooding occurs (rice field fisheries), or a bit of both. Fish yields can range widely from of 1.5 to 174 kg/ha/season depending on the type of rice fish system, the species present, and the management employed.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Goat cum Fish Farming - Present Status and Prospect in Bangladeshihn FreeStyle Corp.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Growth Performance of Catla (Catla catla) Fed Diets Containing Different Leve...ihn FreeStyle Corp.
Carp culture has attained commercial culture status.
Feed has become the most important component.
Fish meal induce good growth but it is expensive.
Due to the scarcity of fish meal ; alternative protein sources is gaining importance.
Spirulina platensis (blue green algae) ; A Cyanobacterium.
Spirulina as the replacement of fish meal.
How to write a project proposal ? (*For bd students only)ihn FreeStyle Corp.
Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) is one of the commercially farmed fish in Bangladesh and it has gained rapid popularity because of its fast growth and high yields. The species is important for its nutritional and medicinal value. However, the absence of a readily available starter feed in commercial hatcheries remains a major problem in its production. Fish larvae rely on the yolk sac for its nutritional requirements during early stages of growth. Then larvae require live foods such as Artemia nauplii, yeast, unicellular algae, rotifers, copepods, cladocerans as the most appropriate starter foods because the larvae have difficulty in assimilating dry prepared diets due to their incomplete development of the digestive system (Arimoro, 2006; Olurin et al. 2012). These live foods offer an appropriate size ingestible by a wide range of larval fish species and are rich carriers of digestive enzymes (Kolkvoski, 2001). Live foods also affect the fatty acid profile of larvae (Kainz, 2004; Das, 2006; Tocher, 2010). However, information on appropriate live foods for the larviculture of stinging catfish are scarcely available.
What is the stocking density of fish in semi intensive cultureihn FreeStyle Corp.
Stocking Density: Stocking density also known as per-unit stocking amount or stocking rate, refers to the quantity of fry or fingerlings per unit of water area.
Poly Culture: The concept of poly culture of fish is based on the concept of total utilization of different trophic and spatial niches of a pond in order to obtain maximum fish production per unit area. Different compatible species of fish of different trophic and spatial niches are raised together in the same pond to utilize all sorts of natural food available in the pond.
Semi Intensive Culture: Semi-intensive culture systems depend largely on natural food which is increased over baseline levels by fertilization and/or use of supplementary feed to complement natural food.
The increased production of marine fish has come primarily through the motorization of traditional craft, the introduction of new craft and the introduction and popularization of new’ types of synthetic gear, which have replaced the traditional gear. In almost every country, this process has been either instituted or actively supported by the governments in the form of generous subsidies and credit schemes. Blue Economy could play an important role in the economic upliftment of the country in the context of poverty alleviation, ensuring food and nutrition security, combating climate change impacts. Blue Economy requires a balanced approach between conservation, development and utilization of marine and coastal eco-systems, all oceanic resources and services with a view to enhancing their value and generates decent employment, secure productive marine economy and healthy marine eco-systems.
Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO,1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. Many of our open waterbody are polluted with various pollutants and harmful chemicals. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) has prepared the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) for Bangladesh in December 2001. The goal of the NWMP is to implement the National Water Policy (NWPo) and contribute to national economic development through rational management of open water resources, in a way that protects the natural environment and improves the quality of life for the people of Bangladesh. Open water fisheries are major aquatic common property resources in Bangladesh covering over four million hectares. Around ten percent of the population of 120 million depend for their livelihoods on fisheries.
Hygiene standards and procedures usually described as Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) or Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), have been in place for many years and constituted an essential tool in traditional food control. These concepts are still essential in a modern food control system by providing the basic environmental and operating conditions for production of safe food and thus being a requisite or foundation for HACCP in an overall food safety management program. What is new is the concept of formalizing the prerequisite program alongside HACCP and the legal requirement in some countries (USA) of documented monitoring of certain sanitation areas.
Non-Infectious Disease
Not caused by pathogens
Cannot be transmitted to other species
Malnutrition, Avitaminoses, Heavy Metals etc. are responsible
Risk factors:
Genetics
Life-style
Environmental factors
Genetic Risk Factors
Determined by genes
Familial Disease Tendency
Disease runs in species
Recessive gene disorders
Down syndrome
Born with extra chromosome
Sex-linked disorders
Linked to x chromosome (female)
Can be recessive in females
Color blindness, hemophilia, & muscular dystrophy
A popular food fish in South Asia. Five types of ilish can be found worldwide.
Yearly ilish caught are 5,000,000 tons. Among them, 50%-60% are caught by Bangladesh.
About 450,000 people are directly involved with the catching for livelihood; around four to five million people are indirectly involved with the trade.
Ideally, surimi should be made from low-value, white-fleshed fish with excellent gelling ability and which are abundant and available year-round. At present, Alaskan pollack accounts for a large proportion of the surimi supply. Other species, such as sardine, mackerel, barracuda, striped mullet have been successfully used for surimi production.
Any aquatic invertebrate animals having a cutaneous or calcareous shell surrounding there body and belonging to the phylum Mollusca, the class Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda), or phylum Echinodermata is known as shellfish. The term is often used for the edible species of the groups, especially those that are fished or raised commercially. The most commercially important shellfish are:
• Mollusk: Oysters, mussels, scallops and clams
• Crustacean: Shrimp, prawn, lobster, crab and crayfish
• Echinoderm: sea urchins and sea cucumbers
Shellfish hatchery is a place where shellfish seeds are produced in a controlled way. Hatchery management is a branch of science which deals with the activities including from collection of brood shellfish to seed production. Culturing of shellfish has occurred since ancient times. Although controlled rearing of young shell has long existed, hatchery production is a more recent advancement. Producing seed under controlled conditions in a hatchery will disconnect its production from environmental factors and provide a reliable supply of seed. Oysters, mussels and mud crabs are the most important groups of shellfish after shrimp and prawn. These are popular among the western countries and becoming more popular all over the world. So hatchery management of oyster, mussel and crab is crucial.
The homeotherms are otherwise known as warm blooded animals. Their body temperature remains constant irrespective of change in environmental temperature e.g. birds and mammals. The poikilotherms are otherwise known as cold blooded animals. Their body temperature fluctuates according to change of the temperature in the surroundings e.g. fishes, amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates.
Transport of hatchlings, fry and fingerlings of culturable species is a common necessity in aquaculture. Generally the fry trading season starts in April and continues until the end of September in Bangladesh. Nevertheless, mortality is the major problem of our traditional transportation system of fish fry. In Bangladesh, fish seed production hatcheries are typically situated far away from fish rearing ponds. I went to jessore to purchase 2kg fish seed. I bought 2kg fish seed from kappothakko nod hatchery in Jessore. The distance of Jessore to Gazipur is approximately 242 km away.The price of fish seed is 2000 to 3000Tk in case of Indian major carp.I have bought 2kg fish seed from Jessore to Gazipur by pick up. Approximately 2kg fish seed contain 7to 8 lac fry.The traditional fish seed transportation methods result in heavy mortality due to accumulation of toxic wastes such as ammonia, decrease in pH due to increase of carbon dioxide (pCO2), depletion of oxygen in the water, thermal tolerance hyperactivity, stress and tiredness of the fry and infection contracted during transportation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Marine Resources: Physical and biological resources, marine energy
1. Marine resources: physical and biological resources, marine energy
Introduction
Marine resources are physical and biological entities that are found in seas and oceans that are
beneficial to man. They include fish, coral reefs and crabs, fungi, etc. A lot of conservation effort
is required to protect these resources from human destruction activities like pollution and over
fishing. Marine natural resources include both biological and physical sources. Biological
sources include anything attributed to life forms whereas physical sources are considered to be
those things that are not part of life processes. In a few instances some resources are both
biological and physical. In considering the outlook of our oceans it is important to first identify
the main natural resources and their status.
Importance of marine resources
There are many marine resources like salt, seaweed, fish, etc. and the importance is that it would
make life more comfortable. Each has its own importance but it remains for the same possible
concept for your comfort in living. A marine protected area (MPA) is essentially a space in the
ocean where human activities are more strictly regulated than the surrounding waters - similar to
parks we have on land. These places are given special protections for natural or historic marine
resources by local, state, territorial, native, regional, or national authorities. Authorities differ
substantially from nation to nation. Marine conservation, also known as marine resources
conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas. Marine
conservation focuses on limiting human-caused damage to marine ecosystems, and on restoring
damaged marine ecosystems. Marine conservation also focuses on preserving vulnerable marine
species. The ocean is one of Earth's most valuable natural resources. It provides food in the form
of fish and shellfish; about 200 billion pounds are caught each year. It's used for transportation;
both travel and shipping. It provides a treasured source of recreation for humans. It is mined for
minerals (salt, sand, gravel, and some manganese, copper, nickel, iron, and cobalt can be found
in the deep sea) and drilled for crude oil.
Marine Resources are living organisms that can be found in water such as lobster, fish, crab, and
sponges.
There are many marine resources some of them are given below-
1 . Physical
a. Petroleum
b. Sand and Gravel
c. Evaporative salts
d. Fresh water
e. Methane hydrates
2. Biological
2. 3. Energy
a. Waves, currents, and tides
b. Thermal gradient
Physical resources
The oceans hold an enormous reservoirs of minerals. The oceans also hold reservoirs of fossil
fuel or the potential for harnessing forces for energy development. For example:petroleum and
natural gas, methane hydrate,sand and gravel,salts,manganese nodules,freshwater. Some of them
given below-
Petroleum
Petroleum (L. petroleum, from Greek: πέτρα (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil) is a naturally occurring,
yellow-to-black liquid found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface, which is
commonly refined into various types of fuels. It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular
weights and other liquid organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally
occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A
fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton
and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to intense heat and pressure.
Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural
geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in
terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures).It is refined and
separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from gasoline
(petrol) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and
pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials, and it is
estimated that the world consumes about 90 million barrels each day.
Manganese nodule
Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom
formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. The core may be
microscopically small and is sometimes completely transformed into manganese minerals by
crystallization. When visible to the naked eye, it can be a small test (shell) of a microfossil
(radiolarian or foraminifer), a phosphatized shark tooth, basalt debris or even fragments of earlier
nodules.
3. Fig:Manganese nodule Fig:Nodules on the Seabed
Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more
than 20 centimetres (8 in) across. However, most nodules are between 5 and 10 cm (2 and 4 in)
in diameter, about the size of potatoes. Their surface is generally smooth, sometimes rough,
mammilated (knobby) or otherwise irregular. The bottom, buried in sediment, is generally
rougher than the top
Biological Resources
Benthos
Benthos are bottom-dwelling organisms that generally live non-mobile lifestyles, though some
mobile species such as crabs do exist. In the Bay Area, many benthic invertebrates live within
sedimentary or soft-bottom habitats, usually within the top 2 to 3 centimeters of the soft
sediment. Some benthic invertebrates also live on hard substrates, which are much less common
in the Bay compared to sedimentary habitats.
Three major benthic species assemblages (groups of organisms that inhabit a location or
locations at a certain time or over a period of time) are present in the Bay Area: fresh-brackish,
estuarine, and marine assemblages. Fresh-brackish assemblages are found in the delta, with a
transition assemblage extending into Suisun Bay. Estuarine assemblages are prevalent in San
Pablo Bay. The Central Bay harbors marine assemblages. Assemblage characteristics, such as
species composition and abundance, are affected by many physical factors, including salinity and
sediment grain size, or by biological factors such as competition and predation. Changes in these
factors can influence individual benthic species differently.
Many of the more common benthic species in San Francisco Bay today are accidentally or
intentionally introduced species. Most of these non-native species were transported here in
ballast water of ships or on the oyster shells brought from the east coast for commercial farming
purposes in the late 19th century. Some of these non indigenous species serve ecological
functions similar to those of the native species that they have displaced. Examples of these
include the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), the Japanese littleneck clam (Tapes
philippinarum), and the soft-shelled clam (Mya arenaria), all of which have supported
commercial or sport fisheries. However, other species, such as one of the so-called Asian clam
species (Potamocorbula amurensis), have a negative effect on phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations and organisms that depend on them. Though P. amurensis may serve as a food
source for diving ducks and sturgeon, their high feeding rates can remove much of the
4. phytoplankton from the water column and may have an adverse effect on zooplankton and other
organisms that in the food chain that feed on them.
Fish
More than 100 species of fish inhabit the San Francisco Bay system. The majority of species are
native, but there are also many introduced species. A large portion complete all life stages within
the Bay. A smaller portion, anadromous fish, migrate from ocean waters, through the estuary,
and into a series of freshwater streams where they spawn. Common fish species found in the Bay
are include northern anchovy, topsmelt (Atherinops affinis), jacksmelt, striped bass, white
croaker (Genyonemus lineatus), Pacific herring, and English sole (Parophrys vetulus).
Fish population trends can be determined by analyzing the data resulting from the monitoring
efforts of CDFG. An analysis of these data from a monitoring study between 1980 and 1995
suggests a general distribution of fishes in the Bay as follows
North Bay – Fish species typically found in the North Bay include sharks, rays, longfin
smelt, staghorn sculpin, starry flounder, topsmelt, arrow goby (Clevelandia ios),
yellowfin goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus), stickleback (Gasterosteus sp.), mosquitofish
(Gambusia affinis), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), Pacific herring, Chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Central Bay – Typical fish species occurring in the Central Bay include Chinook salmon,
striped bass (Morone saxatillis), white croaker, Pacific herring, and northern anchovy.
Federally Managed Fish Species
Under the Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act, the Pacific Fisheries
Management Council (PFMC) is responsible for managing commercial fisheries resources along
the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. Managed species are covered under three
fisheries management plans:
Coastal Pelagic Fishery Management Plan (includes species such as sardines and
anchovy)
Pacific Groundfish Fishery Management Plan (includes species groups such as flatfish
and rockfish)
Pacific Salmon Fishery Management Plan (includes Chinook and other salmon)
Most of the federally managed species in these plans are not found in San Francisco Bay.
Birds
5. San Francisco Bay provides diverse habitat for many species of waterfowl and shorebirds. Open
water, Bay flats, and tidal marsh are just some of these habitats.Roughly 120 species from 16
avian families occur in the Bay. Of these birds, approximately two-thirds are represented by
three families: Anatidae (waterfowl), Laridae (gulls and terns), and Scolopacidae (sandpipers and
phalaropes).
The Bay serves as an important staging and wintering ground on the Pacific Flyway for
numerous species of water birds. The Pacific Flyway is a bird migration corridor along the
Pacific Coast that stretches as far north as northern Canada and Alaska, and as far south as the
southern tip of South America. In the Bay, the greatest water bird abundance and species
diversity is seen in winter, as birds migrate along the flyway. Each year, nearly one million
waterfowl and more than one million shorebirds pass through this area. No other site within the
Pacific Flyway supported more than 16 to 32 percent of these species. Tidal Bay flats in
particular offer important habitat and a migratory staging area for shorebirds.
The most predominant birds in the open Bay are diving ducks, including scaup, scoter, and
canvasback.
Marine Mammals
The waters off California support an abundance and diversity of marine mammals, primarily
because of the numerous upwelling centers that stimulate primary production, the central
location between arctic and subtropical areas, and the diversity of habitats. Some species migrate
through the area on their way to summer feeding or winter breeding areas; others reside in the
area year-round. San Francisco Bay, like many estuaries, serves as a nursery for some species of
marine mammals (e.g., harbor seals), provides protected waters for resting ashore and in the
water (e.g., California sea lions and harbor seals), and is used as a foraging area (e.g., harbor
seals and, occasionally, gray whales).
Several marine mammal species can be found in San Francisco Bay including the harbor seal
(Phoca vitulina), California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), and more recently, the gray whale
(Eschrichtius robustus).
Harbor seals are the most common and abundant marine mammal in the Bay and are the only
marine mammals that are permanent residents in the Bay. All harbor seals use resting areas
(called haul-out sites) that are free from frequent disturbance and near channels or open water.
Habitats used as haul-out sites include tidal rocks, mudflats, sandbars, and sandy beaches.
Other marine mammal species that have been seen very rarely in the Bay include the humpback
whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), northern elephant seal
(Mirounga angustirostris), Steller sea lion (Eumetopius jubatus), northern fur seal (Callorhinus
ursinus), and the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris). The species occur frequently off the
California coast and occasionally enter the Bay either mistakenly, or while searching for food.
Aquatic Plants
6. Substrate in much of the Bay consists of soft mud, making it difficult for many macroalgal
species to colonize. Some types can initially attach to a hard substrate such as a small rock or
piece of shell, and, as they become larger, move with the small attachment. Common Bay
species include the green algae Enteromorpha clathrata, E. intestinalis, U. lactuca, and
Cladophora sericea and the aquatic plant eelgrass (Zostera marina).
Eelgrass (Zostera marina)
Eelgrass is a native marine vascular plant indigenous to the soft-bottom bays and estuaries of the
Northern Hemisphere. The species is found from middle Baja California and the Sea of Cortez to
northern Alaska along the west coast of North America and is common in healthy shallow bays
and estuaries. Eelgrass serves as a food source for a number of invertebrates, fish, and some
migratory birds. It also provides habitat for many commercially and recreationally important
finfish and shellfish species. Pacific herring regularly spawn on eelgrass leaves, and juvenile
salmonid and smelt often spend extensive amounts of time within eelgrass habitats prior to
heading for the open ocean.
Marine energy: Wind, waves and currents etc.
Potential of ocean energy
The theoretical potential is equivalent to 4-18 million ToE.
Capacity
(GW)
Annual gen.
(TW·h)
Form
5,000 50,000 Marine current power
20 2,000 Osmotic power
1,000 10,000 Ocean thermal energy
90 800 Tidal energy
1,000—9,000 8,000—80,000 Wave energy
Indonesia as archipelagic country with three quarter of the area is ocean, has 49 GW recognized
potential ocean energy and has 727 GW theoretical potential ocean energy.
Forms of ocean energy
Renewable
This section requires expansion.
The oceans represent a vast and largely untapped source of energy in the form of surface waves,
fluid flow, salinity gradients, and thermal.
Marine current power
Main article: Marine current power
7. The energy obtained from ocean currents
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides
into useful forms of power - mainly electricity.
The operating principle behind tidal energy converters is that the energy contained within the
moving current is harnessed by a device that extracts kinetic energy from the flow and imparts
this into a mechanical motion of a rotor or foil. The device then converts the mechanical motion
of the structure into electrical energy by means of a power take-off system. Before connection to
the electricity grid, the electrical power output from the device will need to be conditioned in
order to make it compliant with grid code regulations. In essence, tidal device operation is
synonymous to that of a wind turbine, albeit operating within a different fluid medium.
Osmotic power
Main article: Salinity Gradient
At the mouth of rivers where fresh water mixes with salt water, energy associated with the
salinity gradient can be harnessed using pressure-retarded reverse osmosis process and
associated conversion technologies. Another system is based on using freshwater upwelling
through a turbine immersed in seawater, and one involving electrochemical reactions is also in
development.
Ocean thermal energy
Main article: Ocean thermal energy
The power from temperature differences at varying depths.
Tidal power
Main article: Tidal power
The energy from moving masses of water — a popular form of hydroelectric power generation.
Tidal power generation comprises three main forms, namely: tidal stream power, tidal barrage
power, and dynamic tidal power.
Wave power
Main article: Wave power
Wave energy forms as kinetic energy from the wind is transmitted to the upper surface of the
ocean. The height and period of resulting waves will vary depending on the energy flux between
the wind and the ocean surface. Much work has been carried out in the field of research and
development of technology capable of harnessing energy from the waves. At present there is
limited design consensus surrounding the design of wave energy technology, and there are
several areas in which a wave energy converter can be placed in order to harness the energy most
efficiently.
The wave energy sector is reaching a significant milestone in the development of the industry,
with positive steps towards commercial viability being taken. The more advanced device
developers are now progressing beyond single unit demonstration devices and are proceeding to
8. array development and multi-megawatt projects.[7] The backing of major utility companies is
now manifesting itself through partnerships within the development process, unlocking further
investment and, in some cases, international co-operation.
At a simplified level, wave energy technology can be located near-shore and offshore. Wave
energy converters can also be designed for operation in specific water depth conditions: deep
water, intermediate water or shallow water. The fundamental device design will be dependent on
the location of the device and the intended resource characteristics.
Non-renewable
Petroleum and natural gas beneath the ocean floor are also sometimes considered a form of
ocean energy. An ocean engineer directs all phases of discovering, extracting, and delivering
offshore petroleum (via oil tankers and pipelines,) a complex and demanding task. Also centrally
important is the development of new methods to protect marine wildlife and coastal regions
anbgainst the undesirable side
Conclusion:
Marine environment is rich in marine resources. These are utilized by man for many reasons .So
we should have proper knowledge about them. This knowledge is necessary to establish an
effective strategy for protection. Public education and appreciation for marine resources is
needed for protection. An educated public understands how to interact in the environment to
avoid damaging marine resources and will help to promote the main conservation messages.
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of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory,
Narragansett, RI.
9. Boffa Miskell Partners. 1988. High Voltage Direct Current Inter-island Transmission System
Expansion Environmental Impact Assessment.
Wyllie-Echeverria, S. and P.J. Rutten. 1989. Inventory of Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in San
Francisco/San Pablo Bay. National Marine Fisheries Service Administrative Report SWR-
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Baxter, R., K. Hieb, S. DeLeon, K. Fleming, and J. Orsi. 1999. Report on the 1980-1995 fish,
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anthropogenic change by the year 2025.". Environmental Conservation 30 (3): 21–241.
Abramowski, T.; Stoyanova, V. (2012).
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