1. Marine resources include physical and biological entities found in oceans and seas that are beneficial to humans. They can be classified as mineral, energy, or food resources. 2. Mineral resources include construction materials like sand and gravel, as well as metallic and non-metallic minerals. Energy resources encompass tidal, wave, and offshore wind power. Food resources consist of fisheries, mollusks, crustaceans, and other marine life. 3. These resources provide many benefits like food, fuel, and materials for construction. However, they also face threats from pollution and overexploitation, so sustainable management is important to preserve their value.

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Date : 16 - June-2020
AssignmentON
Marine Resources
NAME: Muhammad Tahir
ROLL NO. 54
ASSIGNMENT: Oceanography
SUBMITTED To: Sir Basit Nadeem
Department of Geography Bahauddin
Zakariya University Multan

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Introduction
● > Marine resources are physical and
biological entities
●that are found in seas and oceans that
are beneficial to
●man.
There Are Two Main Sources Of Marine
Resources
● Physical sources - those things that
are not part of life processes. Example :
Sand and Gravel, Evaporative
salts, food water, Methane hydrates, etc.
> Biological sources - anything attributed
to life forms.
Example : Fish, Marine mammals, etc.
Classification Of Marine
Resources

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Marine Resources Are Classified Into
Three Types
1.Marine mineral resources
2.Marine energy resources.
3.Marine food resources
1. Marine Mineral Resources marine
mineral resources are found either dissolved in
the seawater or they can be found as deposits.
The minerals mined for resources can
be further
classified into five groups.
1. Construction material including sand, gravel,
and other
high bulk materials.
2. Industrial materials including silica sand,
aragonite,
phosphates, and sulfur.
3. Metallic minerals, like gold, platinum, tin,
titanium,
and rare earth metals.
4.Metalliferous oxides, which contain
manganese,
copper, nickel, and cobalt.

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5. Metalliferous sulfides, including copper,
lead, zinc,
chromium, and gold
Petroleum;
Petroleum is a naturally occuring, yellow-black
in colour
oil or liquid found in geologic formations
beneath the earth
surface.
● It consists of hydrocarbon of various
molecular weights and other organic
compounds Manganese Nodules
Manganese nodules;
Also called as poly-metallic nodules (Ni, Co,
Cu), are rock concretions on the sea bottom
formed of concentric layers of iron and
manganese hydroxides around a core.
● The chemical elements are
precipitated from seawater or originate
in the pore waters of the underlying
sediments.
Volcanogenic MassiveSulphides
Volcanogenic
sulfide ore deposits, also
known as VMS ore deposits,

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massive
are a type of metal sulfide ore
deposit, mainly copper-zinc
which are associated with and
created by volcanic-associated
hydrothermal events in submarine
environments.
● They are sulfur-rich or that originates
at "black smokers
Methane Hydrates
> Methane hydrate is a cage-like lattice of ice
inside of which are trapped molecules of
methane,the chief constituent of natural gas.
> If methane hydrate is either warmed or
depressurized, it
will revert back to water and natural gas.
2.Marine Energy Resources;
Various renewable energy resources have their
source in the marine waters. The sea is thus an
inexhaustible source of energy.
> Tidal Energy.
> Wave Energy.
● Wind Energy.
I.Tidal Energy

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Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of hydro-
power
that converts the energy obtained from tides
into useful
forms of power, mainly electricity. Although
not yet
widely used, tidal energy has potential for
future
electricity generation.
- Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station, South Korea
-
254MW. La Rance Tidal Power Plant, France -
240MW.
Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon, United Kingdom -
240MW.
MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Scotland -
86MW.
II.Wave Energy
> Wave power is the transport of energy by
wind, and
the capture of that energy to do useful work -
for
example, electricity generation, water
desalination, or the pumping of water into
reservoirs

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III. Offshore Wind Energy
> Wind power is the use of
through wind turbines to mechanically air flow
generators for power
electric power. Wind power,
as an alternative to burning
fossil fuels, is renewable,
widely distributed, clean,
produces no greenhouse gas
emissions during operation,
consumes water, and no
uses little land.
Marine Food Resources
Ocean contain variety of
living organisms, where some
of them serve as a food for
human.
Fisheries : Highly useful
source of human nutrition.
Mollusks : shelled creatures
oysters, mussels, clams, and
squid/octopus.
Crustaceans : crabs, shrimps,
and lobsters.
Uses of Marine Resources

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> Fisheries:- Oceans contain some of the largest
and
most valuable fisheries resource in the world.
Fishes
mostly used for food.
> Oil and gas:- Oceans Contain significant oil
and gas
resource potential as evidenced by recent
discoveries
and on-going research.
> Minerals:- Many minerals can be mined from
the
deep sea, such as gold, nickel, cobalt, copper,
manganese and zinc; and with limited reserves
on land,
deep-sea mining is an attractive, albeit very
expensive prospect.
Sand and gravel:- Marine aggregates are used
mainly in the construction industry for building,
and for
manufacture of concrete. The UK alone uses 13
the
million tonnes of sand and gravel each year for
construction!
Marine tourism:- Humans use the sea for
leisure in

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many different ways, from scuba diving to
whale
watching, surfing to sailing, jet-skiing to
fishing.
Habitats:- Marine habitats, such as coral reefs,
support biodiversity, which we rely on for food
(fish),
medicincs(from certain marine species we
painkillers and cancer drugs), tourism (e.g.
fishing and
scuba-diving).
> Nutrient cycling:- Nutrients are essential to
life -
without them, plants could not grow, and we
could not
survive. Nutrient cycling is the storage, cycling
and
maintenance of nutrients by living organisms,
and
microscopic animals.
> Renewable energy:- Oceans have the richest
and
most accessible renewable energy (wind, wave
and
tidal) resources in the world.

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> CO: capture and storage:- One way that
scientists
are trying to mitigate climate change is the
capture and
storage of carbon-dioxide from the atmosphere.
Major Sources of Marine Pollution
> Discharge of waste
chemicals.
water,
sewage and toxic
> Dumping of urban and industrial garbage of
coastal
cities.
- Disposal of solid waste materials mainly
plastics in
the sea water.
Leakage of enormous quantity of mineral oil
from oil
tankers and spreading oils slicks therefrom.
> Pollutant from offshore oil wells.
Increase in the acidity of seawater due to
increase in
the concentration of carbon dioxide consequent
upon
rapid rate of deforestation.
Conclusion

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> Marine resources are materials and attributes
found in
the ocean that is considered to have value. That
value can
be intrinsic, or monetary. They include a huge
number of
things: biological diversity, fish and seafood
supplies, oil
and gas, minerals, sand and gravel, renewable
energy
resources, tourism potential, and unique
ecosystems like
coral reefs.
These resources can have great monetary value,
and
even when they don't the uniqueness and
opportunity for
education and human enrichment cannot be
quantified. The
way we manage and use these resources is
therefore of
great importance
References
> Essentials of Oceanography, 6th Edition by
Tom

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Garrison.
> Oceanography, An Invitation to Marine
Science, 7th
Edition by Tom Garrison.
> Siddhartha K.Oceanography A brief
Introduction,(2013)
Kisalaya Publication Pvt. Limited, New Delhi.
> http://study.com/academy/lesson/marine-
resources-
characteristics-formation-management.html