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Sea level rise (final)
- 1. Sea Level Rise THERISING DISASTER
- 2. What is sealevel ? The level of the sea's surface, used in reckoning the height of geographical features such as hills and as a barometric standard. What is Mean sea level ? Mean sea level (MSL) is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earth's oceans from which heights such as elevations may be measured MODEL OF SHAPE OF EARTH What is Sea level rise ? A sea level rise is an increase in global mean sea level as a result of an increase in the volume of water in the world’s oceans.
- 3. Causes of Sealevel rise • Ocean warming (thermal expansion) • Eustasy • Isostasy • Melting of Glaciers & Ice sheets • Decline in water storage on land • Ice loss from Greenland and West Antarctica • Global warming
- 4. Causes of Sealevel rise Ocean warming (thermal expansion) Global warming not only causes the temperature on land to increase, but also leads to an increase in sea water warming. This warming started mainly during the industrial evolution, and intensified when more and more trees were being cut down. Thermal expansion also affects the movement of hot and cold oceanic currents around the globe, and even a slight shift in the direction and temperature of any major current can have large-scale effects, especially on the sea level rise. Due to this, the water expands and its volume increases. This leads to a periodic rise in sea levels. TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN OCEAN
- 5. Causes of Sealevel rise Eustas y Any uniformly global change of sea level that may reflect a change in the quantity of water in the ocean, or a change in the shape and capacity of the ocean basins that results in change in sea level. Isostas yChanges in Earth’s geology. The tectonic plates of the Earth are moving in a slow pace constantly. This changes the structure of the Earth and increases or decreases the height of land above and below sea level.
- 6. Causes of Sealevel rise Melting of Glaciers & Ice sheets Large ice formations, like glaciers and the polar ice caps, naturally melt back a bit each summer. In the winter, snows, primarily from evaporated seawater, are generally sufficient to balance out the melting. Recently, though, persistently higher temperatures caused by global warming have led to greater- than-average summer melting as well as diminished snowfall due to later winters and earlier springs. This imbalance results in a significant net gain in the ratio of runoff to ocean evaporation, causing sea levels to rise.
- 7. Causes of Sealevel rise Ice loss from Greenland and West Antarctica As with the glaciers and ice caps, increased heat is causing the massive ice sheets that cover Greenland and Antarctica to melt at an accelerated pace. Scientists also believe meltwater from above and seawater from below is seeping beneath Greenland's and West Antarctica's ice sheets, effectively lubricating ice streams and causing them to move more quickly into the sea. Higher sea temperatures are causing the massive ice shelves that extend out from Antarctica to melt from below, weaken, and break off.
- 8. Causes of Sealevel rise
- 9. Melting of glaciers Thermal expansion Melting of Antarcticice sheets Ice loss from Greenland 45% 38% 13% 4% Causes of Sea level rise
- 10. Impacts of Sealevel rise • Wet land loss • Coastal erosion • Salt water intrusion • Loss of habitats of fish,birds & plants • Contamination of agricultural soil • Loss of mangroves & coral reefs • Loss of low lying lands • Powerful storm surges Ecological imbalance
- 11. Mitigation measures IPCC FRAMEWORK |ADAPTION STRATEGIES
- 12. IPCC FRAME WORK TheIPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) adopted a work plan for adaptive responses & strategies based on data regarding environmental, economic, social, cultural, legal, institutional and financial implications. • identify coastal areas, populations and resources at risk • develop global and regional research and monitoring systems • develop public awareness of risks to coastal resources • encourage integrated coastal area and resource management • use country-specific studies to evaluate available adaptive options • develop techniques for mitigation through cost effective approaches for adaptation • adopt a framework convention on climate change to facilitate cooperative efforts to limit and/or adapt to climate change
- 13. ADAPTION STRATEGIES • RETREAT •ATTACK • ACCOMODATION • PROTECTION (DEFENSE) HARD SOFT
- 14. • Planting andmaintaining mangroves is considered as a potential natural mitigation measure against this problem. Mangroves reduce the intensity of waves crashing on the shoreline and also help in reducing the associated impact in case of sea level rise. Mitigation Measures | ADAPTION STRATEGIES Strategy Features Methods Site Advantages Protection (Defense) Dikes Levees Sea Walls Groins Build physical barriers to block water For hard-to-move facilities and infrastructure on flat ground Mangroves Wetlands Sand dunes Tidal Flats Create buffer with vegetation or landforms For maintaining shoreline at sites with existing coastal forest or sand dunes | PROTECTION Pre implementation implementation Post implementation Pre implementation implementation Post implementation
- 15. Mitigation Measures |ADAPTION STRATEGIES| ACCOMODATION Strategy Features Methods Site Advantages Accommodation Raising level Desalination Drainage Alarm system Upgrade functions while maintaining location For redevelopment projects or facilities at sites without high ground nearby Pre implementation implementation Post implementation
- 16. Mitigation Measures |ADAPTION STRATEGIES| RETREAT Strategy Features Methods Site Advantages Retreat Relocation Abandonment Relocate facilities to low- risk uplands For residential and public facilities at sites with low-risk uplands nearby Pre implementation implementation Post implementation
- 17. Mitigation Measures |ADAPTION STRATEGIES| ATTACK Strategy Features Methods Site Advantages Attack Land Reclamation Piers Ports Harbors Extend facilities towards water For facilities requiring direct access to water Pre implementation implementation Post implementation
- 18. Mitigation Measures • Temporaryinstallation of porous rock structures on the shores, and construction of buildings on elevated land can help minimize the damage caused by potential sea level rise. The advantage of elevation is very important, especially in low-lying regions, if sea levels are increasing steadily. • The most important and long-term mitigation measure is to reduce our carbon footprint, and reduce the harmful emissions, which are damaging the environment on land, in the oceans, and the atmosphere. If global warming can somehow be decreased substantially, then the sea level rise can also be minimized and controlled. • Building tall walls and similar structures might help reduce sea water intrusion up to a certain level, but this solution is of no help when the sea level rises drastically and even during tsunamis striking the coastal regions. • Constructing levees might help on a small scale, especially if the particular coastal region experiences less increase in ocean water over a longer period of time.
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