This document discusses the nutrient requirements of poultry, specifically broilers and layers. It outlines the main nutrient components - protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals. For energy, it defines different measurements and sources. Protein requirements are provided for different life stages of broilers and layers, along with sources of protein. Mineral and vitamin requirements are also outlined for broilers and layers. Accurate nutrient levels must be provided at different growth stages for optimal production and health of poultry.
The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
Broiler chicks require broiler starter feed for the first four weeks of their life. The broiler starter feed should be at least 20 per cent protein, preferably 23 per cent protein. After four weeks, you should feed a 19 per cent protein feed.
nutrient requirement of dogs
vegetable diet of dogs
non veg diet for dogs
care and management of dogs
dogs Calculation of Energy requirements in Dogs
Dog protein requirement depends on stage of life and activity of dogs.
Puppies need more protein than adult dogs.
Protein needs of a puppy can be met by a high quality protein providing 20 to 25% of dietary calories.
Severe protein deficiency in dogs results in poor food intake, growth retardation or weight loss, muscle wasting, emaciation & death.
Less severe deficiency, causes a rough & dull hair coat, compromised immune system & poor milk production in reproducing bitches.
During periods of stress, the protein requirement may be increased.
If diets containing more protein than required, extra protein metabolized & used for energy.
COMMON FEEDSTUFF USED FOR DOGS
Meat and meat by-products
Raw lean meat: Contain water 70-67%, protein 20-22% & fat 2-9%, it is also a good source of minerals.
Offal meat: Include liver, kidney and spleen, meat but nutrient content is variable, low in calcium, adverse Ca:P ratio (1:15 to 1:30) however, liver is a good source of Vitamin A, D & B Complex with good quality protein.
Fish: fish has 5-18% fat & has good quality protein, high iodine content & better Ca:P ratio.
Green leafy vegetables: Like Cabbage, cauliflower have high water and
fibre content, are good source of B vitamin, however cooking destroys it.
Roots and tubers: Includes potatoes, carrots, turnip, tapioca, rich in starch and can be cooked and fed.
Leguminous vegetables: Rich in protein, good source of B complex vitamin but anti nutritional factors like Trypsin inhibitors, Heamagglutinin are present in some of them but are destroyed by heat treatment.
Dry foods (biscuits, mixtures & meal or flakes) are available for different physiological status.
May be complete food or complementary food, formulated as mixers intended for feeding as part of the diet with protein rich foods such as fish meats, fish.
They are generally rich in carbohydrates.
Crude fat content is 5-10% on dry basis.
Mixtures are generally cereal based with very little protein concentrates may or may not be supplemented with minerals / vitamins.
Have long shelf- life provided properly stored.
The concentration of nutrients is high and feed intake is less.
Digestibility is acceptable but less than semi-moist or canned foods.
The main disadvantage of the dry food is that they are much less palatable than moist foods.
Cats may accept extruded biscuit forms but not meals or flakes.
Feeding of companion animals with commercial foods are not popular for economic reasons in developing countries.
Pets are fed with home made foods or left overs of food consumed in a family.
So, essential to ensure that the dietary nutrient requirements are met through such feeding practice.
Judicious inclusion of supplemental nutrients, deficit in the home made or
left over food can over come nutritional deficiency disorders & support healthier.
Relatively speaking, most dogs today eat a more nutritional diet than their owners do.Though a carnivore, the dog utilises a wide variety of foodstuffs efficiently and can meet nutritional requirements from a diversity of diets.
Dogs regulate their food intake to meet energy requirements proper diets incorporate exact daily nutritional requirements into the amount of food consumed each day for energy.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutrition for commercial broiler and layer production
1.
2.
3. Introduction
Now-a-days poultry industry is a huge sector of our
country to fulfil the protein requirement of human. The
broiler and the layer chickens are reared commercially in
our country for eggs and meat purpose. To ensure the best
quality and quantity of production from chickens we need
to provide them accurate amount of nutrition. The intake
of nutrients is defined by the nutrient levels in the feed
and the amount of feed consumed.
4. Nutrient Components
There are 4 main nutrient components that go together to
make up a poultry diet. They are- Protein, energy, vitamin
& minerals. While protein, vitamins and minerals are
referred to as nutrients, energy the 4th and most costly
part of the diet is not a nutrient but the property of energy
yielding nutrients. Dietary nutrients that yield energy are
protein, fat and carbohydrates.
5. Energy
The amount of energy in feed can be expressed in the form
of gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolisable
energy (ME) or net energy (NE) for maintenance and
production. The relationships between them are as follows:
DE = GE - energy lost in faeces
ME = DE - energy lost in urine and gases
NE = ME - heat loss (heat increment)
In poultry studies, Digestible energy (DE) & Metabolisable
Energy (ME) are usually used to measure energy availability to
and utilization by the birds.
6. Sources of Energy
Cereals: Fats and Oils:
i) Barley i)Tallow
ii)Maize ii)Lard or choice white grease
iii)Sorghum iii)Poultry fat
iv)Wheat iv)Feed-grade animal fat
v)Yellow grease
vi)Blended animal-vegetable fat
7. Energy Requirement
Nutrients Starter
0 – 6 wks
Grower
6 – 12 wks
Developer
12 – 15
wks
Pre-Layer
15 wks –
Prod.
Layer
32 wks
Layer
32-44 wks
Layer
44-55 wks
Layer
> 55 wks
Metabolisa
ble Energy
(kcal/kg)
2750-2970 2750-3025 2700-2970 2725-2980 2770-2860 2725-2860 2675-2860 2550-2825
Nutrients Starter
0-10 days
Grower
11-24 days
Finisher
>25 days
Metabolisable energy
(kcal/kg)
3010 3175 3225
Energy Requirement for Layer:
Energy Requirement for Broiler:`
8. Protein
Dietary protein is a source of amino acids which are the building
blocks for body, hence growth, and the production of a product -
eggs.
Sources of Protein:
Canola
Fish meal
Field peas
Meat and bone meal
Soybeans
Cereal by-products, etc.
11. Protein Requirement for Broiler
Nutrients Starter
0-10 days
Grower
11-24 days
Finisher
>25 days
Crude Protein % 23 20 18
Arginine % 1.25 1.10 1.00
Lysine % 1.10 1.00 0.85
Methionine % 0.50 0.38 0.32
Methionine+ Cystine
%
0.90 0.72 0.60
Threonine % 0.80 0.74 0.68
Tryptophane % 0.20 0.18 0.16
Valine % 0.90 0.82 0.70
12. Minerals
•Minerals in poultry nutrition are typically classified as macro-
or micro-minerals, depending on the levels needed in the diet.
•Minerals are essential for bone development, nervous system
and immune system function. Sodium, potassium for
improving metabolic systems.
•Essential for good quality egg production and egg shell.
•Maintain good quality semen in male.
•Essential for good fertility and hatchability.
16. Water
Many factors influence water intake, including
environmental temperature, relative humidity, salt and
protein levels of the diet, birds productivity (rate of growth
or egg production), and the individual bird’s ability to
reabsorb water in the kidney.
Cool, clean water, uncontaminated by high levels of
minerals or other potential toxic substances, must be
available at all times.
17. Conclusion
For the better production of broiler and layers the
various nutrients should be given in accurate level.
Broilers and layers need different amount of nutrients
in different stage of their growth. Any types of
nutritional imbalance can cause huge production loss
or disease conditions. So better nutrient supply lead to
better growth and production of chickens.
