10. dr david cadogan feedworks - single cell protein types, benefits and reducing diet cost

1. Single Protein and
monogastric nutrition
Dr David Cadogan

2. Single Cell Protein
• Single-cell protein (SCP) refers to edible
unicellular microorganisms.
• The biomass or protein extract from pure or mixed
cultures of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteria
• An ingredient or a substitute for protein-rich foods,
and is suitable for human consumption or as animal
feeds.

3. Composition of Single cell proteins
% of dry matter Bacteria SCP Yeast Fungi Algae
Protein 50-70 45-55 30-45 40-60
Nucleotides 8-12 6-12 7-10 3-8
Fat 1.5-3 2-6 2-8 7-20
Ash 3-7 5-9.5 9-14 8-10
Miller and Litsky, 1976

4. Essential amino acid comparisons
% Saccharomyces
cerevisae
Bacterial
Single cell Protein
Fish Soybean
Concentrate
Protein 45 65 63 65
Lysine 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.1
Threonine 2.1 3.5 2.6 2.6
Methionine 0.8 1.3 1.7 0.9
Tryptophan 0.5 2.0 0.7 0.8
Isoleucine 0.9 2.9 2.5 3.1
Valine 2.4 3.7 3.0 3.4
Histidine 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.8
Arginine 1.1 4.3 3.7 4.9
Phenyalanine 1.9 2.9 2.5 3.4

5. The manufacturing Process for Single Cell Protein (ProSin)

6. Essential amino acid composition in bacterial Single Cell
Protein (ProSin)
% Bacterial
Single cell Protein
(ProSin)
Standard ileal
digestibility coef pigs
(%)
Standard ileal
digestibility coef
Poultry (%)
Protein 65 82.0 91.0
Lysine 3.9 87.3* 92.0
Threonine 3.5 78.7 89.1
Methionine 1.3 84.2 94.5
Tryptophan 2.0 86.0* -
Isoleucine 2.9 81.3 87.7
Valine 3.7 79.3 85.2
Histidine 1.7 78.3 92.0
Arginine 4.3 78.2 89.4
Phenyalanine 2.9 83.9 89.5
* Higher digestibility due to higher free amino acids

7. Single Cell Protein is a very good protein source
• Similar amino content to fishmeal and soybean concentrate
• Amino acid digestibility very high in Poultry and medium levels in
young pigs
• Need more amino acid digestibility work in older pigs

8. Nucleotides 101
• Nucleotide bases are a essential part of DNA and RNA and gene
transcription
• Nucleotides content a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and phosphate
• There are two forms of Nucleotide bases;
• Pyrimdines: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U) replaces T in RNA
• Purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

10. Adenine Nucleotides
Adenine (Base in DNA/RNA)
Adenosine (Nucleoside) is a vasodilator
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) involved in RNA (Nucleotide)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the energy driver for
most living cells (Nucleotide)

11. Role of Nucleotides
• Essential part of DNA and RNA and gene transcription
• Cell and tissue energy storage and energy transfer to make proteins, cells
membranes etc
• Involved cell signalling eg cyclic AMP and cyclic cGMP
• Incorporated into cofactors of important enzymes (eg NADP+)
• Biosynthesis of lactose (in milk UDP-galactose)
• Nucleotides may function as cellular Agonists (Jane, et al 1995)

12. Nucleotide metabolism
• Cell concentrations vary greatly, with ATP being the highest
• Can be synthesised BUT at great energy cost
• More efficient to either consume and absorb from food source or
salvage from the body
• Red blood cells and GUT mucosa cells can’t make Nucleotides!

13. Nucleotide content of bacterial and yeast protein compared to fishmeal
RNA Nucleotide base Single Cell Protein
(Corynebacteria)
(%)
Yeast Protein
Products
(%)
Fish meal
(%)
Adenine 2.0-3.0 1.6-3.2 0.2
Cytosine 1.8-3.1 1.1-2.3 0.1
Guanine 2.6-3.9 1.7-3.4 0.9
Uracil 1.6-2.4 1.5-3.1 0.2
Total 8-12 6-12 1.4
Purine/Pyrimidine 1.37 1.23 3.6
G+C/A+U 1.20 0.91 2.5

14. Comparison of nucleotide and equivalents in human milk
and dairy infant formulas
Thorell et al, 1996

15. Nucleotide content is not dependant on milk protein or
stage of lactation
Item Day 0 Day 3 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 SEM
Total milk solids 26.7 23.4 19.4 18.2 18.8 19.2 0.71
Protein 16.6 7.8 6.2 5.5 5.7 6.3 0.41
Adenine 5’MP 4.0 11.3 12.8 6.8 4.3 3.0 2.19
Cytidine 5’MP 1.5 7.1 7.1 3.5 2.3 1.0 0.98
Guanine 5’MP 5.4 14.7 14.0 10.2 6.0 7.1 7.1
Inosine 5’MP 1.1 1.8 2.6 1.4 0.9 0.4 0.4
Uridine 5’MP 555.6 305.6 263.1 114.0 122.8 104.0 104.0
Mateo et al 2004
Nucleotides and protein in sow milk at different stages

16. Nucleotide induces sleep and vasodilation
(Sanchez et al, 2009)
• Most nucleotides in milk are influenced by circadium rhythum
• AMP, GMP, CMP and IMP significantly increase in milk over night and
decrease during the day.
• The major nucleotide in milk UMP NOT INFLUENCED by night
• The Purines Adenosine 5’MP (AMP) and Guanosine 5’MP (GMP) are
strong vasodilators increasing NO in the blood

17. Advantages of Nucleotides in monogastrics
• Increased gut growth and health particularly of low birth weight infants (Cosgrove et al, 1996)
• Increased uptake of iron into blood (Faelli et al, 1970)
• Increased immune function (Kuchan et al, 1998)
• Reduced scours (Bueno et al, 1994)
• Increase beneficial bacteria eg Bifidobacterium and unless gram negative (Gil et al, 1986)
• Improved fat digestion and utilisation of long chain Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids
• Improved nutrient absorption

18. Single Cell Protein cost effect protein source with the
benefits of 10% Nucleotides
• Soybean protein concentrate @ 65% protein costs $1500-$1800/tonne
• Fishmeal @ 60% protein costs $1550 - $2000/tonne
• SCP TM from MSG production @ 60% protein $1150-$1275/tonne and contains
high nucleotides
• Single cell Protein ProSin @ 70% protein costs $1200 - $1300/tonne and contains
medium to high nucleotides (from CJ Indonesian)
• Protide also from MSG production @ 65% protein available soon (CJ)

19. Inclusion rates of Single Cell
Protein
• Weaner pig up to 4%
• Grower finisher and breeder
diets up to 8%
• Layer diets up to 5%
• Broiler starter diets up to 3%
• Broiler grower, finisher and
breeder diets up to 6%

20. Main benefits
• Very good quality and cost effective
protein/essential amino acid source
• Add to weaner pig and chick starter to
improve growth, gut health and immune
function
• Add to pig breeder to enhance milk
nucleotides and stimulate feed intake
• Add to breeder diets as quality protein and
immunity boaster