Nuclear energy is emitted from radioactive elements during nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Nuclear fission involves splitting heavy radioactive nuclei, while nuclear fusion combines lighter nuclei. Fission is used in nuclear power plants to generate electricity through controlled chain reactions, using elements like uranium. Fusion occurs in stars and requires extremely high temperatures. While nuclear energy produces less waste than fossil fuels, the byproducts are radioactive and require careful treatment or storage due to their harmfulness.

1. Nuclear Energy

2. What is nuclear energy
Energy emitted during detoration of heavy
radioactive element or during combining of
two lighter radioactive element is called
nuclear energy.
Nuclear reaction takes place in two ways
a) By nuclear fission
b) by nuclear fusion

3. Nuclear Fission
 Nuclear fission is the
process of splitting a
nucleus into two nuclei
with smaller masses.
 Fission means “to divide”
 Only large nuclei with
atomic numbers above
90 can undergo fission.

4. Binding energy
After Fe every element has tendency to show
nuclear fission reaction.
But effective nuclear fission reaction is shown
by the large nuclei with atomic numbers above
90 .
It is due to binding energy per nucleon
B.E=m *931.5MeV/A
Where ,m=mass of radioactive element
A=mass number

5. Binding energy curve

6. Types of fission reaction
There are two type of fission reaction
1).uncontroled chain reaction
2). controled chain reaction

7. Un-controled chain reaction
 A chain reaction is an
ongoing series of fission
reactions. Billions of
reactions occur each
second in a chain
reaction.
 Uncontroled chain
reaction are very fast

8. Example of un-controled reaction
1) During detoration of
nuclear bomb.
When nuclear bomb
detorate then it
undergoes uncontrolled
fission reaction.

9. Controled chain reaction

10. Example of controlled chain reaction
 In nuclear reactor for
generation of electricity
 In nuclear reactor generation of
electricity is done by controled
nuclear fission reactions take
place in nuclear reactors.
 generally element barium and
cadmium is use to controlled the
fission reaction
 That is why in nuclear reactor
controlled rods are made up of
either barium or cadmium .

11. Fission Products
• The products of nuclear
fission reactions are
radioactive, but the energy
released from these reactions
is less harmful to the
environment than the use of
fossil fuels.
• The products are intensely
radioactive and must be
treated or stored.

12. Why radioactive element decay in very
large time
• The rateof radioactive decay of any
radioactive is directly proportional to its initial
amount.
• And when we remove proportional sign then
It become equal to product of of decay
constant and initial amount.
• After integration it yield equation which vary
exponentially .

13. Nuclear Fusion
• Nuclear fusion is the
combining of two nuclei
with low masses to form
one nucleus of larger
mass.
• Nuclear fusion reactions
are also called
thermonuclear reactions.

15. Nuclear Fusion example
• Fusion reactions exist in stars.
• Our sun is a good example of
a thermonuclear (fusion)
reaction.
• It is almost impossible to
create fusion reactions on
earth since they need
temperatures above one
million degrees Celsius in
order to take place.

16. Why radition of radioactive element is
harmful
• During decay of radioactive element it emit
alpha particle, beta particle,positron particle
and gamma radation.
• These are very harmful for envirnment and
human being.
• These radation causes cancer,slowness in
mind working and majour is skin cancer

17. Nuclear Fusion cont.
• Nuclear fusion produces
less nuclear waste than
nuclear fission and the
materials are easier to
obtain.

18. Why 1gram radioactive element
emit more energy than 1gram non
radioactive element
• Its only due to mass defect which occur in radioactive
element
But not in non-radioactive element.

19. Advantages of Nuclear energy
• Clean
• Plentiful Supply
• High energy content in uranium
– Small fuel pellet
– Can provide base load power
– Energy savings in transportation
• Operating cost is low after construction

20. Disadvantage of using Nuclear
energy
• Clean
• Plentiful Supply
• High energy content in uranium
–Small fuel pellet
–Can provide base load power
–Energy savings in transportation
• Operating cost is low after construction