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Nuclear chemistrylecturetwo006
- 1. Simplest Formula Seriesin Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry Two Stephen Joseph Boylan, steveboylan11@yahoo.com April 2018 Course Learning Outcome: Learn about nuclear chemistry.
- 2. Nuclear Chemistry Two Stephen JosephBoylan April 2018
- 3. Subatomic Particles Particles smallerthan the atom. Protons p+ Neutrons n Electrons
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- 6. Subatomic Particles Count thenumber of protons and neutrons
- 7. Subatomic Particles Single atomSame number of protons Different number of nuetrons
- 8. Subatomic Particles Mixture Massfractions of Isotopes
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- 10. Periodic Table ofElements Number line of elements arranged by increase number of protons, atomic number
- 11. Periodic Table ofElements Elements with similar properties align in columns called groups.
- 12. Periodic Table ofElements
- 13. Look at anElement
- 14. Look at anElement
- 15. Look at anElement
- 16. Look at anElement
- 17. Isotope or Nuclide Samenumber of protons Different number of neutrons
- 18. Enrichment Mixture of Isotopes WeightedAverage of Masses Same number of protons Atomic Number
- 19. Binding Energy What holdsthe nucleus together?
- 20. Nuclear Binding Energy EnergyEquivalent of Mass Defect Measure of Stability
- 21. Nuclear Binding Energy EnergyProduced when atomic nucleons (p+ n) are bound together
- 22. Energy equivalent equation E= m c 2
- 23. Binding Energy E =energy m = mass c = speed of light
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- 25. Radioactivity Spontaneous disintegration of anatomic nuclei
- 26. Stable Nucleus Does nottransform into another configuration
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- 35. Alpha Particles Alpha particlesare emitted by radioactive nuclei and contain two protons and two neutrons. Alpha particle emission is represented by the symbol α .
- 36. Beta Particles Beta particlesare emitted by radioactive nuclei and has a mass and charge that is identical to an electron. Beta particle emission is represented by the symbol β .
- 37. Gamma Rays Gamma raysare emitted by radioactive nuclei and is a type of high energy radiation that does not contain mass or charge. Gamma Ray Emission is represented by the symbol γ .
- 38. Nonionizing Radiation Nonionizing radiationis radiation that does not have a sufficient amount of energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule. Radiowaves and infrared light are examples of nonionizing radiation.
- 39. Ionizing Radiation Ionizing radiationis radiation that has sufficient amount of energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule. X-rays and cosmic rays are examples of ionizing radiation.
- 40. Energy of Radiation Thefollowing sources of radiation are listed from highest energy to lowest energy . Highest energy = ultra violet light > visible light > infrared light = lowest energy
- 41. Wave Length The followingsources of radiation are listed from shortest wave length to longest wavelength. Shortest wavelength ultra violet light < visible light < infrared light longest wave length
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- 43. Fusion Nuclear reaction between smallatoms to form larger atoms and release energy.
- 44. Fusion In nuclear fusion:two small nuclei are merged together to generate a larger nuclei and a tremendous amount of energy. The sun generate its energy nuclear fusion.
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- 48. Sun Fusion ReactionOverall
- 49. Sun Fusion Reaction CarbonNitrogen Oxygen Cycle
- 50. Natural Decay Radioactivity Ability ofan isotope to undergo transformation to another isotope
- 51. Natural Decay Radioactivity Gives offenergy Disintegration of original isotope
- 52. Radioactivity Statistical Analysis Radioactivity Givesoff energy Disintegration of original isotope
- 53. At time t= t1
- 54. At time t= t2
- 55. Radioactivity Statistical Analysis Dt = time interval D t = t2 - t1
- 56. Radioactivity Statistical Analysis P= probability that a particular atom disintegrates in time interval D t
- 57. P = probability Independentof past history Independent of present circumstances Depends only on D t
- 58. Radioactivity Statistical Analysis Dt = time interval is short
- 59. Radioactivity Statistical Analysis Pis proportional to D t P = l Dt
- 60. Radioactivity Statistical Analysis lis a proportionality constant l is characteristic of the species of radioactive atom
- 61. Probability of atomnot disintegrating 1 – P = (1 - l Dt )
- 62. Probability of atomnot disintegrating n intervals Pn = (1 - l Dt )n
- 63. Consider time periodt t = n Dt Dt = t / n
- 64. Substitute for Dt Pn= (1 - l t / n )n
- 65. Take limit ngoes to infinity Pn = lim (1 - l t / n )n Pn = e -lt
- 66. Probability that atomwill survive Pn = e -lt
- 67. For large numberof atoms No N / No = e -lt N = Noe -lt
- 68. What we haveaccomplished Starting from a picture of the atoms We have derived a mathematical formula N = Noe -lt that relates the amount of the material and time.
- 69. Carbon Dating • RadioactiveDecay – Carbon Dating - A special sample has an activity per gram of carbon 14 of 8.76 atoms per minute. The initial activity from carbon 14 is 15.3 atoms per minute. The half-life of carbon 14 is 5730 year • (29) Calculate the first order rate constant from the half-life. • (30) Write the rate equation. • (31) Solve for time. • (32) Substitute values and calculate • (33) The age of the sample in years is _____________________
- 70. Carbon Dating • RadioactiveDecay – Carbon Dating - A special sample has an activity per gram of carbon 14 of 8.76 atoms per minute. The initial activity from carbon 14 is 15.3 atoms per minute. The half-life of carbon 14 is 5730 year • (29) Calculate the first order rate constant from the half-life. • (30) Write the rate equation. • (31) Solve for time. • (32) Substitute values and calculate • (33) The age of the sample in years is _____________________
- 71. Nuclear Fission In nuclearfission: a large nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei with the release of a large amount of energy.
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- 73. 1 Mine 99.2%U2380.71%U235
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- 77. 4 Enrichment to2.4%U235
- 78. Tails U238 DepletedUranium
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- 83. Thank you fortaking the time to watch.
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