The document discusses numerology and air interface resources in 5G New Radio (NR), including:
- NR supports multiple subcarrier spacings (SCS) to accommodate different services and bands. SCS determines symbol length and impacts coverage, latency, mobility, and phase noise.
- Time domain resources include slots, subframes, and frames which are configured similarly to LTE. Symbol length depends on SCS.
- Frequency domain resources include resource blocks and bandwidth parts. Space domain resources include antenna ports and quasi-co-location.
The document provides guidance on network design for 5G non-standalone (NSA) networking. It recommends option 3X networking over option 3 to reduce dependence on existing networks and improve 5G capabilities. The design covers OM networking, gNodeB naming and numbering, timing synchronization, transmission networking including IP interconnection, bandwidth calculation and QoS. It also addresses transmission reliability and security design. The document aims to help network design, service and marketing departments in 5G network planning and telecom operators' network development.
This document provides an overview of radio network design for rollouts, including configuration of parameter structures, site configuration, mobility configuration, and neighbors configuration. It discusses organizing parameters into managed object classes with a hierarchical structure. Major sections cover defining radio modules and cells, antenna line configuration, frequency configuration, and adding new objects. Configuration of idle and connected mode mobility parameters and system information blocks is also addressed.
This document describes the design of an LTE network optimization project by a group of students from Taiz University. It includes an introduction to LTE, the network planning process, and LTE system architecture. The network planning section discusses coverage planning including link budget calculations and propagation models, as well as capacity planning considering factors like interference levels and supported modulation schemes. The document also provides an overview of LTE system architecture components including the user equipment, E-UTRAN, EPC, and functions of each. It concludes with a section on LTE radio frequency optimization methods.
This document provides guidelines for optimizing 3G networks through neighbor optimization and coverage adjustments. The objectives are to have an optimum number of neighbors to clean up pilot pollution, reduce overshooting, increase capacity, and reduce the possibility of soft congestion conflicts. The methodology involves deleting and adding neighbors based on data from the OSS, as well as adjusting antenna tilting. The optimization sequence is outlined, including guidelines for neighbor deletion, addition of different neighbor types, and planning of the SIB11. The end goal is to have fewer than 36 total neighbors and avoid blocking alarms due to too many neighbors.
The document discusses how to characterize and dimension user traffic in 4G networks. It describes how to define data traffic in terms of data speed and data tonnage. Data speed is the rate at which data is transferred, while data tonnage refers to the total amount of data exchanged. The document provides examples of data speed metrics used in 3GPP standards and outlines factors to consider when calculating expected data usage per subscriber based on typical mobile application usage patterns and available data plans. Dimensioning user traffic accurately is important for designing 4G networks to meet capacity demands.
The document discusses 5G new radio (NR) physical layer resources including numerology, time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, and space-domain resources. It provides details on key 5G NR concepts such as subcarrier spacing, symbols, slots and frames. Cyclic prefix length is determined based on subcarrier spacing to maintain consistent overhead. Slot formats in 5G NR provide more flexibility with symbol level uplink/downlink switching compared to LTE.
The document discusses 5G radio access network (RAN) fundamentals and architectures. It describes how the RAN has evolved from previous generations with more distributed and virtualized architectures in 5G. Key aspects of 5G RAN covered include centralized/virtualized RAN, Open RAN specifications, functional splits, and new concepts like network slicing and multi-access edge computing. Example use cases are also mentioned.
Determine the required delivery characteristics of a packet stream and how a Traffic Management (TM) module can offload compute-intensive tasks. Hear more about the latest innovations in both DPI & TM solutions.
The document provides guidance on network design for 5G non-standalone (NSA) networking. It recommends option 3X networking over option 3 to reduce dependence on existing networks and improve 5G capabilities. The design covers OM networking, gNodeB naming and numbering, timing synchronization, transmission networking including IP interconnection, bandwidth calculation and QoS. It also addresses transmission reliability and security design. The document aims to help network design, service and marketing departments in 5G network planning and telecom operators' network development.
This document provides an overview of radio network design for rollouts, including configuration of parameter structures, site configuration, mobility configuration, and neighbors configuration. It discusses organizing parameters into managed object classes with a hierarchical structure. Major sections cover defining radio modules and cells, antenna line configuration, frequency configuration, and adding new objects. Configuration of idle and connected mode mobility parameters and system information blocks is also addressed.
This document describes the design of an LTE network optimization project by a group of students from Taiz University. It includes an introduction to LTE, the network planning process, and LTE system architecture. The network planning section discusses coverage planning including link budget calculations and propagation models, as well as capacity planning considering factors like interference levels and supported modulation schemes. The document also provides an overview of LTE system architecture components including the user equipment, E-UTRAN, EPC, and functions of each. It concludes with a section on LTE radio frequency optimization methods.
This document provides guidelines for optimizing 3G networks through neighbor optimization and coverage adjustments. The objectives are to have an optimum number of neighbors to clean up pilot pollution, reduce overshooting, increase capacity, and reduce the possibility of soft congestion conflicts. The methodology involves deleting and adding neighbors based on data from the OSS, as well as adjusting antenna tilting. The optimization sequence is outlined, including guidelines for neighbor deletion, addition of different neighbor types, and planning of the SIB11. The end goal is to have fewer than 36 total neighbors and avoid blocking alarms due to too many neighbors.
The document discusses how to characterize and dimension user traffic in 4G networks. It describes how to define data traffic in terms of data speed and data tonnage. Data speed is the rate at which data is transferred, while data tonnage refers to the total amount of data exchanged. The document provides examples of data speed metrics used in 3GPP standards and outlines factors to consider when calculating expected data usage per subscriber based on typical mobile application usage patterns and available data plans. Dimensioning user traffic accurately is important for designing 4G networks to meet capacity demands.
The document discusses 5G new radio (NR) physical layer resources including numerology, time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, and space-domain resources. It provides details on key 5G NR concepts such as subcarrier spacing, symbols, slots and frames. Cyclic prefix length is determined based on subcarrier spacing to maintain consistent overhead. Slot formats in 5G NR provide more flexibility with symbol level uplink/downlink switching compared to LTE.
The document discusses 5G radio access network (RAN) fundamentals and architectures. It describes how the RAN has evolved from previous generations with more distributed and virtualized architectures in 5G. Key aspects of 5G RAN covered include centralized/virtualized RAN, Open RAN specifications, functional splits, and new concepts like network slicing and multi-access edge computing. Example use cases are also mentioned.
Determine the required delivery characteristics of a packet stream and how a Traffic Management (TM) module can offload compute-intensive tasks. Hear more about the latest innovations in both DPI & TM solutions.
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
This document provides an overview of LTE functionalities and features. It begins with background on LTE development and standardization. It then describes the LTE network elements and interfaces, including the radio interface between UE and eNB. The document reviews the RRM framework and lists key RRM features, providing status updates on which features are ready in the current release or planned for future releases. It also includes roadmaps showing the planned features and timeline for LTE releases. The document appears to be an internal presentation on LTE technologies and the Nokia Siemens Networks product roadmap.
This is presentation by Keysight technologies on 5G NR Dynamic Spectrum Sharing. Very well articulated presentation as always by Keysight. Details on the 3GPP support for NR DSS implementation in LTE bands in Rel 15 and Rel 16.
5G NR: Numerologies and Frame structure
Supported Transmission Numerologies
- A numerology is defined by sub-carrier spacing and Cyclic-Prefix overhead.
- In LTE there is only one subcarrier spacing which is 15kHz whereas in the case of 5G NR multiple subcarrier spacings are defined. Multiple subcarrier spacings can be derived by scaling a basic subcarrier spacing by an integer N.
- The numerology used can be selected independently of the frequency band although it is assumed not to use a very low subcarrier spacing at very high carrier frequencies. Flexible network and UE channel bandwidth are supported.
- The numerology is based on exponentially scalable sub-carrier spacing deltaF = 2µ × 15 kHz with µ = {0,1,3,4} for PSS, SSS and PBCH and µ = {0,1,2,3} for other channels.
- Normal CP is supported for all sub-carrier spacings, Extended CP is supported forµ=2.
- 12 consecutive sub-carriers form a physical resource block (PRB). Up to 275 PRBs are supported on a carrier.
- A resource defined by one subcarrier and one symbol is called as a resource element (RE).
5G/NR wireless communication technology overview, architecture and its operating modes SA and NSA. Also an introduction to VoNR and other services overview of 5G network.
The key technologies of 5G namely MIMO and Network slicing are also explained.
A short introductory presentation/video explaining Bandwidth Parts in 5G and why are they needed.
There are two main reasons:
1. Cheaper devices may not want to support the large bandwidth in 5G, that can go up to 400 MHz for FR2 and 100 MHz for FR1
2. A device does not need to monitor the whole of bandwidth for power consumption reduction reasons, here BWP can help too
The document discusses an LTE training course agenda presented by the OAI Project Team. It covers topics including LTE overview, channels in LTE, cell search procedure, system information, and random access procedure. For each topic, it provides outlines, descriptions, and diagrams. The random access procedure section explains its main purpose is to achieve uplink synchronization and assign a unique UE identifier C-RNTI.
An overview of 5G NR key technical features and enhancements for massive MIMO, mmWave, etc.
Presented by Yinan Qi, Samsung Electronics R&D Institute UK at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
Technology Manager Andreas Roessler covers 5G basics in this keynote presentation at the RF Lumination 2019 conference in February 2019.
RF Lumination 2019
"Meet 158+ years of RF design & test expertise at one event. If they can't answer your question, it must be a really good question!"
Watch all the presentations here:
https://www.rohde-schwarz-usa.com/RFLuminationContent.html
Andreas Roessler is the Rohde & Schwarz Technology Manager focused on UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced. With responsibility for the strategic marketing and product portfolio development for LTE/LTE-Advanced, Andreas follows the standardization process in 3GPP very closely, particularly on core specifications as well as protocol conformance, RRM and RF conformance specifications for device and base stations testing. He graduated from Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg, Germany, and received a Master's Degree in communication engineering.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G wireless technology designed to support higher data speeds and capacities. It uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink. LTE supports MIMO to increase data rates through multiple antennas. The LTE network architecture consists of the eNodeB base stations, Mobility Management Entity (MME) for control plane functions, Serving Gateway (SGW) for user plane functions, and Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) connecting to external networks. Voice can be supported in LTE through Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) to legacy networks or using Voice over LTE (VoLTE) with IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS
This document provides an overview of UMTS network architecture and components. It describes the key elements of the UMTS Release 99 core network, including the circuit switched and packet switched domains. It also discusses the radio access network (UTRAN) and its components such as the radio network controller (RNC) and Node B. Finally, it summarizes the functions of the mobile switching center (MSC) and media gateway (MGW) in the UMTS network.
This document provides a troubleshooting guide for LTE inter-radio access technology (IRAT) handovers. It describes why IRAT is needed as voice revenues remain important while data revenues grow. It also outlines the applications of IRAT, delivery policies for idle mode, connected mode, and voice services. Signaling procedures for IRAT handovers including reselection, redirection, and PS handover are defined. Key performance indicators for IRAT including control plane delays and user plane interruption times are also defined to help diagnose IRAT issues.
What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
This document outlines an agenda for a presentation on LTE basics and advanced topics. The presentation will cover LTE fundamentals including frame structures, reference signals, physical channels, signal processing architecture, and UE categories. It will then discuss advanced LTE topics such as MIMO modes, precoding techniques, CQI reporting, and LTE-Advanced developments. Diagrams and explanations are provided on key aspects of the LTE physical layer such as OFDMA transmission schemes, frame formats, reference signal patterns, and the transmitter and receiver processing chains.
Ericsson important optimization parametersPagla Knight
The document lists important optimization parameters for Ericsson including parameters related to system configuration, capacity management, directed retry, handover, HSDPA/EUL, IRAT, and idle mode selection and reselection. It provides descriptions of over 50 parameters that control aspects such as power levels, admission limits, thresholds for cell reselection, and criteria for measurements.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. The key objectives of RF optimization are improving coverage, signal quality, and handover success rate. Guidelines are provided for analyzing problems related to weak coverage, lack of a dominant cell, cross coverage, and methods for resolving them. The document also defines LTE RF optimization metrics like RSRP, SINR and handover success rate and provides target baselines.
Opinion: The Politics of SA vs NSA 5G & 4G Speeds3G4G
Zahid Ghadialy, Principal Analyst and Consultant discusses the operator dilemma of standalone (SA) vs non-standalone (NSA) 5G deployment, frequency refarming and why 4G speeds will start reducing once SA 5G starts to be deployed.
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
The document provides an overview of LTE and its evolution from previous cellular standards. It discusses the targets of LTE including high data rates up to 100 Mbps, low latency, high spectral efficiency, and flexibility in spectrum and bandwidth. It also describes the EPS architecture with E-UTRAN, EPC, and the air interface structure of LTE including OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink. Key layers like the PHY, MAC, and RLC layers are also summarized.
The document discusses key concepts in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) including Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), why OFDM was chosen for the LTE downlink, the difference between OFDM and OFDMA, how Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is used in the LTE uplink instead of OFDM due to its lower peak-to-average power ratio, and how multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques can increase channel capacity, robustness and coverage for LTE. It provides high-level explanations of LTE physical signals, channels and how they are modulated and mapped in the time-frequency domain.
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
This document provides an overview of LTE functionalities and features. It begins with background on LTE development and standardization. It then describes the LTE network elements and interfaces, including the radio interface between UE and eNB. The document reviews the RRM framework and lists key RRM features, providing status updates on which features are ready in the current release or planned for future releases. It also includes roadmaps showing the planned features and timeline for LTE releases. The document appears to be an internal presentation on LTE technologies and the Nokia Siemens Networks product roadmap.
This is presentation by Keysight technologies on 5G NR Dynamic Spectrum Sharing. Very well articulated presentation as always by Keysight. Details on the 3GPP support for NR DSS implementation in LTE bands in Rel 15 and Rel 16.
5G NR: Numerologies and Frame structure
Supported Transmission Numerologies
- A numerology is defined by sub-carrier spacing and Cyclic-Prefix overhead.
- In LTE there is only one subcarrier spacing which is 15kHz whereas in the case of 5G NR multiple subcarrier spacings are defined. Multiple subcarrier spacings can be derived by scaling a basic subcarrier spacing by an integer N.
- The numerology used can be selected independently of the frequency band although it is assumed not to use a very low subcarrier spacing at very high carrier frequencies. Flexible network and UE channel bandwidth are supported.
- The numerology is based on exponentially scalable sub-carrier spacing deltaF = 2µ × 15 kHz with µ = {0,1,3,4} for PSS, SSS and PBCH and µ = {0,1,2,3} for other channels.
- Normal CP is supported for all sub-carrier spacings, Extended CP is supported forµ=2.
- 12 consecutive sub-carriers form a physical resource block (PRB). Up to 275 PRBs are supported on a carrier.
- A resource defined by one subcarrier and one symbol is called as a resource element (RE).
5G/NR wireless communication technology overview, architecture and its operating modes SA and NSA. Also an introduction to VoNR and other services overview of 5G network.
The key technologies of 5G namely MIMO and Network slicing are also explained.
A short introductory presentation/video explaining Bandwidth Parts in 5G and why are they needed.
There are two main reasons:
1. Cheaper devices may not want to support the large bandwidth in 5G, that can go up to 400 MHz for FR2 and 100 MHz for FR1
2. A device does not need to monitor the whole of bandwidth for power consumption reduction reasons, here BWP can help too
The document discusses an LTE training course agenda presented by the OAI Project Team. It covers topics including LTE overview, channels in LTE, cell search procedure, system information, and random access procedure. For each topic, it provides outlines, descriptions, and diagrams. The random access procedure section explains its main purpose is to achieve uplink synchronization and assign a unique UE identifier C-RNTI.
An overview of 5G NR key technical features and enhancements for massive MIMO, mmWave, etc.
Presented by Yinan Qi, Samsung Electronics R&D Institute UK at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
Technology Manager Andreas Roessler covers 5G basics in this keynote presentation at the RF Lumination 2019 conference in February 2019.
RF Lumination 2019
"Meet 158+ years of RF design & test expertise at one event. If they can't answer your question, it must be a really good question!"
Watch all the presentations here:
https://www.rohde-schwarz-usa.com/RFLuminationContent.html
Andreas Roessler is the Rohde & Schwarz Technology Manager focused on UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced. With responsibility for the strategic marketing and product portfolio development for LTE/LTE-Advanced, Andreas follows the standardization process in 3GPP very closely, particularly on core specifications as well as protocol conformance, RRM and RF conformance specifications for device and base stations testing. He graduated from Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg, Germany, and received a Master's Degree in communication engineering.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G wireless technology designed to support higher data speeds and capacities. It uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink. LTE supports MIMO to increase data rates through multiple antennas. The LTE network architecture consists of the eNodeB base stations, Mobility Management Entity (MME) for control plane functions, Serving Gateway (SGW) for user plane functions, and Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) connecting to external networks. Voice can be supported in LTE through Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) to legacy networks or using Voice over LTE (VoLTE) with IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS
This document provides an overview of UMTS network architecture and components. It describes the key elements of the UMTS Release 99 core network, including the circuit switched and packet switched domains. It also discusses the radio access network (UTRAN) and its components such as the radio network controller (RNC) and Node B. Finally, it summarizes the functions of the mobile switching center (MSC) and media gateway (MGW) in the UMTS network.
This document provides a troubleshooting guide for LTE inter-radio access technology (IRAT) handovers. It describes why IRAT is needed as voice revenues remain important while data revenues grow. It also outlines the applications of IRAT, delivery policies for idle mode, connected mode, and voice services. Signaling procedures for IRAT handovers including reselection, redirection, and PS handover are defined. Key performance indicators for IRAT including control plane delays and user plane interruption times are also defined to help diagnose IRAT issues.
What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
This document outlines an agenda for a presentation on LTE basics and advanced topics. The presentation will cover LTE fundamentals including frame structures, reference signals, physical channels, signal processing architecture, and UE categories. It will then discuss advanced LTE topics such as MIMO modes, precoding techniques, CQI reporting, and LTE-Advanced developments. Diagrams and explanations are provided on key aspects of the LTE physical layer such as OFDMA transmission schemes, frame formats, reference signal patterns, and the transmitter and receiver processing chains.
Ericsson important optimization parametersPagla Knight
The document lists important optimization parameters for Ericsson including parameters related to system configuration, capacity management, directed retry, handover, HSDPA/EUL, IRAT, and idle mode selection and reselection. It provides descriptions of over 50 parameters that control aspects such as power levels, admission limits, thresholds for cell reselection, and criteria for measurements.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. The key objectives of RF optimization are improving coverage, signal quality, and handover success rate. Guidelines are provided for analyzing problems related to weak coverage, lack of a dominant cell, cross coverage, and methods for resolving them. The document also defines LTE RF optimization metrics like RSRP, SINR and handover success rate and provides target baselines.
Opinion: The Politics of SA vs NSA 5G & 4G Speeds3G4G
Zahid Ghadialy, Principal Analyst and Consultant discusses the operator dilemma of standalone (SA) vs non-standalone (NSA) 5G deployment, frequency refarming and why 4G speeds will start reducing once SA 5G starts to be deployed.
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
The document provides an overview of LTE and its evolution from previous cellular standards. It discusses the targets of LTE including high data rates up to 100 Mbps, low latency, high spectral efficiency, and flexibility in spectrum and bandwidth. It also describes the EPS architecture with E-UTRAN, EPC, and the air interface structure of LTE including OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink. Key layers like the PHY, MAC, and RLC layers are also summarized.
The document discusses key concepts in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) including Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), why OFDM was chosen for the LTE downlink, the difference between OFDM and OFDMA, how Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is used in the LTE uplink instead of OFDM due to its lower peak-to-average power ratio, and how multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques can increase channel capacity, robustness and coverage for LTE. It provides high-level explanations of LTE physical signals, channels and how they are modulated and mapped in the time-frequency domain.
This document provides an overview of LTE vs 3G technologies. It discusses LTE's motivations including higher data rates and spectral efficiency. It covers MIMO definitions and how to calculate LTE and 3G throughput. It also compares the architectures, access technologies, physical resources, frames, and channels of LTE, 3G, and 2G. Key aspects of LTE performance are highlighted such as scalable bandwidth and flat IP architecture.
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
4G-Fourth Generation Mobile Communication SystemSafaet Hossain
Seminar on "4G-Fourth Generation Mobile Communication System" at UODA Auditorium, November 16,2013.
Technical Presented by: Ahmedul Quadir, Function Tester, Ericcson, Sweeden
Here you are an interesting explanation about HSPA Technology. The High Speed packet Access is the combination of two technologies, one of the downlink and the other for the uplink that can be built onto the existing 3G UMTS or W-CDMA technology to provide increased data transfer speeds.
The original 3G UMTS / W-CDMA standard provided a maximum download speed of 384 kbps.
The document provides an overview of ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 wireless technology. It discusses the need for low-power, low-cost wireless connectivity for applications like home automation, medical devices, and industrial sensors. It describes the ZigBee Alliance's role in developing networking and application standards on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 physical radio specification. Key features of ZigBee networks include low power consumption, large network capacity, low data rates, and flexibility for many applications.
Some questions and answers on lte radio interfaceThananan numatti
The document contains questions and answers about LTE radio interface concepts. It discusses:
- How the UE is scheduled via the PDCCH containing DCI messages for uplink/downlink scheduling.
- That PDCP is located in the eNodeB and handles encryption, header compression, and reordering at handover.
- That a resource block occupies 12 subcarriers and one time slot of 0.5ms in the frequency and time domains.
Webinar Keysight: Soluções de Teste para Tecnologias Emergentes 5G-NR e IoT-L...Embarcados
Keysight Technologies provides electronic measurement solutions for 5G network deployment and testing. It was formed from businesses originally part of Hewlett-Packard and Agilent Technologies. Keysight focuses on enabling 5G network interoperability testing through solutions like channel emulation, RF testing, and network monitoring. 5G new radio specifications are being developed to support new services like enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT, and ultra-reliable low latency communications.
Cross-Layer Design of Raptor Codes for Video Multicast over 802.11n MIMO Chan...Berna Bulut
This document summarizes a study on using Raptor codes in a cross-layer design for transmitting video over 802.11n MIMO channels. It presented a methodology to select the optimal transmission scheme (SM or STBC), modulation and coding scheme, and Raptor code rate based on channel conditions to minimize transmission time while maintaining low packet error rates. Simulation results showed that Raptor codes can improve performance by enabling higher order modulation at lower SNRs and reducing transmission times, especially in high spatial correlation conditions.
The document contains 20 questions and answers related to GSM interview questions. Some key points covered include:
1) The channel used to transmit random access signals is the CCCH.
2) The combination of channels that make up the main BCCH is FCH+SCH+BCH+CCCH.
3) The value range of the Timing Advance in GSM is 0-63.
4) With one paging message using IMSI, 2 MS can be paged.
5) Directed Retry handover refers to a handover from SDCCH to TCH.
1) The document describes the downlink physical channels of LTE including the DL-SCH, PBCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PCFICH, and PHICH.
2) It discusses design constraints for LTE including keeping the cyclic prefix smaller than the symbol length and larger than the delay spread to avoid overhead and interference. The subcarrier spacing must also be large enough to overcome Doppler shifts from UE motion.
3) The placement of reference signals is described, needing to be spaced at least every 0.5ms in time to track fast channels and every 6 subcarriers (45kHz) in frequency to resolve variations.
This document discusses downlink physical channels and reference signals in LTE. It describes the functions of channels like the PDCCH, PDSCH, PBCH, and reference signals. It discusses design constraints for cyclic prefix length and subcarrier spacing based on delay spread and Doppler shift. It also summarizes the radio frame structure for different bandwidths and control format indicator values, calculating overhead and peak data rates.
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems is abbreviated as 5G, and proposed next telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications. Its research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things.
Voice Over U M T S Evolution From W C D M A, H S P A To L T EPengpeng Song
The document outlines the evolution of voice over UMTS networks from WCDMA to LTE. It discusses AMR voice codec characteristics and implementations of voice over UMTS networks in R99, HSPA+, and LTE standards. Key aspects covered include voice over IMS, circuit switched fallback, header compression, scheduling, and performance metrics like capacity and latency.
This document discusses radio resource optimization parameters in GSM networks. It covers topics like idle parameter optimization, power control, handover control, radio resource administration, measurement processing, signaling channel mapping, traffic channel mapping, paging parameters, access grant channel parameters, frequency reuse, and frequency hopping techniques. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like TDMA frame structure, logical and physical channel organization, and capacity calculations.
This document discusses radio resource optimization parameters in GSM networks. It covers topics like idle parameter optimization, power control, handover control, radio resource administration, measurement processing, signaling channel mapping, traffic channel mapping, paging parameters, access grant channel parameters, frequency reuse, and frequency hopping techniques. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like TDMA frame structure, logical and physical channel organization, and capacity calculations.
The document contains 20 questions and answers related to GSM interview questions. Some key points:
1) The channel used to transmit random access signals is the BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel).
2) The combination of channels that make up the main BCCH is FCH+SCH+BCH+CCCH (Frequency Correction Channel + Synchronization Channel + Broadcast Control Channel + Common Control Channel).
3) The value range for the Timing Advance (TA) parameter in GSM is 0-63.
3 sentences.
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3. 3 Huawei Confidential
Numerology (system parameter): refers to subcarrier spacing (SCS) in New Radio (NR) and related
parameters, such as the symbol length and cyclic prefix (CP) length.
Overview of NR Air Interface Resources (Time-, Frequency-
, and Space-domain Resources)
Numerology
Time-domain
resources
Frequency-domain
resources
Space-domain resources
Symbol
length
SCS
CP
Slot
1 slot = 14 symbols
Subframe Frame
REG CCE
RB RBG Bandwidth part
(BWP)
Carrier
1 subframe = 1 ms 1 frame = 10 ms
1 RB = 12 subcarriers
Antenna port
QCL
Basic scheduling unit
1 RBG = 2 to 16 RBs 1 BWP = Multiple RBs/RBGs
One or more BWPs can be
configured in one carrier.
1 REG = 1 PRB 1 CCE = 6 REGs
Data channel/control channel scheduling unit
Existed in LTE
Unchanged in NR
Existed in LTE
Modified in NR
Added in NR
The SCS determines
the symbol length
and slot length.
Codeword Layer
NR uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), same as LTE does.
The main description dimensions of air interface resources are similar between LTE and NR except that BWP is added to NR in the frequency domain.
4. 4 Huawei Confidential
SCS–Background and Protocol-provided Definition
• Numerologies defined in 3GPP Release 15 (TS 38.211)
with SCS identified by the parameter µ.
• Available SCS for data channels and synchronization
channels in 3GPP Release 15
Parameter
µ
SCS CP
0 15 kHz Normal
1 30 kHz Normal
2 60 kHz Normal, extended
3 120 kHz Normal
4 240 kHz Normal
Based on LTE SCS of 15 kHz, a series of numerologies (mainly different SCS values) are supported to adapt to different requirements and channel characteristics.
Parameter
µ
SCS
Supported for Data
(PDSCH, PUSCH etc)
Supported for Sync
(PSS, SSS, PBCH)
0 15 kHz Yes Yes
1 30 kHz Yes Yes
2 60 kHz Yes No
3 120 kHz Yes Yes
4 240 kHz No Yes
*(LTE supports only 15 kHz SCS.)
• Background
– Service types supported by NR: eMBB, URLLC, mMTC, etc.
– Frequency bands supported by NR: C-band, mmWave, etc.
– Moving speed supported by NR: up to 500 km/h
• Requirements for SCS vary with service types,
frequency bands, and moving speeds.
– URLLC service (short latency): large SCS
– Low frequency band (wide coverage): small SCS
– High frequency band (large bandwidth, phase noise): large
SCS
– Ultra high speed mobility: large SCS
• NR SCS design principle
– NR supports a series of SCS values.
5. 5 Huawei Confidential
• Coexistence of different SCS values and FDM
– The eMBB and URLLC data channels use different SCS
values and coexist through FDM.
– The PBCH and PDSCH/PUSCH use different SCS values
and coexist through FDM.
SCS: Application Scenarios and Suggestions
• Impact of SCS on coverage, latency, mobility, and phase noise
– Coverage: The smaller the SCS, the longer the symbol length/CP, and the
better the coverage.
– Mobility: The larger the SCS, the smaller the impact of Doppler shift, and
the better the performance.
– Latency: The larger the SCS, the shorter the symbol length/latency.
– Phase noise: The larger the SCS, the smaller the impact of phase noise,
and the better the performance.
• SCS application suggestions for different frequency bands
(eMBB service data channel):
SCS (kHz) 15 30 60 120 240
3.5 GHz
28 GHz
Coverage
Mobility
Latency
Coverage
Mobility
Latency
good bad
good
bad
good
bad
good bad
good
bad
good
bad
good
bad
Phase Noise
It is recommended that the SCS be 30 kHz for C-band and 120 kHz for 28 GHz. Different SCS values and coexistence through FDM are supported.
6. 6 Huawei Confidential
SCS Configuration for Physical Channels and
Signals
Channel SCS Defined in 3GPP Release 15 Configuration Scheme
Initial
access
SS/PBCH
Sub-6 GHz: 15/30 kHz
Above-6 GHz: 120/240 kHz
RAN4 defines the
default SCS for each
frequency band (see
Table 5.4.3.3-1 in 3GPP
TS 38.104).
RMSI, Msg2/4 (PDSCH)
Sub-6 GHz: 15/30 kHz
Above-6 GHz: 60/120 kHz
MIB
Msg1 (PRACH), Msg3
(PUSCH)
Long PRACH: SCS = {1.25 5} kHz
Short PRACH: SCS = {15, 30, 60,
120} kHz, where: sub-6 GHz: 15/30
kHz, above-6 GHz: 60/120 kHz
RMSI
RRC
connected
mode
PDSCH/PDCCH/CSI-RS
Sub-1 GHz: 15/30 kHz
1 GHz to 6 GHz: 15/30/60 kHz
Above-6 GHz: 60/120 kHz
RRC signaling
PUSCH/PUCCH/SRS
Sub-1 GHz: 15/30 kHz
1 GHz to 6 GHz: 15/30/60 kHz
Above-6 GHz: 60/120 kHz
RRC signaling
The protocol-defined SCS is used by the synchronization and broadcast channels involved in initial access. The SCS for other channels is
configured in the MIB, RMSI, and RRC signaling.
gNodeB UE
SS/PBCH
SCS: protocol-defined default value
PRACH
SCS: configured in RMSI
RMSI (SIB1)
SCS: configured in MIB
Msg2 (random access response)
SCS: same as RMSI
Msg3 (transmitted over PUSCH)
SCS: configured in RMSI
Msg4 (transmitted over PDSCH)
SCS: same as RMSI
DL: PDSCH/PDCCH/CSI-RS
SCS: configured in RRC signaling
UL: PUSCH/PUCCH/SRS
SCS: configured in RRC signaling
8. 8 Huawei Confidential
Time-domain Resources: Radio Frame, Subframe,
Slot, Symbol
Radio frame
Subframe Subframe Subframe
...
Slot Slot Slot
...
Inherited from LTE and has a
fixed value of 1 ms
Symbol Symbol Symbol
...
Symbol
Inherited from LTE and has a
fixed value of 10 ms
Basic unit for modulation
Minimum unit for data scheduling
Sampling
point ...
Sampling
point
Sampling
point Basic time unit at the physical layer
In the time domain, slot is a basic scheduling unit for data channels. The concepts of radio frames and subframes are the
same as those in LTE.
9. 9 Huawei Confidential
Symbol Length–Determined by SCS
Symbol = CP + Data
SCS vs CP length/symbol length/slot length
– Length of OFDM symbols in data: T_data = 1/SCS
– CP length: T_cp = 144/2048 x T_data
– Symbol length (data+CP): T_symbol = T_data +T_cp
– Slot length: T_slot = 1 / 2^(µ)
Parameter/Numerology (µ) 0 1 2 3 4
SCS (kHz):
SCS = 15 x 2^(µ)
15 30 60 120 240
OFDM Symbol Duration (µs):
T_data = 1/SCS
66.67 33.33 16.67 8.33 4.17
CP Duration (µs):
T_cp = 144/2048 x T_data
4.69 2.34 1.17 0.59 0.29
OFDM Symbol Including CP (µs):
T_symbol = T_data + T_cp
71.35 35.68 17.84 8.92 4.46
Slot Length (ms):
T_slot = 1/2^(µ)
1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625
CP data …
T_slot = 1 ms (14 symbols)
SCS
=
15
kHz
…
T_slot = 0.5 ms (14 symbols)
SCS
=
30
kHz
…
T_slot = 0.125 ms (14 symbols)
SCS
=
120
kHz
T_symbol
T_symbol
T_symbol
A symbol consists of a CP and data. The length of the data is the reciprocal of SCS. The larger the SCS, the smaller the symbol length and the slot length.
10. 10 Huawei Confidential
CP: Background and Principles
Multipath latency extension
– The width extension of the received signal pulse caused by multipath is the
difference between the maximum transmission latency and the minimum
transmission latency. The latency extension varies with the environment, terrain,
and clutter, and does not have an absolute mapping relationship with the cell
radius.
Impact
– Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) is generated, which severely affects the
transmission quality of digital signals.
– Inter-Channel Interference (ICI) is generated. The orthogonality of the subcarriers
in the OFDM system is damaged, which affects the demodulation on the receive
side.
Solution: CP for reduced ISI and ICI
– Guard intervals reduce ISI. A guard interval is inserted between OFDM symbols,
where the length (Tg) of the guard interval is generally greater than the maximum
latency extension over the radio channel.
– CP is inserted in the guard interval to reduce ICI. Replicating a sampling point
following each OFDM symbol to the front of the OFDM symbol. This ensures that
the number of waveform periods included in a latency copy of the OFDM symbol
is an integer in an FFT period, which guarantees subcarrier orthogonality.
CPs between OFDM symbols resolve ISI and ICI caused by multipath propagation.
11. 11 Huawei Confidential
CP length for different SCS values:
Key factors that determine the CP length
– Multipath latency extension: The larger the multipath latency extension,
the longer the CP.
– OFDM symbol length: Given the same OFDM symbol length, a longer
CP indicates a larger system overhead.
NR CP design principle
– Same overhead as that in LTE
– Aligned symbols between different SCS values and the reference
numerology (15 kHz)
CP: Protocol-defined
Parameter
µ
SCS
(kHz)
CP
(µs)
0 15 NCP: 5.2 µs for l = 0 or 7; 4.69 µs for others
1 30 NCP: 2.86 µs for l = 0 or 14; 2.34 µs for others
2 60
NCP: 1.69 µs for l = 0 or 28; 1.17 µs for others
Extended CP (ECP): 4.17 µs
3 120 NCP: 1.11 µs for l = 0 or 56; 0.59 µs for others
4 240 NCP: 0.81 µs for l = 0 or 112; 0.29 µs for others
c
cp
cp T
N
T
0 1 2 3
1 1
1
2
7
and
0
prefix,
cyclic
normal
2
144
2
7
or
0
prefix,
cyclic
normal
16
2
144
prefix
cyclic
extended
2
512
,
CP
l
l
l
l
N l
– If normal CP (NCP) is used, the CP of the first symbol
present every 0.5 ms is longer than that of other symbols.
The CP length in NR is designed in line with the same principles as LTE. Overheads are the same between NR and LTE.
Aligned symbols are ensured between different SCS values and the SCS of 15 kHz.
12. 12 Huawei Confidential
Frame structure architecture:
Example: SCS = 30 kHz/120 kHz
Frame Structure: Architecture
SCS
(kHz)
Slot Configuration (NCP)
Number of
Symbols/Slot
Number of
Slots/Subframe
Number of Slots
/Frame
15 14 1 10
30 14 2 20
60 14 4 40
120 14 8 80
240 14 16 160
480 14 32 320
Frame length: 10 ms
– SFN range: 0 to 1023
Subframe length: 1 ms
– Subframe index per system frame: 0 to 9
Slot length: 14 symbols
Slot Configuration (ECP)
60 12 4 40
1 frame = 10 ms = 10 subframes = 20 slots
1 subframe = 1 ms = 2 slots
1 slot = 0.5 ms = 14 symbols
SCS
=
30
kHz
SCS
=
120
kHz
1 frame = 10 ms = 10 subframes = 80 slots
1 subframe = 1 ms = 8 slots
1 slot = 0.125 ms = 14 symbols
The lengths of a radio frame and a subframe in NR are consistent with those in LTE. The number of slots in each subframe is determined by
the subcarrier width.
13. 13 Huawei Confidential
X
Slot Format and Type
Slot structure (section 4.3.2 of 3GPP TS 38.211)
– Downlink, denoted as D, for downlink transmission
– Flexible, denoted as X, for uplink or downlink
transmission, GP, or reserved.
– Uplink, denoted as U, for uplink transmission
Main slot types
– Case 1: DL-only slot
– Case 2: UL-only slot
– Case 3: flexible-only slot
– Case 4: mixed slot (at least one downlink slot
and/or one uplink slot)
D U
D X X U
D X U D X U D X U
D X U
Case 1: DL-only slot Case 2: UL-only slot Case 3: flexible-only slot
Compared with LTE, NR has the following slot format features:
– Flexibility: symbol-level uplink/downlink adaptation in NR and
subframe-level in LTE
– Diversity: More slots are supported in the NR system to cope
with more scenarios and service types.
Examples of application scenarios of different slots:
Case 4-1 Case 4-2
Case 4-3 Case 4-4 Case 4-5
Slot Type Application Scenario Example
Case 1 DL-heavy transmission
Case 2 UL-heavy transmission
Case 3
1. Forward compatibility: Resources are reserved for future services.
2. Adaptive adjustment of uplink and downlink resources: such as dynamic TDD
Case 4-1 1. Forward compatibility: Resources are reserved for future services.
2. Flexible data transmission start and end locations: such as unlicensed
frequency bands and dynamic TDD
Case 4-2
Case 4-3 Downlink self-contained transmission
Case 4-4 Uplink self-contained transmission
Case 4-5 Mini-slot (seven symbols) for URLLC services
The number of uplink and downlink symbols in a slot can be flexibly configured. In Release 15, a mini-slot contains 2, 4, or 7 symbols for data
scheduling in a short latency or a high frequency band scenario.
14. 14 Huawei Confidential
The self-contained slot or subframe type is
not defined in 3GPP specifications.
The self-contained slots or subframes
discussed in the industry and literature are
featured as follows:
– One slot or subframe contains uplink part, downlink part, and GP.
– Downlink self-contained slot or subframe: includes downlink data and
corresponding HARQ feedback.
– Uplink self-contained slot or subframe: includes uplink scheduling
information and uplink data.
Self-contained Slots/Subframes
D U
UL control or SRS
D U
DL control
ACK/NACK
UL grant
Self-contained slot/subframe design objectives
– Faster downlink HARQ feedback and uplink data scheduling: reduced RTT
– Shorter SRS transmission period: to cope with fast channel changes for
improved MIMO performance
Problems in application
– The small GP limits cell coverage.
– High requirements on UE hardware processing:
• Release 15 defines two types of UE processing capabilities. The
baseline capability is 10 to 13 symbols if the SCS is 30 kHz and self-
contained transmission is not supported.
– Frequent uplink/downlink switching increases the GP overhead.
– In the downlink, only the retransmission latency can be reduced.
• E2E latency depends on many factors, including the core network and
air interface.
• The latency on the air interface side is also limited by the
uplink/downlink frame configuration, and the processing latency on the
gNodeB and UE.
D U
Downlink data processing time:
Part of the GP needs to be reserved for
demodulating downlink data and
generating ACK/NACK feedback.
Air interface
round-trip latency
Self-contained subframes reduce the RTT latency on the RAN side but limits cell coverage. Therefore, high requirements
are posed on hardware processing capabilities of UEs.
15. 15 Huawei Confidential
Mini-slot: fewer than 14 symbols in the time
domain
Basic scheduling units are classified into
the following types:
– Slot-based: The basic scheduling unit is slot, and the
time-domain length is 14 symbols.
– Non-slot-based: The basic scheduling unit is mini-slot. In
Release 15, the time-domain length is 2, 4, or 7 symbols.
Mini-slot: Support for the Length of 2, 4, or 7 Symbols in
Release 15
Application scenario
– Short-latency scenario: reduces the scheduling
waiting latency and transmission latency.
– Unlicensed frequency band: Data can be transmitted
immediately after listen before talk (LBT).
– mmWave scenario: TDM is applied for different UEs
in a slot.
1. URLLC for low latency
2. eMBB in unlicensed band
3. mmWave
Release 15 supports mini-slots with the length of 2, 4, or 7 symbols, which can be applied in short latency and mmWave
scenarios.
PDCCH
PDSCH (mini-slot)
PDSCH
(mini-slot)
Slot-based
Non-slot-based
PDSCH
16. 16 Huawei Confidential
UL/DL Slot/Frame Configuration
Configuration: in line with section 11.1 of 3GPP TS 38.213
– Layer 1: semi-static configuration through cell-specific RRC signaling
– SIB1: UL-DL-configuration-common and UL-DL-configuration-common-Set2
– Period: {0.5,0.625,1,1.25,2,2.5,5,10} ms, SCS dependent
– Layer 2: semi-static configuration through UE-specific RRC signaling
– Higher layer signaling: UL-DL-configuration-dedicated
– Period: {0.5,0.625,1,1.25,2,2.5,5,10} ms, SCS dependent
– Layer 3: dynamic configuration through UE-group SFI
– DCI format 2_0
– Period: {1,2,4,5,8,10,20} slots, SCS dependent
– Layer 4: dynamic configuration through UE-specific DCI
– DCI format 0, 1
Main characteristics: hierarchical configuration or
separate configuration of each layer
– Different from LTE, the NR system supports UE-specific
configuration, which delivers high flexibility.
– Support for symbol-level dynamic TDD
D D D
X D
X D
X D
U
D
X X D
X D
X
D
X X D
X D
X
D
D D
U
D D D
U
D
D D D
D D
X
D
D D
U
D D D
U
D
D D D
D
D
D D
U
D D D
U
D
1. Cell-specific RRC configuration
2. UE-specific RRC configuration
3. SFI
4. DCI
Hierarchical configuration
Separate layer configuration
D
D D D
D
D
D D
U
D D D
U
D
Cell-specific RRC configuration/SFI
D
Frame configuration supports hierarchical configuration through RRC signaling and DCI to deliver symbol-level dynamic
TDD and high flexibility.
If X slots/symbols are configured at the upper layer, D or U slots/symbols
are also configured at the lower layer.
17. 17 Huawei Confidential
Single-period configuration: DDDSU
Dual-period configuration: DDDSU DDSUU
UL/DL Slot/Frame Configuration: Cell-specific
Semi-static Configuration
X: DL/UL assignment periodicity
x1: full DL slots y1: full UL slots
x2: DL symbols
y2: UL symbols
Cell-specific RRC signaling parameters
– Parameter: SIB1
– UL-DL-configuration-common: {X, x1, x2, y1, y2}
– UL-DL-configuration-common-Set2: {Y, x3, x4, y3, y4}
– X/Y: assignment period
– {0.5, 0.625, 1, 1.25, 2, 2.5, 5, 10} ms
– 0.625 ms is used only when the SCS is 120 kHz. 1.25 ms is used when
the SCS is 60 kHz or larger. 2.5 ms is used when the SCS is 30 kHz or
larger.
– A single period or two periods can be configured.
– x1/x3: number of downlink-only slots
– {0,1,…, number of slots in the assignment period}
– y1/y3: number of uplink-only slots
– {0,1,…, number of slots in the assignment period}
– x2/x4: number of downlink symbols following downlink-only slots
– {0,1,…,13}
– y2/y4: number of uplink symbols followed by uplink-only slots
– {0,1,…,13}
D D
D
D D
U
D D D
D
U
D D
D
X: DL/UL assignment periodicity
x1 y1
x2
y2
D D
D
D D
U
D D D
D
U
D D
U
Y: DL/UL assignment periodicity
x3 y3
x4
y4
Cell-specific semi-persistent configuration supports limited configuration period options, and flexible static configuration of
DL/UL resources are realized through RRC signaling.
18. 18 Huawei Confidential
UL/DL Slot Configuration: Dynamic Configuration
Through SFI
Slot Format Indicator (SFI) is transmitted over the group-common PDCCH.
– SFI is identified by indexes in the following tables (reference: Table 4.3.2-3 in 3GPP TS 38.211).
The slot type can be notified to the UE through SFI over the PDCCH to dynamically set the slot/frame configuration.
19. 19 Huawei Confidential
Features of the four configuration schemes
Typical configuration schemes for commercial use:
– Unified static network-wide frame configuration with the configuration period within the protocol-specified range: configured in cell-
specific RRC signaling.
– Unified static network-wide frame configuration with the configuration period outside the protocol-specified range: configured in cell-
specific and UE-specific RRC signaling. SFI- and DCI-indicated configurations can be added.
– Dynamic TDD: Cell-specific RRC+SFI/DCI configurations or direct SFI/DCI configurations
Comparison Among and Application of Different
Frame Configuration Schemes
Configuration Scheme Feature and Resource Configuration Priority
Cell-specific RRC signaling
Features: Cell-specific+static, or semi-persistent resource configuration
Resource configuration priority: Highest. Cell-specific-signaling-indicated D or U cannot be modified through other configurations.
UE-specific RRC signaling
Features: UE-specific+static, or semi-persistent resource configuration
Resource configuration priority: High. The X configurations indicated in cell-specific signaling can be further configured. UE-specific-signaling-
indicated D or U cannot be modified through SFI/DCI.
SFI
Features: UE- or UE group-specific+periodic (1–20 slots) dynamic configuration
Resource configuration priority: Low. The X configurations indicated in cell-specific or UE-specific signaling can be further configured.
DCI
Features: UE-specific+slot-specific dynamic configuration
Resource configuration priority: Very low. The X configurations indicated in the cell-specific signaling/UE-specific signaling/SFI can be further
configured.
Different configuration schemes are used to adapt to scenarios and requirements. The cell-specific RRC signaling
configuration scheme delivers unified static network-wide frame configuration.
21. 21 Huawei Confidential
Basic Concepts of Frequency-Domain Resources
OFDM symbols
One subframe
0
l
RB
sc
RB
N
N
subcarriers
RB
sc
N
subcarriers
Resource element
)
,
( l
k
0
k
1
RB
sc
,
max
RB,
N
N
k x
1
2
14
l
,
subframe
symb
N
Resource
block
Resource
Grid
Resource
Block
Resource Element
Resource Grid (RG)
– Physical-layer resource group, which is defined separately for
the uplink and downlink (RGs are defined for each
numerology).
– Frequency domain: available RB resources within the
transmission bandwidth 𝑁RB
– Time domain: 1 subframe
Resource Block (RB)
– Basic scheduling unit for data channel resource allocation in
the frequency domain
– Frequency domain: 12 consecutive subcarriers
Resource Element (RE)
– Minimum granularity of physical-layer resources
– Frequency domain: 1 subcarrier
– Time domain: 1 OFDM symbol
In NR, an RB corresponds to 12 subcarriers (same as LTE) in the frequency domain. The frequency-domain width is related
to SCS and is calculated using 2µ x 180 kHz.
22. 22 Huawei Confidential
Basic scheduling unit for control
channels: CCE
– RE Group (REG): basic unit for control channel
resource allocation
– Frequency domain: 1 REG = 1 PRB (12 subcarriers)
– Time domain: 1 OFDM symbol
– Control Channel Element (CCE): basic scheduling unit
for control channel resource allocation
– Frequency domain: 1 CCE = 6 REGs = 6 PRBs
– CCE aggregation level: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
PRB/RBG and CCE: Frequency-domain Basic
Scheduling Units
Basic scheduling unit for data channels:
PRB/RBG
– Physical RB (PRB): Indicates the physical resource block in the
BWP.
– Frequency domain: 12 subcarriers
– Resource Block Group (RBG): a set of physical resource blocks
– Frequency domain: The size depends on the number of RBs
in the BWP.
BWP Size (RBs)
RBG Size
Config 1 Config 2
1–36 2 4
37–72 4 8
73–144 8 16
145–275 16 16
In the frequency domain, the PRB or an RBG is a basic scheduling unit for data channels, and the CCE is a basic scheduling
unit for control channels.
RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5 RB6 RB7 RB8 RB9 RB10 RB11 RB12 …
RBG0 RBG1 RBG2 …
RB
RBG
4 RBs
REG DMRS
DMRS
DMRS
CCE PRB
23. 23 Huawei Confidential
Channel Bandwidth and Transmission Bandwidth
Channel bandwidth
– Channel bandwidth supported by the FR1 frequency
band (450 MHz to 6000 MHz): 5 MHz (minimum),
100 MHz (maximum)
– Channel bandwidth supported by the FR2 frequency
band (24 GHz to 52 GHz): 50 MHz (minimum), 400
MHz (maximum).
Maximum transmission bandwidth
(maximum number of available RBs)
– Determined by the channel bandwidth and data
channel SCS.
– Defined on the gNodeB side and UE side separately.
For details about the protocol-configuration of the
UE side, see the figure on the right.
Guard bandwidth
– With F-OFDM, the guard bandwidth decreases to
about 2% in NR (corresponding to 30 kHz SCS, 100
MHz channel bandwidth).
Compared with the guard bandwidth (10%) in LTE, NR uses F-OFDM to reduce the guard bandwidth to about 2%.
Active RBs
Guard band
24. 24 Huawei Confidential
Maximum Number of Available RBs and Spectrum Utilization
Spectrum utilization = Maximum transmission bandwidth/Channel bandwidth
– Maximum transmission bandwidth on the gNodeB side: See Table 5.3.2-1 and 5.3.2-2 in 3GPP TS 38.104.
– Maximum transmission bandwidth on the UE side: See 3GPP TS 38.101-1 and TS 38.101-2.
SCS
[kHz]
5
MHz
10
MHz
15
MHz
30
MHz
20
MHz
25
MHz
40
MHz
50
MHz
60
MHz
70
MHz
80
MHz
90
MHz
100
MHz
NRB and Spectrum Utilization (FR1:400 MHz to 6000 MHz)
15
25 52 79 [160] 106 133 216 270 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
90% 93.6% 94.8% [96%] 95.4% 95.8% 97.2% 97.2%
30
11 24 38 [78] 51 65 106 133 162 [189] 217 [245] 273
79.2% 86.4% 91.2% 91.8% 93.6% 95.4% 95.8% 97.2% 97.7% 98.3%
60
N/A 11 18 [38] 24 31 51 65 79 [93] 107 [121] 135
79.2% 86.4% 86.4% 893% 91.8% 93.6% 94.8% 93.6% 97.2%
SCS
[kHz]
50 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 400 MHz
NRB and Spectrum Utilization (FR2: 24
GHz to 52 GHz)
60
66 132 264 N/A
95% 95% 95%
120
32 66 132 264
92.2% 95% 95% 95%
Spectrum utilization is related to the channel bandwidth. The higher the bandwidth, the higher the spectral efficiency.
25. 25 Huawei Confidential
RB Location Index and Indication
BWP is introduced to the NR system, which causes
differences in the RB location index and indication
from LTE.
Related concepts (section 4.4 of 3GPP TS 38.211)
– RG: In the frequency domain, an RG includes all available
RBs within the transmission bandwidth.
– BWP: new concept introduced in the NR system. It refers to
some RBs in the transmission bandwidth and is configured
by the gNodeB.
– Point A: basic reference point of the RG
– Defined for the uplink, downlink, PCell, SCell, and SUL separately
– Point A = Reference Location + Offset
– For details about the reference location and offset for different
reference points, see the figure on the right.
– Common RB (CRB): index in the RG
– The center of 0# subcarrier of CRB#0 is aligned with that of Point A.
– Physical RB (PRB): index in the BWP
– Index: 0 to
– Relationship between PRB and CRB:
is the number of CRBs between the BWP start position and
CRB#0.
Point A Reference Location Offset
PCell DL
(TDD/FDD)
SSB start location
UEs perform blind detection to obtain this
information.
UEs are informed of this information through the RMSI.
Parameter:
PRB-index-DL-common
PCell UL
(TDD)
Same as Point A for the PCell downlink
UEs are informed of this information through the RMSI.
Parameter:
PRB-index-UL-common
PCell UL
(FDD)
Frequency-domain location of the ARFCN
UEs are informed of this information
through the RMSI (SIB1).
UEs are informed of this information through the RMSI.
Parameter:
PRB-index-UL-common
SCell
DL/UL
Frequency-domain location of the ARFCN
UEs are informed of this information
through the SCell configuration message.
UEs are informed of this information through RRC
signaling.
Parameter:
PRB-index-DL-Dedicated
PRB-index-UL-Dedicated
SUL
Frequency-domain location of the ARFCN
UEs are informed of this information
through the SCell configuration message.
UEs are informed of this information through RRC
signaling.
Parameter:
PRB-index-SUL-common
0 1 2 3 … 0 1 2 3 …
BWP
Offset
Reference
Location
Point A
0
0
CRB Index in RG
PRB Index in BWP
RG
Freq.
Point A is the basic reference point in the RG. CRB is the RB index in the RG, and PRB is the RB index in the BWP.
1
size
BWP,
i
N
start
BWP,
PRB
CRB i
N
n
n
start
BWP,i
N
26. 26 Huawei Confidential
Definition and characteristics
– The Bandwidth Part (BWP) is introduced in NR. It is a set of contiguous bandwidth resources configured by the gNodeB for UEs to
achieve flexible transmission bandwidth configuration on the gNodeB side and UE side. Each BWP corresponds to a specific numerology.
– BWP is specific to UEs (BWP configurations vary with UEs). UEs do not need to know the transmission bandwidth on the gNodeB side
but only needs to support the configured BWP bandwidth.
Application scenarios
– Scenario#1: UEs with a small bandwidth access a large-bandwidth network.
– Scenario#2: UEs switch between small and large BWPs to save battery power.
– Scenario#3: The numerology is unique for each BWP and service-specific.
BWP Definition and Application Scenarios
BWP
BWP Bandwidth
Carrier Bandwidth
#1
BWP 2
#2
BWP 1
Numerology 1
BWP1
Carrier Bandwidth
#3
Numerology 2
BWP 2
Carrier Bandwidth
BWP is a set of contiguous bandwidth resources configured by the gNodeB for UEs. The application scenario examples are as follows: UEs supporting small
bandwidths, power saving, and support for FDM on services of different numerologies.
27. 27 Huawei Confidential
BWP Types
BWP types
– Initial BWP: configured in the initial access phase. Signals and channels are transmitted in the initial BWP during initial access.
– Dedicated BWP: configured for UEs in RRC_CONNECTED mode. A maximum of four dedicated BWPs can be configured for a UE.
– Active BWP: one of the dedicated BWPs activated by a UE in RRC_CONNECTED mode. According to Release 15, a UE in
RRC_CONNECTED mode can have only one active BWP at a given time.
– Default BWP: It is one of the dedicated BWPs and is indicated by RRC signaling. After the BWP inactivity timer expires, the UE in
RRC_CONNECTED mode switches to the default BWP.
Carrier Bandwidth
Initial BWP
Carrier Bandwidth
UE1 Active BWP
Random Access Procedure RRC Connected Procedure
Carrier Bandwidth
default
Default
UE1
Dedicated
BWPs
UE1 UE2
Default
UE2
Dedicated
BWPs
UE2 Active BWP UE2 Active BWP
UE1 Active BWP
UE2 BWP inactivity
timer
PDCCH indicating downlink assignment
UE2 switches to the default
BWP.
Active
Active
Switch
28. 28 Huawei Confidential
Initial BWP Configuration
Initial DL BWP definition and configuration
– Function: The PDSCH used to transmit RMSI, Msg2, and Msg4 must be
transmitted in the initial active DL BWP.
– Definition of the initial DL BWP: frequency-domain location and bandwidth of
RMSI CORESET (control channel resource set) and a numerology
corresponding to the RMSI
– The frequency-domain location and bandwidth of the RMSI CORESET are
indicated in the PBCH (MIB). The default bandwidth is {24,48,96} RBs.
Procedure for UEs to determine the initial BWP
Frequency
Time
SSB
CORESET
PDSCH
Frequency offset
Initial DL BWP
The frequency offset in PRB level which is between RMSI CORESET
and SS/PBCH block is defined as the frequency difference from the
lowest PRB of RMSI to the lowest PRB of SS/PBCH block.
Initial UL BWP definition and configuration
– Function: The PUSCH used to transmit Msg3, PUCCH used to
transmit Msg4 HARQ feedback, and PRACH resources during
initial access must be transmitted in the initial active UL BWP.
– The initial DL BWP and initial UL BWP are separately configured.
– Numerology: same as that of Msg3 (configured in RMSI).
– Frequency-domain location:
– FDD (paired spectrum), SUL: configured in RMSI
– TDD (unpaired spectrum): same as the center frequency
band of the initial DL BWP
– Bandwidth
– Configured in RMSI and no default bandwidth option is
available.
UEs search for the SSB
to obtain the frequency-
domain location of the
SSB.
UEs demodulate the PBCH to obtain
the frequency offset and bandwidth
information of the RMSI CORESET and
determine the initial DL BWP.
UEs receive the RMSI to obtain the
frequency-domain location,
bandwidth, and numerology
information of the initial UL BWP.
29. 29 Huawei Confidential
Dedicated BWP Configuration
Dedicated BWP configuration
– Sent to UEs through RRC signaling
– FDD (paired spectrum): Up to four downlink
dedicated BWPs and four uplink dedicated BWPs
can be configured.
– TDD (unpaired spectrum): A total of four
uplink/downlink BWP pairs can be configured.
– SUL: 4 uplink dedicated BWPs
– The smallest unit is one PRB. The dedicated
BWP is equal to or smaller than the maximum
bandwidth supported by a UE.
– Each dedicated BWP can be configured with
the following attributes through RRC signaling:
– Numerology (SCS, CP type)
– Bandwidth (a group of contiguous PRBs)
– Frequency location (start location)
– UEs can activate only one dedicated BWP at
a given time as the active BWP.
UE Dedicated PRB Location
– Dedicated BWP locations of all UEs in a cell are based on the same
common reference point (Point A).
– UEs determine the start location of the dedicated BWP based on the
offset relative to Point A.
– Based on the dedicated BWP bandwidth, UEs obtain the end location of
the dedicated BWP.
– UEs obtain the frequency-domain location and size of the dedicated
BWP.
Cell Carrier Bandwidth
UE1 Active BWP UE2 Active BWP
Point A
UE1 Offset
UE2 Offset
• Offset: UEs can obtain the offset for each dedicated BWP from
RRC signaling.
After a UE accesses the network, the dedicated BWP is configured through RRC signaling. A maximum of four
dedicated BWPs can be configured.
30. 30 Huawei Confidential
BWP Adaptation
BWP Adaptation
UEs in RRC_CONNECTED mode switch between
dedicated BWPs (only one dedicated BWP can be
activated at a given time).
BWP Adaptation is completed through switchovers and
involves the following:
– DCI
FDD: downlink: downlink DCI, uplink: uplink DCI
TDD: If the uplink or downlink DCI includes a
switchover indication, BWP switchovers are
performed in the uplink and downlink.
– Timer mechanism
If the BWP inactivity timer expires, UEs switch to the
default BWP (one of the dedicated BWPs).
Timer granularity: 1 ms for sub-6 GHz, 0.5 ms for
mmWave
BWP Adaptation application scenarios
– The BWP bandwidth changes: e.g. switching to the
power saving state.
– BWP location movement in the frequency domain:
e.g. to increase scheduling flexibility.
– The BWP numerology changes: e.g. to allow
different services.
RF conversion time (defined in RAN4,
sub-6 GHz)
UE BWP inactivity timer
PDCCH indicating downlink assignment
The UE switches to the default
BWP.
Relationship
Between
BWP1 and
BWP2
Intra-Band
Inter-Band
Same
Center
Frequency
Different
Center
Frequency
Time ≤ 20µs 50–200 µs ≤ 900 µs
In RRC connected mode, switching between BWPs is realized through DCI or timer mechanisms.
32. 32 Huawei Confidential
Codewords and Antenna Ports
Basic concepts
– Codeword
– Upper-layer service data on which channel coding applies.
– Codewords uniquely identify data flow. By transmitting different data, MIMO
implements spatial multiplexing. The number of codewords depends on the
rank of the channel matrix.
– Layer
– The number of codewords is different from the number of transmit antennas.
Therefore, codewords need to be mapped to transmit antenna.
– Antenna port
– Logical ports used for transmission. Antenna ports do not have a one-to-one
relationship with physical antennas. They can be mapped to one or more
physical antennas.
– Antennas ports are defined based on reference signals.
Number of codewords ≤ Number of layers ≤ Number of antenna ports
Protocol-defined number of codewords
– 1 to 4 layers: 1 codeword
– 5 to 8 layers: 2 codewords
Protocol-defined number of layers
– DL: up to eight layers for a single user and four layers
for multiple users
– UL: up to four layers for a single user or multiple users
Protocol-defined number of antenna ports
Channel/Signal
Maximum
Number of
Ports
Antenna Port#
UL
PUSCH with DMRS 8 or 12
{0,1,2,…,7} DMRS type 1
{0,1,2,…,11} DMRS type 2
PUCCH 1 {2000}
PRACH 1 {4000}
SRS 4 {1000,1001,1002,1003}
DL
PDSCH with DMRS 8 or 12
{1000, 1001,…,1007} DMRS type 1
{1000, 1001,…,1011} DMRS type 2
PDCCH 1 {2000}
CSI-RS 32 {3000,3001,3002,…,3031}
SSB 1 {4000}
Scrambling
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Modulation
mapper
Layer
mapper
Antenna
Port
mapper
RE mapper
RE mapper
OFDM signal
generation
OFDM signal
generation
Codewords Layers Antenna ports
In NR, a maximum of two codewords are supported. The maximum number of DMRS antenna ports is increased to 12.