This document contains notes from a lecture on the anatomy of the nose and tongue given by Dr. Laxman Khanal. It includes questions asked during the lecture and their answers related to the gross anatomy, embryology, vascular supply, and clinical correlations of the nose and tongue. Diagrams are provided to illustrate anatomical structures. Common abnormalities and diseases affecting the nose and tongue are also discussed.
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
INTRODUCTION
Tongue is a muscular organ
Situated in the floor of the mouth
FUNCTION
Taste
Speech
Mastication
Deglutition
EXTERNAL FEATURES
Tongue has
A Root
A tip
A body
ROOT
Is attached to the mandible and soft palate above and hyoid bone below.
These attachments prevent the swallowing of the tongue.
In between the 2 bones it is related to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles.
TIP
Of the tongue forms the anterior free end which lies behind the upper incisor teeth.
BODY
Has
A curved upper surface or dorsum
An inferior or ventral surface MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Middle fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left halves.
Intrinsic muscles
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Extrinsic muscles
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
INTRODUCTION
Tongue is a muscular organ
Situated in the floor of the mouth
FUNCTION
Taste
Speech
Mastication
Deglutition
EXTERNAL FEATURES
Tongue has
A Root
A tip
A body
ROOT
Is attached to the mandible and soft palate above and hyoid bone below.
These attachments prevent the swallowing of the tongue.
In between the 2 bones it is related to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles.
TIP
Of the tongue forms the anterior free end which lies behind the upper incisor teeth.
BODY
Has
A curved upper surface or dorsum
An inferior or ventral surface MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Middle fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left halves.
Intrinsic muscles
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Extrinsic muscles
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Referred from different sources , here i present a very concise presentation on CRANIAL CAVITY . This presentation will give you complete knowledge of the topic cranial cavity with well elaborated and intellectual diagrams hand picked from F. Netter. ......... Do like and share , Leave your comments so as to get more stuff like this in future.
The cranial cavity contains the brain and its meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses
The bones that take part in formation of cranial cavity are frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and ethmoid
1-Vault of the Skull
2-Base of the Skull
1.picture of tongue
2. Cadaveric picture of tongue
3. Introduction of tongue
4. function of tongue
5. presenting parts
6. parts of tongue
7. diagram of tongue
8. Base of tongue
9. Dorsal surface of tongue
10. Papillae
11. Histology of papillae
12. Ventral surface of tongue
13 ventral surface
14. lateral margin of tongue
15. root of tongue
16. Muscles of tongue
17.Muscles diagram
18. Genioglossus
19.Hyoglossus
20. Superficial relation of hyoglossus
21. Deep relation of hyoglossus
22.Styloglossus
23.Palatoglossus
24.Intrinsic muscles of tongue
25.Muscles altering the shape of the tongue
26.Nerve supply of tongue
27.Sensory nerve supply of tongue
28.motor supply- diagram
29. sensory supply- diagram
30. Taste sensation part
31. Lymphatic Drainage
32.Pecularities of lymphatic drainage
33. Applied Anatomy
34. Tongue Tie
35.Bifid tongue
36. Lingual thyroid & Thyroglossal cyst
37.glossitis
38.Carcinoma of the tongue
39. Identify the structures
40. Thank you
Referred from different sources , here i present a very concise presentation on CRANIAL CAVITY . This presentation will give you complete knowledge of the topic cranial cavity with well elaborated and intellectual diagrams hand picked from F. Netter. ......... Do like and share , Leave your comments so as to get more stuff like this in future.
The cranial cavity contains the brain and its meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses
The bones that take part in formation of cranial cavity are frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and ethmoid
1-Vault of the Skull
2-Base of the Skull
1.picture of tongue
2. Cadaveric picture of tongue
3. Introduction of tongue
4. function of tongue
5. presenting parts
6. parts of tongue
7. diagram of tongue
8. Base of tongue
9. Dorsal surface of tongue
10. Papillae
11. Histology of papillae
12. Ventral surface of tongue
13 ventral surface
14. lateral margin of tongue
15. root of tongue
16. Muscles of tongue
17.Muscles diagram
18. Genioglossus
19.Hyoglossus
20. Superficial relation of hyoglossus
21. Deep relation of hyoglossus
22.Styloglossus
23.Palatoglossus
24.Intrinsic muscles of tongue
25.Muscles altering the shape of the tongue
26.Nerve supply of tongue
27.Sensory nerve supply of tongue
28.motor supply- diagram
29. sensory supply- diagram
30. Taste sensation part
31. Lymphatic Drainage
32.Pecularities of lymphatic drainage
33. Applied Anatomy
34. Tongue Tie
35.Bifid tongue
36. Lingual thyroid & Thyroglossal cyst
37.glossitis
38.Carcinoma of the tongue
39. Identify the structures
40. Thank you
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The Middle Third Of The Facial Skeleton Is Defined As An Area Bounded,
Superiorly –Line Drawn Across The skull from the Zygomatico frontal Suture across the Frontonasal & Frontomaxillary sutures to the Zygomaticofrontal suture on the opposite side
Inferiorly –by the occlusal plane of the upper teeth./upper alveolar ridge.
Posteriorly-The region is demarcated by the sphenoethmoidal junction but includes the free margin of the pterygoid laminae of the sphenoid bone inferiorly.
Inferiorly –by the occlusal plane of the upper teeth./upper alveolar ridge.
Posteriorly-The region is demarcated by the sphenoethmoidal junction but includes the free margin of the pterygoid laminae of the sphenoid bone inferiorly.
It is made up of the following bones:
1. Two maxillae
2. Tw o palatine bones
3. Two zygomatic bones and their temporal processes
4. Two zygomatic processes of the temporal bone
5. Two nasal bones
this presentation describes about each bone individually and its applied anatomy
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some clinical aspects, like peptic ulcer disease, Virchow's lymph node, gastrostomy are also included.
it describes the microanatomy of skin and its appendages in a concise format. it will give the overview of the integumentary system of our body and largest organ of our body.
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1. Dr Laxman Khanal
MS- Human Anatomy
Date: 19- June- 2012
6/19/2012 1212413114 1
2. Which epithelium lines the nasal cavities ?
How many pair of pharyngeal arches persists
in human embryo?
Median cleft lip is due to failure of fusion of
which processes?
Which one is the largest nasal meatus ?
Name the muscle attached to the nose.
Name the largest vessel supplying nasal cavity.
6/19/2012 1212413114 2
3. Which of the tongue papilla does not contain
taste buds?
What is the safety muscle of tongue?
Lymphatic of tip of the tongue drains to which
lymph node?
Anterior 2/3rd of tongue is related with which
pharyngeal arch?
What is ankyloglossia ?
6/19/2012 1212413114 3
7. Made up of external nose , nasal septum and a
pair of nasal cavities.
Nasal cavities open through nares anteriorly
and choanae posteriorly.
Nasal cavities separated from each other by
nasal septum, from oral cavity by hard palate
and from skull by skull bones(FSE).
6/19/2012 1212413114 7
8. Lateral to nasal cavities lies the orbit
Each nasal cavities has lateral wall, medial
wall, roof and floor.
Nose is formed by
Cartilage - septal, alar and lateral
Bones
Skin(up to vestibules) and inner mucosal lining
6/19/2012 1212413114 8
16. The nose is formed from five facial prominences:
the frontal prominence gives rise to the bridge;
the merged medial nasal prominences provide
the crest and tip; and the lateral nasal
prominences form the sides (alae)
6/19/2012 1212413114 16
20. Paranasal air sinuses develop as diverticula of the
lateral nasal wall and extend into the
maxilla, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid bones. They
reach their maximum size during puberty and
contribute to the definitive shape of the face.
6/19/2012 1212413114 20
21. Both external and internal carotid arteries
Maxillary artery
Sphenopalatine artery- major vessel
Greater palatine artery
Facial artery
Superior labial
Lateral nasal
6/19/2012 1212413114 21
22. Ophthalmic artery
anterior ethmoidal
Posterior ethmoidal
In the anterior region of the medial wall there are
anastomoses between branches of the greater
palatine, sphenopalatine, superior labial, and
anterior ethmoidal arteries, and where the vessels
are relatively close to the surface . This is the major
site of epistaxis (Little’s area or kisselbach’s area)
6/19/2012 1212413114 22
26. Anterior part of nose
Submandibular lymph nodes
Posterior part of nose
Upper deep cervical
Retropharyngeal (sometime)
6/19/2012 1212413114 26
34. Extrinsic muscles Intrinsic muscles
Genioglossus Superior longitudinal
Hyoglossus Inferior longitudianal
Styloglossus Transverse
Palatoglossus Vertical
Attached to the bone No bony attachment
and Changes the and Changes the
movement of tongue shape of the tongue
6/19/2012 1212413114 34
36. Each pharyngeal arch is supplied by its own
cranial nerve.
1- trigeminal nerve (mandibular nerve)
2- facial nerve.
3- glossopharyngeal nerve.
4- superior laryngeal branch of Vagus nerve.
6- recurrent branch of Vagus nerve
6/19/2012 1212413114 36
37. Body – from tuberculum impar and two
lingual swellings. Related with first pharyngeal
arch.
Root – from hypobrachial eminence (copula).
Related with 2nd and 3rd arch but 3rd arch
overlies the 2nd.
Posterior most part derived from 4th arch.
Muscles- from occipital myotomes.
6/19/2012 1212413114 37
42. Motor supply to all muscles by 12th nerve
except………
Vallate papillae are innervated by 9th nerve
Taste sensation from posterior most part of
tongue is carried out by 10th nerve
6/19/2012 1212413114 42
43. Post 1/3rd – jugulo-omohyoid
Ant 2/3rd - Submandibular lymph nodes.
Tip of tongue- submental lymph nodes.
6/19/2012 1212413114 43
44. Median cleft lip
A rare abnormality, is caused by incomplete merging
of the two medial nasal prominences in the midline.
This anomaly is usually accompanied by a deep
groove between the right and left sides of the nose.
6/19/2012 1212413114 44
46. Oblique facial clefts
produced by failure of the maxillary prominence to
merge with its corresponding lateral nasal
prominence. When this occurs, the nasolacrimal
duct is usually exposed to the surface.
6/19/2012 1212413114 46
49. Lingual thyroid-
thyroid tissue is
present on the base of
tongue between
circumvallate papillae
and epiglottis.
6/19/2012 1212413114 49
50. Ankyloglossia
Limited tongue
movement secondary
to the abnormal
attachment to the
floor of mouth. Also
has familiar pattern.
6/19/2012 1212413114 50
51. Hairy tongue
elongation and
hyperkeratosis of
filiform papillae
resulting in hairy
appearance. Common
in anterior to
circumvallate
papillae.
6/19/2012 1212413114 51
52. Fissured or Scrotal or
Plicated tongue.
Associated with
Melkersson-
Rosenthal syndrome.
6/19/2012 1212413114 52
53. Lingual varicosities
dilated tortuous vein
on ventral surface of
tongue.
Associate with
cardiopulmonary
disease and aging
process.
6/19/2012 1212413114 53
54. Syphilis chancre
Associated with Non
tender
lymphadenopathy.
Primary syphilis
6/19/2012 1212413114 54
56. Erythema migrans
or Geographic tongue
the lesions persist for a
short time in one
area, then disappear
completely and
reappear in another
area.
6/19/2012 1212413114 56