The scalp has five layers - skin, superficial fascia, epicranial aponeurosis with the occipitofrontalis muscle, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium. It is supplied by branches of the external and internal carotid arteries and drains into facial and jugular veins. Lymphatic drainage is to preauricular, parotid, posterior auricular, occipital, and mastoid lymph nodes. The occipitofrontalis muscle allows movement of the scalp. The loose areolar tissue is a vulnerable area due to emissary veins connecting to intracranial sinuses.

1. SCALP

2. Scalp- it is soft tissues
covering the cranial vault
form the scalp.
Extent of scalp
Anteriorly - supraorbital
margins
Posteriorly - external occipital
protuberance and superior
nuchal line.
each side the superior
temporal lines.

3. Scalp is made up of five layers
1. Skin
2. Superificial fascia
3. Aponeurotica with the
occiptofrontalis muscle
4. Loose areolar tissue
5. pericraninum

4. SKIN –skin is thick and
hairy.
It contents sweet gland and
sebaceous gland.
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA-it is
more fibrous and dens in
the centre than at the
periphery of the head.
it binds the skin to the
subjacent aponeurosis
provides the proper
medium for passage of
vessels and nerve to the
skin.

5. EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS-
also call galea
aponeurotica continuous
with the occipitofrontalis
muscles.
it is freely movable on the
pericranium along with
the overlying and
adherent skin and fascia.
Anteriorly- it receives the
insertion of the frontalis.
Posteriorly- it receives the
insertion of the
occipitalis.
On each side- it is attached
to the superior temporal
line.

6. MUSCLES OF SCALP
Occiptofrontalis muscles -it is two
bellies
• Occipital bellies
• frontal bellies
occipital bellies-it arises the
superior nuchal line
Inserted epicranial aponeurosis.
Supply by the posterior auricular
branch of the facial nerve.

7. frontal bellies-it arises from the
skin of the upper eyelid and
forehead
Inserted epicranial aponeurosis.
Supply by the temporal branch of
the facial nerve

8. LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE-It
extend anteriorly into the
eyelids
Posterioly to the highest
and superior nuchal line
Each side superior temporal
line
It give passage to the
emissary veins.
Pericranium –it is loosely
attached to the surface of the
bone but is firmly adherent to
their sutures where the
sutural ligament bind the
pericranium to the
endocranium

9. BLOOD SUPPLY
front of the auricle
1. Supratrochlear
2. Supraorbital
3. Superficial temporal line
First two branches of the
ophthalmic artery which in
turn is a branch of the internal
carotid artery
Superficial temporal is a branch of
the external carotid artery
Behind the auricle
Posterior auricular
occipital artery
These branches of the external
carotid artery

10. VENOUS DRAINAGE
The veins of the scalp accompany
the arteries
supratrochlear and supraorbital
forming the angular vein
continues down as the facial
vein
Superficial temporal vein join the
maxillary vein to form the
retomandibular vein
This vein divides into two division
Anterior division
Posterior division
anterior division join the facial vein
to form the common facial vein
and finally drains into the
internal jugular vein.
Posterior division join the posterior
auricular vein to form the
external jugular vein and finally
drains subclavian vein.

11. Emissary vein connect the
extracranial veins with the
intracranial venous sinuses to
equalise the pressure the
veins are valveless.
Diploic veins start from the
cancellous bone within the
two table of skull these carry
the newly formed blood cells
into the general circulation

12. supratroclear supraorbital superficial temporal maxillary
angular vein retromandibular vein
facial vein anterior posterior post auricular vein
external jugular vein
facial vein
submandibular vien
common facial vein
internal jugular vein

13. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
The anterior part of the scalp drains
into Preauricular or Parotid lymph
nodes
The posterior part of the scalp drains
into
1. Posterior auricular or Mastoid
lymph nodes
2. Occipital lymph nodes

14. NERVE SUPPLY
Scalp supply by the ten nerve on
each side
5 infront of auricule
5 behind the auricle
4 is sensory nerve
1 is motor nerve

16. CLINICAL ANATOMY
• loose areolar tissue is kown as dangerous area of scalp because the
emissary veins open here and carry any infections inside the brain.
•