The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the nose. It is divided into the external nose and internal nasal cavity. The internal nasal cavity is further divided into the respiratory region and olfactory region. The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membrane and has bony and cartilaginous structures that provide support. It functions to warm, humidify, and filter air as well as receive secretions from paranasal sinuses.
This is not a substitute for Books. Let it just help you understand some concepts in liver anatomy.
Continuation of this work will depend on your feedback. Stay Blessed.
This is not a substitute for Books. Let it just help you understand some concepts in liver anatomy.
Continuation of this work will depend on your feedback. Stay Blessed.
INTRODUCTION
Tongue is a muscular organ
Situated in the floor of the mouth
FUNCTION
Taste
Speech
Mastication
Deglutition
EXTERNAL FEATURES
Tongue has
A Root
A tip
A body
ROOT
Is attached to the mandible and soft palate above and hyoid bone below.
These attachments prevent the swallowing of the tongue.
In between the 2 bones it is related to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles.
TIP
Of the tongue forms the anterior free end which lies behind the upper incisor teeth.
BODY
Has
A curved upper surface or dorsum
An inferior or ventral surface MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Middle fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left halves.
Intrinsic muscles
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Extrinsic muscles
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Introduction
Development of tongue.
Anatomy of tongue
Arterial supply & nerve supply of tongue.
functions of the tongue.
Pathologic consideration of tongue.
Conclusion.
References
INTRODUCTION
Tongue is a muscular organ
Situated in the floor of the mouth
FUNCTION
Taste
Speech
Mastication
Deglutition
EXTERNAL FEATURES
Tongue has
A Root
A tip
A body
ROOT
Is attached to the mandible and soft palate above and hyoid bone below.
These attachments prevent the swallowing of the tongue.
In between the 2 bones it is related to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles.
TIP
Of the tongue forms the anterior free end which lies behind the upper incisor teeth.
BODY
Has
A curved upper surface or dorsum
An inferior or ventral surface MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Middle fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left halves.
Intrinsic muscles
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Extrinsic muscles
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Introduction
Development of tongue.
Anatomy of tongue
Arterial supply & nerve supply of tongue.
functions of the tongue.
Pathologic consideration of tongue.
Conclusion.
References
The respiratory system is a vital organ system responsible for gas exchange between the body and the environment. Its primary function is to supply oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide. Here’s an overview of the components and functions of the respiratory system:
Components of the Respiratory System
Nose and Nasal Cavity
Function: Filters, warms, and moistens the air; detects odors.
Components: Nostrils, nasal septum, nasal conchae.
Pharynx (Throat)
Function: Passageway for air and food.
Divisions: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
Larynx (Voice Box)
Function: Produces sound; routes air and food into the proper channels.
Components: Epiglottis, vocal cords, thyroid cartilage.
Trachea (Windpipe)
Function: Conducts air to the bronchi.
Structure: C-shaped cartilaginous rings maintain an open airway.
Bronchi and Bronchioles
Function: Conduct air from the trachea to the lungs; branch into smaller passages.
Structure: The right and left primary bronchi lead into the lungs and branch into secondary and tertiary bronchi, and then into bronchioles.
Lungs
Function: Main organs of respiration; contain alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
Structure: The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) and the left lung has two lobes (superior, inferior).
Alveoli
Function: Site of gas exchange; oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
Structure: Tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries.
Functions of the Respiratory System
Gas Exchange
Oxygen Intake: Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses through the alveoli into the blood.
Carbon Dioxide Removal: Carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli and is exhaled.
Regulation of Blood pH
Carbon Dioxide Levels: The respiratory system helps regulate blood pH by controlling the levels of carbon dioxide through breathing.
Protection
Filtering Mechanisms: The nasal hairs, mucus, and cilia trap dust, pathogens, and other particles.
Reflexes: Coughing and sneezing expel irritants from the respiratory tract.
Sound Production
Vocal Cords: Air passing through the larynx vibrates the vocal cords to produce sound.
Olfaction (Sense of Smell)
Olfactory Receptors: Located in the nasal cavity, these receptors detect airborne chemicals.
Breathing Process
Inhalation (Inspiration)
Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles: The diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the intercostal muscles lift the ribs, expanding the thoracic cavity and reducing pressure, drawing air in.
Exhalation (Expiration)
Relaxation of Muscles: The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, the thoracic cavity decreases in volume, increasing pressure and pushing air out.
Control of Breathing
Medulla Oblongata and Pons: These brainstem regions regulate the rate and depth of breathing.
Chemoreceptors: Located in the medulla, aorta, and carotid arteries, these receptors monitor levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and blood pH, and adjust breathing accordingly.
Health and Diseases of the Respiratory System
Common Cond
In the human body, a complex network of fluids and vessels works tirelessly to transport essential substances, ensuring the proper functioning of every cell and organ. This system, known as the circulatory system, plays a vital role in distributing oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other crucial molecules while removing waste products.
In our journey through this topic, we will explore the composition of blood, the functions of various blood components, the mechanisms of circulation, and the importance of maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Understanding body fluids and circulation is not only essential for grasping the basics of human physiology but also for appreciating the intricate balance required to sustain life.
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In this seminar we will learn about the development or tongue and oropharynx starting with Pharynx, its Boundaries and Parts, Structure, layers, muscles of pharynx. Then cover the Blood supply, nerve supply and Lymphatic drainage pharynx.
We will also read about Oropharynx and its Relations,
Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring and Physiology of deglutition
Tongue, its Parts, External features and Papillae of the tongue
Muscles of the tongue, Blood supply of the tongue , Arterial and nerve supply, Venous and lymphatic drainage. Development of the tongue and Physiology of taste sensation
Developmental disturbances of the tongue and Periodontal implications are other parts of this seminar
Respiratory system B pharmacy 2nd semester ZaibaFathima8
It has everything you need to know in the second semester of Bachelor of Pharmacy ass per the PCI syllabus.
I prepared this PowerPoint presentation to teach my beloved juniors to hope you can understand. If you want a more detailed PPT leave it in the comments.
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5. Consists of a supporting
framework of bone and
Hyaline cartilage.
Lined by mucous membrane.
6. Frontal bone, Nasal bone,
and Maxillae form the bony
framework.
Cartilagenous framework
consist of Septal Nasal
Cartilage, Lateral Nasal
Cartilge and Alar.
7.
8. Nasal septum is the middle
wall of nasal cavity.
It is a large space in the
anterior aspect of the skull.
Inferior to nasal bone.
Superior to oral cavity.
9. Lined with mucous membrane
and muscles.
Anteriorly, merges with
External nose.
Posteriorly merges with
Nasopharynx through two
openings called Internal
nares or Chonae.
10. Each half has_
1. height- 5cm
2. length- 5-7cm
3. roof- 7cm long and 2mm
wide
4. floor- 5cm long and 1.5mm
wide
11. Nasal cavity is divided into_
›Larger and inferior
Respiratory region
›Smaller and superior
Olfactory region.
The respiratory region is
lined with Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium
12. The anterior portion of nasal
cavity just inside the
nostrils i.e, Nasal vestibule
is surrounded by cartilage.
13. • 4 bones:
• Sphenoid Bone
• EthmoidBone
• FrontalBone
• Nasal Bone
Roof
• Hard part is a bony palate
whichseperates it from the
oral cavity.
Floor
14. Warms and humidifies the
incoming air.
Filters impurities from
inspired air.
Receives secretion from
paranasal sinuses and Naso-
lacrimal duct.
