Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas Babylon University College of Dentistry download this file from Website on Google  TheOptimalSmile.wix.com

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Babylon University College of DentistryBabylon University College of Dentistry
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2. THE NOSETHE NOSE
By Ahmed Ali Abbas

3. NoseNose
-Extend from external nostril to posterior nasal aExtend from external nostril to posterior nasal a
pertureperture..
External noseExternal nose:-:-
--pyramidal in shapepyramidal in shape
--it has root continous with forehead , and apexit has root continous with forehead , and apex
which is its free edgewhich is its free edge..
--lateral surface of nose calledlateral surface of nose called dorsum nasidorsum nasi,, whichwhich
end below in roundedend below in rounded a la nasia la nasi..
--external nose compose of : - Bonesexternal nose compose of : - Bones
--Hyline cartilageHyline cartilage

4. Bonny partBonny part::
--Nasal boneNasal bone
--Frontal process of maxillaFrontal process of maxilla
--Nasal part of frontal boneNasal part of frontal bone
Cartilaginous partCartilaginous part::
--Septal cartilageSeptal cartilage..
--Lateral nasalLateral nasal
cartilagecartilage..
--Major alar cartilageMajor alar cartilage..
--minor alar cartilageminor alar cartilage..

8. Artery of noseArtery of nose::
--Facial a.Facial a. : - septal , alar branches: - septal , alar branches..
--Ophthmalic aOphthmalic a. :- dorsal nasal branches. :- dorsal nasal branches
--Maxillary a.Maxillary a. :- infraorbital branches:- infraorbital branches
****Never of muscles of nose is from facial nerve ,Never of muscles of nose is from facial nerve ,
skin from ophthmalic never through infraskin from ophthmalic never through infra
trachea, external nasal nerve , and fromtrachea, external nasal nerve , and from
maxillary nerve through infra orbit nervemaxillary nerve through infra orbit nerve..
****Skin extend into vestibule within nostrils whichSkin extend into vestibule within nostrils which
contain stiff hairscontain stiff hairs..

9. Nasal cavityNasal cavity: -: -
--divided into RT, LT by nasal septamdivided into RT, LT by nasal septam..
--two halves open on face through nostriltwo halves open on face through nostril
communicated behind through neesopharynxcommunicated behind through neesopharynx
through posterior nasal aperture (called choanathrough posterior nasal aperture (called choana(.(.
--It hasIt has :: 1. floor1. floor
22..roofroof
33..lateral walllateral wall
44..medial (septal( wallmedial (septal( wall
--it has 3 regionit has 3 region :: 1. vestibula1. vestibula
22..olfactoryolfactory
33..respiratoryrespiratory

10. Nasal vestibuleNasal vestibule:-:-
--dilation inside aperture of nostrildilation inside aperture of nostril
--bounded laterally by alar, and lower nasal cartilagebounded laterally by alar, and lower nasal cartilage..
--lined with skin, coarse hair and sebaceous gland ,lined with skin, coarse hair and sebaceous gland ,
sweet glandsweet gland..
--limited above and behind by curved elevation calledlimited above and behind by curved elevation called
limen nasilimen nasi..
Olfactory regionOlfactory region:-:-
limited to superior nasal concha opposite part of septem ,limited to superior nasal concha opposite part of septem ,
interventing roof. Present in roof , less vascular andinterventing roof. Present in roof , less vascular and
appear yellow in colorappear yellow in color..
Respiratory regionRespiratory region::
The rest of cavity , very vascular red in color to warm theThe rest of cavity , very vascular red in color to warm the
airair..

11. Lateral wallLateral wall:-:-
--it is irregular due to presence of 3 bonny projectionit is irregular due to presence of 3 bonny projection::
11..inferior conchainferior concha..
22..middle concha.middle concha.
3.superior concha3.superior concha..
--it is formed fromit is formed from::
11--medial surface of maxillamedial surface of maxilla..
22--ethmoid bone :ethmoid bone : - superior concha- superior concha
--middle conchamiddle concha
33--inferior conchainferior concha..
44--lacrimal bonelacrimal bone..
55--perpendicular plate of palatineperpendicular plate of palatine..
66--medial pterygoid platemedial pterygoid plate..

16. --Below and lateral to bonny elevation (conchar)Below and lateral to bonny elevation (conchar)
is meatus. Above superior conchar isis meatus. Above superior conchar is
sphenoethmaidel recess which include openingsphenoethmaidel recess which include opening
of sphenoid air sinusof sphenoid air sinus..
--Some time 4th or highest nasal conchar atSome time 4th or highest nasal conchar at
lateral wall of sphenoethmaidal recess withlateral wall of sphenoethmaidal recess with
supreme nasal meatus which contain openingsupreme nasal meatus which contain opening
of posterior ethmoidal sinusof posterior ethmoidal sinus..

18. Superior meatus and conchaSuperior meatus and concha:-:-
--it is shortest , shallowest of 3 meatusit is shortest , shallowest of 3 meatus..
--behind superior meatus is sphenopalatine from a men whichbehind superior meatus is sphenopalatine from a men which
open into ptergo palatine fossaopen into ptergo palatine fossa..
Middle concha and meatusMiddle concha and meatus:-:-
--much larger articulated with perpendicular plate of palatinemuch larger articulated with perpendicular plate of palatine
bonebone..
--at its upper part occupy by elevation calledat its upper part occupy by elevation called bulla ethmaidalbulla ethmaidal
which containwhich contain middle ethmaidal air cellsmiddle ethmaidal air cells. The opening of. The opening of
maxillary sinusmaxillary sinus is situated below bulla ethmaidal near theis situated below bulla ethmaidal near the
posterior end of hiatus semilunarisposterior end of hiatus semilunaris..
--hiatus semilunarishiatus semilunaris which leads upward and fore ward intowhich leads upward and fore ward into
curved chaunel called ethmaidal infundibalam , in whichcurved chaunel called ethmaidal infundibalam , in which
anterior ethmaid sinusanterior ethmaid sinus open in infundibalam .frontal sinusopen in infundibalam .frontal sinus
open through infundibalam into anterior end of hiatusopen through infundibalam into anterior end of hiatus
semilunarissemilunaris..

19. Inferior concharInferior conchar:-:-
--articulate with nasal surface of maxillaarticulate with nasal surface of maxilla..
--extend to floor of nasal cavityextend to floor of nasal cavity..
--it is largest of 3 meatusit is largest of 3 meatus..
--naso lacrimal ductnaso lacrimal duct open drainexcess tear from eye.open drainexcess tear from eye.
Duct open 2cm . behind nostrilDuct open 2cm . behind nostril..
Nerve supply of lateral wallNerve supply of lateral wall:-:-
11--anterior superior by anterior ethmaidal nanterior superior by anterior ethmaidal n..
22--anterior inferior by anterior superior alveolaranterior inferior by anterior superior alveolar..
33--posterior superior by posterior lateral nasal nerveposterior superior by posterior lateral nasal nerve
branch of maxilla nervebranch of maxilla nerve..
44--posretior inferior by greater palatine nerveposretior inferior by greater palatine nerve..

24. RoofRoof:-:-
11--frontal bonefrontal bone..
22--ethmaid boneethmaid bone..
33--sphenoid bonesphenoid bone..
--Horizontal partHorizontal part : - cribriform plate of ethmaid bone: - cribriform plate of ethmaid bone..
--Anterior sloping partAnterior sloping part : 1- nasal spine of frontal bone: 1- nasal spine of frontal bone
22--nasal bonenasal bone
33--nasal cartilagenasal cartilage
--Posterior sloping partPosterior sloping part : - body of sphenoid and on each sphenoid: - body of sphenoid and on each sphenoid
sinussinus..
--Nerve supply : - by 1st cranial nerve ( i.e. the olfactory nerveNerve supply : - by 1st cranial nerve ( i.e. the olfactory nerve).).
--Blood supply : - anterior and posterior ethmaided arteiesBlood supply : - anterior and posterior ethmaided arteies..
FloorFloor:-:-
--palatine process of maxillapalatine process of maxilla..
--horizontal plate of palatine bone nerve supply by longhorizontal plate of palatine bone nerve supply by long
sphenopalatine nerve and anterior ethmaidal nervesphenopalatine nerve and anterior ethmaidal nerve..

25. Medial wall (nasal septumMedial wall (nasal septum(:-(:-
--Extend between roof and floorExtend between roof and floor..
--Formed by : - 2 bonesFormed by : - 2 bones
--cartilagecartilage
11--VomerVomer :- extend from inferior surface of sphenoid bone:- extend from inferior surface of sphenoid bone..
22--Prependicular plate of ethmaidPrependicular plate of ethmaid which continuous above withwhich continuous above with
cribriform plate of ethmaidcribriform plate of ethmaid..
33--Septal cartilageSeptal cartilage is in between two boneis in between two bone..
****septal cartilage grooved on each side by long sphenopalatineseptal cartilage grooved on each side by long sphenopalatine
vesselsvessels..
Nerve supply of nasal septumNerve supply of nasal septum::
Anterior superior part by anterior ethmaid nerveAnterior superior part by anterior ethmaid nerve
Posterior inferior part by sphenopalatine nervePosterior inferior part by sphenopalatine nerve..

34. Venous drainage of nasal mucosaVenous drainage of nasal mucosa:-:-
--form rich venous network or plexus in nasalform rich venous network or plexus in nasal
mucosa especially in inferior part of septummucosa especially in inferior part of septum..
--some of vein open into sphenopalatine vien andsome of vein open into sphenopalatine vien and
drain to pterygoid venous plexusdrain to pterygoid venous plexus..
--other join the facial vein and some empty intoother join the facial vein and some empty into
ophthmlic vein and drain into cavernousophthmlic vein and drain into cavernous
sinussinus..

36. The Para nasal sinusesThe Para nasal sinuses
Reasons for presence of these sinusesReasons for presence of these sinuses:-:-
--make skull lightermake skull lighter
--help the resonance of voicehelp the resonance of voice
Development of sinusesDevelopment of sinuses:-:-
--develop after birth as diverticular from nasal cavitydevelop after birth as diverticular from nasal cavity..
--fully developed until pubertyfully developed until puberty..
--fined by ciliated columnar mucous epitheliumfined by ciliated columnar mucous epithelium..
Frontal sinusesFrontal sinuses:-:-
--above orbitabove orbit..
--variable in sizevariable in size..
--usually asymmetricalusually asymmetrical..
--open into middle meatusopen into middle meatus..
--related to anterior cranial fossa posteriorlyrelated to anterior cranial fossa posteriorly..
--orbital , nasal cavities related inferiorly to sinusorbital , nasal cavities related inferiorly to sinus..
--innervated by supra orbital ,and supratrchlar nerveinnervated by supra orbital ,and supratrchlar nerve..

40. Ethmoidal sinus or air cellsEthmoidal sinus or air cells:-:-
--These are numerous spaces located within the labyrinthThese are numerous spaces located within the labyrinth
of ethmoid boneof ethmoid bone..
--They are 3 groups of air cells, according to locationThey are 3 groups of air cells, according to location,,
Anterior ethmoidal sinusAnterior ethmoidal sinus :- hiatus semilunaris:- hiatus semilunaris..
Middle ethmoidal sinusMiddle ethmoidal sinus :- bulla-ethmoid:- bulla-ethmoid
Posterior ethmoidal sinusPosterior ethmoidal sinus:- superior meatus:- superior meatus..
InnervationInnervation:-:-
--Anterior ethmoidalAnterior ethmoidal
{ :-{ :-anterior ethmoidal nerveanterior ethmoidal nerve..
Middle ethmoidalMiddle ethmoidal
Posterior ethmoidal :- posterior ethmoidal nervePosterior ethmoidal :- posterior ethmoidal nerve..--

44. Sphenoidal air sinusSphenoidal air sinus:-:-
--lies within the body of sphenoidlies within the body of sphenoid..
--two in number , unequal in size separated from each other by antwo in number , unequal in size separated from each other by an
irregular septumirregular septum..
--related torelated to pituitary fossapituitary fossa superiorly and middle cranial fossa laterallysuperiorly and middle cranial fossa laterally..
--innervated by posterior ethmoidal nerveinnervated by posterior ethmoidal nerve..
--open into sphenoethmoidal recessopen into sphenoethmoidal recess , which located above superior, which located above superior
concharconchar..
Maxillary sinusMaxillary sinus:-:-
--largest of all paranasal sinuslargest of all paranasal sinus..
--cone-shaped , located within body of maxillacone-shaped , located within body of maxilla
--it hasit has:-:-
Roof :-Roof :- formed by orbital surface of maxillaformed by orbital surface of maxilla..
Floor:-Floor:- formed by alveolar process of maxillaformed by alveolar process of maxilla..
Base:-Base:- formed by medial surface of maxillaformed by medial surface of maxilla..
Lateral wall:-Lateral wall:- formed by lateral surface of maxillaformed by lateral surface of maxilla..
Posterior wall:-Posterior wall:- formed by posterior surface of maxillaformed by posterior surface of maxilla..

45. CavitiesCavities :-:- related to the sinus arerelated to the sinus are
11--orbit :- rooforbit :- roof
22--nasal cavity :- basenasal cavity :- base
33--infratemporal and sphenopalatine fossa :- posterior wall ofinfratemporal and sphenopalatine fossa :- posterior wall of
sinussinus..
44--canine fossa :- anterior wall of sinuscanine fossa :- anterior wall of sinus..
InnervationInnervation:-:-
RoofRoof :- infraorbital nerve:- infraorbital nerve..
BaseBase :- anterior ethmoidal nerve:- anterior ethmoidal nerve..
Posterior wallPosterior wall :- posterior superior dental nerve:- posterior superior dental nerve..
FloorFloor :- greater palatine nerve:- greater palatine nerve..
Lateral wallLateral wall :- anterior superior dental nerve:- anterior superior dental nerve..
****Blood supply is corresponding to nerve , but venousBlood supply is corresponding to nerve , but venous
drainage is to pterygoid venous plexusdrainage is to pterygoid venous plexus..
****It open to hiatus semilunaris , middle meatus of nose butIt open to hiatus semilunaris , middle meatus of nose but
unfortunately the opening as at the top of sinusunfortunately the opening as at the top of sinus..

46. THE ENDTHE END