Nucleic Acid Based Therapeutic Delivery System.pptxRAHUL PAL
Therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs) are nucleic acids themselves or closely related compounds used to treat disease. Although various types of TNAs exist, they share a common mechanism of action that is mediated by sequence‐specific recognition of endogenous nucleic acids through Watson–Crick base pairing 7.
What are the advantages of nucleic acid based therapeutics?
The major advantage of nucleic acid-based therapeutics lies in the fact that they can be used to accurately target a tumor or tissue, then have a specific therapeutic protein, biologic, or immune engager expressed only at the site of interest.
Nucleic acid based therapeutic drug delivery systemtadisriteja9
Nucleic acid based Drug delivery system is one of the trending research area, which i have taken and made as Powerpoint for easy and quick learning purpose
Nucleic Acid Based Therapeutic Delivery System.pptxRAHUL PAL
Therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs) are nucleic acids themselves or closely related compounds used to treat disease. Although various types of TNAs exist, they share a common mechanism of action that is mediated by sequence‐specific recognition of endogenous nucleic acids through Watson–Crick base pairing 7.
What are the advantages of nucleic acid based therapeutics?
The major advantage of nucleic acid-based therapeutics lies in the fact that they can be used to accurately target a tumor or tissue, then have a specific therapeutic protein, biologic, or immune engager expressed only at the site of interest.
Nucleic acid based therapeutic drug delivery systemtadisriteja9
Nucleic acid based Drug delivery system is one of the trending research area, which i have taken and made as Powerpoint for easy and quick learning purpose
Definition, Gene therapy, types of gene therapy, germline gene therapy, somatic cell gene therapy, basic process of gene therapy and potential targets for gene therapy.
This will provide you the introduction about the tumor, its Anatomy & Physiology,How they are monitored?, Classification and grades of tumor, Tumor Targeting Techniques, strategies and Principles. Also provide you some examples of Marketed products.
Targeted drug delivery systems, tdds, biological processes involved in targeted drug delivery system, brain targeted drug delivery system, tumour targeted drug delivery system.
Nanoparticles, types, preparation and evaluation ppt.pptxmanjureddy62
This ppt consists of information related to nanoparticles, their types and preparation and evaluation. it also consists of questions from the previous years exams conducted by RGUHS (Karnataka) university. Targeted drug delivery.
Definition, Gene therapy, types of gene therapy, germline gene therapy, somatic cell gene therapy, basic process of gene therapy and potential targets for gene therapy.
This will provide you the introduction about the tumor, its Anatomy & Physiology,How they are monitored?, Classification and grades of tumor, Tumor Targeting Techniques, strategies and Principles. Also provide you some examples of Marketed products.
Targeted drug delivery systems, tdds, biological processes involved in targeted drug delivery system, brain targeted drug delivery system, tumour targeted drug delivery system.
Nanoparticles, types, preparation and evaluation ppt.pptxmanjureddy62
This ppt consists of information related to nanoparticles, their types and preparation and evaluation. it also consists of questions from the previous years exams conducted by RGUHS (Karnataka) university. Targeted drug delivery.
Hi, I am RAFi ,student of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Jashore university of science & Technology. It is my first uploading slide in slideshare.I am so glad for doing this work.
The direct microinjection of DNA into the cytoplasm or nuclei of cultured cells is sometimes used as a transfection method. It is highly efficient at the level of individual cells. The most significant use of this technique is introduction of DNA into the oocytes, eggs and embryos of animals, either for transient expression analysis (e.g. in fish or Xenopus) or to generate transgenic animals (e.g. mice, Drosophilathis). The procedure is time consuming and only a small number of cells can be treated. Originally, this technique was used for the transformation of cells that were resistant to any other method of transfection. Stable transfection efficiencies are extremely high, in the order of 20%, and very small quantities of DNA are sufficient.
This technique provides direct nuclear delivery of DNA avoiding the endogenous pathway and also ensures that the DNA is delivered intact. Microinjection is suitable for the introduction of large vectors such as YACs into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs. DNA delivered in this manner must be very pure so it needs a lot of preparation as it is necessary to avoid fragmentation. Shearing can also occur in the delivery needle, and large DNA fragments are often protected by suspension in a high salt buffer and/or mixing with polyamines and other protective agents. Now transfection of cultured cells is automated with computer-controlled micromanipulation and microinjection processes as well as the automated production of injection capillaries and the standardization of cell preparation procedure.
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery SystemSimranDhiman12
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Permeation enhancers are substances that reduce the skin barrier's ability to make skin more permeable and allow drug molecules to cross the skin at a faster rate
advantages and disadvantages
types of penetration enhancers
techniques
physical and chemical enhancers
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. INTRODUCTION
GENE EXPRESSION
It is the process by which a gene’s DNA sequence is converted into the
structures and functions of a cell.
Non-protein coding genes are not translated into protein.
Gene expression refers to a complex series of processes in which the
information encoded in a gene is used to produce a functional product such
as a protein that dictates cell function.
Genetic information, chemically determined by DNA structure is transferred
to daughter cells by DNA replication and expressed by Transcription
followed by Translation.
3. WHAT IS GENE THERAPY?
Gene therapy is an Experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent
disease.
Basically gene therapy is an intracellular delivery of genomic materials
(transgene) into specific cells to generate a therapeutic effect by correcting
an existing abnormality or providing the cells with a new function.
4. GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES
Based on the vectors used the gene transfer techniques can be divided as
1. Viral methods
2. Non Viral methods
6. PHYSICAL METHODS
Physical methods applied for in vitro and in vivo gene delivery are based on
making transient penetration in cell membrane by mechanical, electrical,
ultrasonic, hydrodynamic, or laser-based energy so that DNA entrance
into the targeted cells is facilitated.
7.
8. NAKED DNA
Simplest method of non-viral transfection
Expression rate is very low as compared to other methods.
Naked DNA alone is able to transfer a gene (2–19 kb) into skin,
thymus, cardiac muscle, and especially skeletal muscle and liver
cells when directly injected.
Only possible for certain tissues. Requires large amount of DNA.
Different methods like Electroporation,Sonoporation and the use
of a “gene gun”, can be used for direct injection of Naked DNA.
Although naked DNA injection is a safe and simple method, its
efficiency for gene delivery is low so it is only proper for some
applications, such as DNA vaccination.
9. DNA PARTICLE BOMBARDANT BY
GENE GUN
DNA particle bombardant by gene gun is an ideal alternative
technique to injection of naked DNA.
Gold or tungsten spherical particles (1–3 µm diameter) are coated
with plasmid DNA and then accelerated to high speed by pressurized
gas to penetrate into target tissue cells.
It is a modification of a technique called “biolistic,” originally
developed for plant transgenesis, but now used for in vitro and in
vivo gene delivery into mammalian cells too,such as skin, mucosa,
or surgically exposed tissue and for DNA-based immunization or
vaccination.
10.
11. ELECTROPORTION
It is a method that uses short pulses of high voltage to carry DNA across the cell
membrane and this shock causes temporary formation of pores in the cell
membrane, allowing DNA molecules to pass through.
Causes a high rate of cell death following electroporation has limited its use,
including clinical applications
A newer method of electroporation, termed electron-avalanche transfection, has
been used in gene therapy experiments. By using a high-voltage plasma discharge,
DNA was efficiently delivered following very short (microsecond) pulses.
Compared to electroporation, the technique resulted in greatly increased efficiency
and less cellular damage.
Electroporation has been used in vivo for many types of tissues, such as skin,
muscle, lung, HGPRT gene delivery, and tumor treatment.
12.
13. SONOPORATION
Sonoporation uses ultrasonic frequencies to deliver DNA into cells.
The process of acoustic cavitation is thought to disrupt the cell membrane and
allow DNA to move into cells.
Ultrasound can make some nanomeric pores in membrane to facilitate
intracellular delivery of DNA particles into cells of internal organs or tumors.
The ultrasound wave’s cavitate the micro bubble within the microcirculation
of target tissue, that result in deposition of targeted transfection of therapeutic
gene.
14. Micro bubbles are composed of gas filled core [air/nitrogen/inert
gas) with high molecular weight such as per fluorocarbon or
sulfur hexafluoride .The outer shell consists of biocompatible
compounds like lipids, proteins or synthetic biopolymers
Generally used in brain, cornea, kidney, peritoneal cavity, and
muscle and heart tissues.
15. MAGNETOFECTION
Magnetofection is a simple and efficient transfection method.
In this method the magnetic fields are used to concentrate particles containing
nucleic acid into the target cells.
In this way, the magnetic force allows a very rapid concentration of the entire
applied vector dose onto cells, so that 100% of the cells get in contact with a
significant vector dose.
Magnetofection has been adapted to all types of nucleic acids (DNA, siRNA,
dsRNA, mRNA), nonviral transfection systems (transfection reagents) and
viruses.
16. HYDRODYNAMIC DELIVERY
Hydrodynamic is a simple and highly efficient method for direct intracellular delivery of any
water-soluble compounds and particles into internal organs.
It is also called as Hydroporation.
The technique uses hydrodynamic pressure to penetrate the cell membrane.
Hydrodynamic pressure is created by injecting large volume DNA solution in a fraction of
time.
This creates increased permeability of capillary endothelium and forms pores in plasma
membrane.
The therapeutic gene of interest can reach the cell through these pores.
This method has been successful for gene delivery into rodent liver and expression of
hemophilia factors cytokines, erythropoietin, and hepatic growth factors, in mouse and rat.
17. CHEMICAL NONVIRAL DELIVERY
SYSTEMS
Chemical systems are more common than physical methods and generally are
nanomeric complexes, which include compaction of negatively charged nucleic
acid by polycationic nanomeric particles, belonging to cationic
liposome/micelle or cationic polymers.
18. OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
To inactivate genes involved in disease process.
Different approaches are used for Oligonucleotides based Gene Therapy.
1. Using antisense specific to the target gene which disrupts the transcription
of faulty genes.
2. By Using siRNA small molecules of RNA) to signal the cell to cleave
specific sequences in the mRNA transcript of the faulty genes which
results in disruption of translation.
Eg. Fomivirsen, Mipomersen
19. LIPOSOMES
It is an artificially prepared spherical vesicle made up of lipid bilayer.
DNA is encapsulated within liposome.
Can carry any size of DNA fragment.
Liposome easily enters the cell membrane and delivers the genes to the
target cell.
It does not cause an immune response.
This method is less efficient.
20. CATIONIC LIPOSOMES
Cationic liposomes are more important current non viral polycationic systems,
which compact negatively charged nucleic acids lead to the formation of
nanomeric complexes.
Cationic liposomes have unique characteristics: Capability incorporate
hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, Low toxicity and no activation of immune
system.
Targeted delivery of active compounds to the site of action.
Cationic liposomes are being used in
gene delivery into lung,
skeletal muscles, spleen, kidney, liver, testis, heart and skin cells.
21.
22. LIPOPLEXES
Cationic Lipids due to their positive charge, were first used
to condense negatively charged DNA molecules so as to
facilitate the encapsulation of DNA into liposomes.
Cationic lipids significantly enhanced the stability of
lipoplexes.
Cationic liposomes interact with the cell membrane, and was
widely believed as the major route by which cells uptake
lipoplexes.
The most common use of lipoplexes has been in gene transfer
into cancer cells.
23. POLYMEROSOMES
Polymerosomes are synthetic versions of liposomes (vesicles with a lipid
bilayer), made of amphiphillic block copolymers.
They can encapsulate either hydrophilic or hydrophobic contents and can be
used to deliver DNA, proteins, or drugs to cells.
Advantages of polymersomes over liposomes include
greater stability,
mechanical strength,
blood circulation time, and
storage capacity.
24. POLYPLEXES
Complexes of polymers with DNA are called polyplexes.
Most polyplexes consist of cationic polymers and their fabrication
is based on self-assembly by ionic interactions.
Difference between polyplexes and lipoplexes is that polyplexes
cannot directly release their DNA load into the cytoplasm.
As a result, co-transfection with endosome-lytic agents such as
inactivated adenovirus was required to facilitate nanoparticle
escape from the endocytic vesicle made during particle uptake.
However, Polyethyleneimine and chitosan show proton sponge
effect, in disruption of endosomes and there is no need of
transfection by adenoviruses.
25. DENDRIMERS
A dendrimer is a highly branched macromolecules
with a spherical shape.
It is possible to construct a cationic dendrimer, i.e.
one with a positive surface charge
DNA or RNA with opposite charge binds with
cationic dendrimer.
On reaching its destination the dendrimer nucleic
acid complex is then taken into the cell via
endocytosis.