Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation refers to nitrogen fixation by microorganisms that live independently in soil and aquatic environments. Key microorganisms that can fix nitrogen this way include species from the genera Azotobacter, Clostridium, Klebsiella, cyanobacteria, and some fungi. Azotobacter is a common soil bacterium that can fix significant amounts of nitrogen aerobically using the nitrogenase enzyme. Cyanobacteria also fix nitrogen, with some genera like Nostoc forming specialized cells called heterocysts that protect the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their significanceRitaSomPaul
A part of Botany (Hons) syllabus in Mycopathology illustrates the basic differnces in ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae as well as their significance
biological nitrogen fixation, which is carried out by diazotrophs, has been dealt with in this slideshare. it involves the mechanism involved and various factors involved therein.
this lesson explains the basic biochemical/biological process behind Nitrogen fixation by microorganism which could be symbiotic or non symbiotic/free living in mechanism.
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
INTRODUCTION
Phosphate SOLUBILIZERS are a group of beneficial micro-organisms capable of breaking down of organic and inorganic insoluble phosphorous compounds to soluble P form that can easily be assimilated by plants.
Phosphorous (P) is a major growth-limiting nutrient, Plants acquire phosphorus from soil solution as phosphate anion.
TYPES
MECHANISM
ISOLATION
INOCULANT PRODUCTION
INOCULANT APPLICATION
ROLE OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their significanceRitaSomPaul
A part of Botany (Hons) syllabus in Mycopathology illustrates the basic differnces in ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae as well as their significance
biological nitrogen fixation, which is carried out by diazotrophs, has been dealt with in this slideshare. it involves the mechanism involved and various factors involved therein.
this lesson explains the basic biochemical/biological process behind Nitrogen fixation by microorganism which could be symbiotic or non symbiotic/free living in mechanism.
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
INTRODUCTION
Phosphate SOLUBILIZERS are a group of beneficial micro-organisms capable of breaking down of organic and inorganic insoluble phosphorous compounds to soluble P form that can easily be assimilated by plants.
Phosphorous (P) is a major growth-limiting nutrient, Plants acquire phosphorus from soil solution as phosphate anion.
TYPES
MECHANISM
ISOLATION
INOCULANT PRODUCTION
INOCULANT APPLICATION
ROLE OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
Nitrogen is a universally occurring element in all living beings.
It is a predominant element, present in nucleic acid, alkaloids, some vitamins and chlorophyll pigments of the plants.
Thus, nitrogen plays a very important and fundamental role in metabolism, growth, reproduction, and heredity
Nitrogen is important element of life. In importance it comes only next to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The composition of protein, nucleic acid, growth hormones, and vitamins requires Nitrogen. Leaves consist of about 1 to 15% nitrogen of their dry weight but lesser % in another vegetative organ.
• The N2 is present in the atmosphere, in the form of gas. It is about 78%.
• Green plants unable to use this N2 directly in their metabolism. Only some micro-organism can convert this N2 gas directly into organic form.
• The N2 present in the soil is called soil nitrogen. The plants growing in the soil, mainly utilize the soil N2 for their metabolic requirements.
• In the soil the nitrogen is present in the form of nitrate nitrogen (NO3, NO2), ammonia nitrogen (ammonia, ammonium salt), organic nitrogen and molecular nitrogen (N2).
• The converging of the free nitrogen, by natural or physical process is called nitrogen fixation… when any biological system is involved in this process, then it is called as biological nitrogen fixation……
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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2. • The Fixation of free nitrogen of the soil by all those micro-
organisms living freely or outside the cell is called as non-symbiotic
biological N2 fixation.
•
• heterotrophic bacteria which reside in ground soil and are able for
fixation of significant levels of nitrogen without the direct interaction
with other beings.
• Examples for this type of nitrogen-fixing bacteria include species of
Azotobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium,and Klebsiella.
Non Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
3. • Non symbiotic (Asymbiotic) Nitrogen fixation refers to all Biological
Nitrogen Fixation undertaken by microbial cells growing
independently in soil, terrestial, and aquatic wetland environments as
saprophytes
4.
5. The Groups of Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing
Microorganisms
A. Organotrophic bacteria, including
(a) the aerobic Azotobacter
(b) the anaerobic Clostridium butyricum and some related species.
B. Photolithotrophic organisms including
(a) many types of blue-green algae
(b) purple sulfur- and nonsulfur-bacteria which are probably of minor
importance under soil conditions
6. C.Free living chemosynthetic bacteria: Thiobacillus
Desulfovibro
D.Cyanobacteria or Blue green algae:
a]Heterocyst bearing: Nostoc, Anabaena, Rivularia,
Calothrix.
b]Non-Heterocyst : Oscillatoria, Gloeocapsa, Lyngbya,
Plectonema.
E. Free living Fungi: Yeasts and Pullularia
7. Azotobacter
• Gram-negative, oval or spherical bacteria
• Aerobic and free-living soil bacteria
• Form thick-walled cysts, multiple species produce large amounts of
capsular slime
• Around six species present, some of which are motile by means of
peritrichous flagella
• Usually found in neutral to alkaline soils, wate, and in close
association with other plants in their rhizosphere
8. • Sensitive to acidic pH, high salts, and temperature
• Model organism for the study of diazotrophs (esp. asymbiotic
itrogen fixers)
• First species of Azotobacter (Azotobacter chroococcum)
discovered by the Dutch scientist Martinus Beijerinchk
• Azotobacter species are mostly free-living nitrogen fixers (some
live in close association with plants)
9. Azotobacter - Nitrogen
Fixation
• Azotobacter species have a full range of enzymes needed to perform
the nitrogen fixation:
• ferredoxin, hydrogenase, and an important enzyme nitrogenase
• The process of nitrogen fixation requires an influx of energy in the form
of ATP
• Nitrogen fixation is highly sensitive to the presence of oxygen, so
Azotobacter developed a special defensive mechanism against oxygen
• Formation of an alginate capsule in the cell surface forms an effective
barrier for 02 transfer into the cell
10. • Azotobacter -
Nitrogenase
• Nitrogenase is the most important enzyme involved in nitrogen fixation
• Azotobacter species have several types of nitrogenase. The basic one is
molybdenum-iron nitrogenase
• An alternative type contains vanadium; it is independent of molybdenum
ions and is more active than the Mo-Fe nitrogenase at low temperatures
• Vanadium is present in V-nitrogenase in a vanadium and iron-
containing protein (the V-fe protein)
11. • VFe proteins contains vanadium in an environment with iron, suphur
and oxygen (or nitrogen or carbon) as nearest neighbour atoms, very
similar to the environment of Molybdenum in the iron and
molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) centre of the MoFe proteins
• Synthesis of nitrogenase is controlled by the nif genes
12. Azospirillum
• Gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria
• highly motile
• Utilize glucose, lactate, succinate, fructose, malate, pyruvate, fumarate as
• carbon source
• N sources utilized by Azospirillum:
• Ammonium, Nitrate, Amino acids ,Elemental N (N2)
• 1925, one microaerophillic organisms having spiral shaped was
isolated byBejeirinck and named as “Spirillum lipoferum” from
grasses
13. Azospirillum - Nitrogen Fixation
• Azospirillum can convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium under
microaerobic conditions at
• low nitrogen levels, through the action of the nitrogenase complex.
• This enzyme is built from two components:
• 1 dinitrogenase protein (MoFe protein, NifDK),which contains a
molybdenum-iron cofactor,it is the site of N2 reduction;
• 2.dinitrogenase reductase protein (Fe protein, NifH) transfers
electrons from an electron donor to the nitrogenase protein
• Azospirillum only fixes nitrogen in microaerobic N-limiting conditions
14. • nitrogenase enzyme complex is very sensitive to oxygen, biological N2
fixation is tightly regulated
15. Cyanobacteria are often called "blue-green algae"
• They are Prokaryotic organisms, multicelullar organisms have more
types of cells
• They live in water and therefore we call them aquatic organisms.
• Specific blue green In colour
• They produce OXYGEN becouse Obtain energy through Photo
synthesis
• Have chlorophyll a, and photosystems I and II that allow them to
perform oxygenic photosynthesis
• Use the pentose phosphate pathway for carbohydrate metabolism
•
Cyanobacteri
a
16. A. Cyanobacteria that can fix N2 aerobically
1.Cyanobacteria that separate N2 fixation from oxygenic
photosynthesis in space.
*Includes heterocystous genera, for example, Anabaena
2.Cyanobacteria that separate N2fixation from oxygenic
photosynthesis in time.>*Includes non-heterocystous genera, such as
Gloeothece, Cyanothece and Lyngbya
3.Cyanobacteria that separate N2 fixation from oxygenic
photosynthesis both in space and in time.
*Includes non-heterocystous genera, such as Trichodesmium and
Katagnymen
Nitrogen fixer Cyanobacteria
17. B Cyanobacteria that can fix only N2 either anaerobically or
microaerobically
Many non-heterocystous cyanobacteria,for example
Plectonemaboryanum
18. Cynanobacterial Nitrogen fixation by
Heterocyst
• The Heterocyst is the site for cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation which is
an enlarged cell.
• In the process of cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation, hydrogen gas is
also evolved as a by product
• Heterocyst is made up of 3 different cell wall layers- the outer fibrous
and middle homogenous layers are made up of non-cellulose
polysaccharide. the inner laminated laver is made up of glycolipids.
•
19. • Heterocysts protect nitrogenase from inactivation by O2 by
• several mechanisms, including a high rate of respiration and
decreased
• permeability to O2. Heterocysts do
• not evolve O2 and cannot fix CO2,
20. • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00552.x
Reference
• Ohyama T, editor. Advances in biology and ecology of nitrogen fixation.
BoD–Books on Demand; 2014 Jan 29.
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-
molecular-biology/diazotroph
• Steenhoudt, Oda, and Jos Vanderleyden. "Azospirillum, a free-living
nitrogen-fixing bacterium closely associated with grasses: genetic,
biochemical and ecological aspects." FEMS microbiology reviews 24.4
(2000): 487-506.