neurosurgery.Cns infection.(dr.ali o. sadoon)
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Brain death is defined as the total and irreversible loss of function of the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem. To diagnose brain death, reversible causes of coma must first be excluded. Tests are then performed to check for the absence of motor responses and reflexes in the cranial nerve distribution, as well as the absence of respiration without life support. Brain death means life support is no longer useful as the patient has passed, and is a prerequisite for organ donation. In adults, the main causes are head trauma and subarachnoid hemorrhage, while in children abuse is more common than accidents.
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This document discusses infections in neurosurgery, including:
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1. Hemiplegia is defined as weakness or paralysis of one side of the body caused by an upper motor neuron lesion above C5 in the pyramidal motor pathway.
2. Common causes of hemiplegia include vascular (85% ischemic, 15% hemorrhagic), tumors, head injuries, demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis, and metabolic disorders.
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3) Treatment depends on the severity and progression of the curvature and may involve bracing, casting, or surgery to correct or prevent worsening of the deformity.
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It describes the formation of the brachial plexus from the cervical nerve roots and its divisions. Injuries can be preganglionic or postganglionic, and include traction injuries, avulsions or lacerations. Clinical exam focuses on assessing motor and sensory deficits. Investigations include imaging like MRI/CT, myelography and EMG/NCV to localize the lesion. Seddon's classification is used to describe the severity of injury.
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The craniovertebral junction refers to the occiput, atlas, and axis vertebrae and their articulations and ligaments. It is a complex anatomical region forming the transition between the skull and cervical spine. Common craniovertebral junction anomalies include occipitalization of the atlas, basilar invagination, atlantoaxial dislocation, and dens dysplasia. These anomalies can be developmental, post-traumatic, or acquired. Imaging studies including X-rays, CT, MRI are used to classify and evaluate the anomalies. Treatment may involve surgery such as fusion if the anomaly causes spinal cord compression.
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This document describes the case of an 8-year-old boy who presented with 6 months of headaches and 1 month of gait disturbance. After examination, MRI revealed a posterior fossa midline neoplastic lesion involving the right cerebellum and compressing the fourth ventricle, causing hydrocephalus. The diagnosis was medulloblastoma with hydrocephalus. The patient underwent VP shunt placement for hydrocephalus and then midline suboccipital craniectomy for tumor resection. Outcomes and complications of the surgery are discussed.
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This document discusses central nervous system (CNS) infections such as meningitis and encephalitis. It defines the conditions and outlines their typical causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing including lumbar puncture, and treatment considerations. The most common types of bacterial meningitis are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Diagnosis involves imaging, blood and cerebrospinal fluid testing and analysis.
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This document discusses various bony and soft tissue anomalies of the craniocervical junction that can cause compression of the brainstem and spinal cord. It outlines different classification systems and measurement lines used to evaluate these anomalies on imaging. Common anomalies discussed include platybasia, basilar invagination, occipito-atlantal fusion, Arnold-Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. Clinical features and approaches to management are also summarized.
Transverse myelitis
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sphenoid wing meningiomas
This document discusses olfactory groove meningiomas. It describes their location in the anterior cranial fossa near the olfactory nerves. It outlines their typical presentation with long-standing headaches and anosmia. Imaging shows well-defined enhancing masses. Preoperative embolization is described as a safe option to reduce blood loss during surgery. Complete resection is the goal but recurrence can occur due to direct invasion or incomplete resection. Complications include CSF leakage, vascular injury, and seizures.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by external forces that impact or rapidly accelerate/decelerate the head. This can lead to primary injuries like contusions or hematomas from impact, or diffuse axonal injury from acceleration/deceleration forces. Secondary injuries may occur hours or days later and involve processes like cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, and reduced cerebral blood flow. The goals of management are to prevent secondary injuries by maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure and minimizing intracranial pressure increases through monitoring, treatment of complications, and other interventions.
The congenital and acquired diseases of spine
1) The document discusses the anatomy and structure of the spine as well as common spinal deformities like scoliosis.
2) Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine that is usually accompanied by some rotational deformity. It can be classified based on cause and location.
3) Treatment depends on the severity and progression of the curvature and may involve bracing, casting, or surgery to correct or prevent worsening of the deformity.
INTRAMEDULLARY TUMOR OF SPINAL CORD
Intramedullary spinal cord tumor is the rare condition demanding high index of suspicion in diagnosis and high yield surgical expertise to produce good outcome.
Herniation Syndromes
Cerebral herniation occurs when brain tissue shifts from its normal position inside the skull due to swelling. This is usually caused by head injury, stroke, bleeding or tumors. There are several types of herniation including subfalcine, transtentorial, uncal, and cerebellar tonsillar herniation. Management involves reducing intracranial pressure through surgical removal of mass lesions, ventricular drainage, medical therapies like hyperventilation, hyperosmotic agents, induced hypertension, barbiturate coma or hypothermia, and in severe cases decompressive craniectomy. The condition progresses through stages as herniation worsens and involves specific neurological exam findings at each stage.
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Brain abscesses occur when bacteria or other microorganisms infect the brain tissue. They are usually caused by infections that have spread from other areas of the body, such as the ears, sinuses, or lungs. Common symptoms include headache, fever, nausea, and seizures. Diagnosis involves CT or MRI scans of the brain. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 6-8 weeks along with surgical drainage or resection of the abscess when possible.
A Case of Chorea following ASV
The document describes a case of a 14-year old boy who developed abnormal movements and weakness following treatment for snake bite with anti-venom serum (ASV). MRI later revealed lesions in the basal ganglia. He was diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) caused by an immune response to the anti-venom. Steroid treatment improved his symptoms and he recovered fully after 3 months. ADEM is an inflammatory demyelinating condition that can be triggered by infections or vaccines and presents with polyneurological symptoms.
Head injury: A serious surgical problem.
Head injuries top the list of trauma patienrts coming to the casualty. The condition has to be immediately assessed and investigated. Depending upon the findings prompt medical or neurosurgical treatment has to be administered.
Extradural hemorrhage by Momen
Extradural hematoma, also known as epidural hematoma, is a collection of blood between the skull and the dura mater. It typically results from arterial bleeding, usually from the middle meningeal artery. Presentation includes an initial loss of consciousness followed by a lucid interval and then deterioration in consciousness. Treatment involves prompt surgery if signs of mass effect or herniation are present. Surgical evacuation aims to remove the clot and achieve hemostasis to prevent reaccumulation. Outcomes are generally good if diagnosed and treated quickly, but mortality increases with delay in treatment or presence of additional intracranial injuries.
head tr.pptx
"Trouma" is not a term or concept that I am familiar with. It's possible that you might be referring to something specific or using a term from a different context. Could you please provide more information or clarify your question?
Brain biopsy
This document discusses brain biopsies, including their history, indications, and procedure. Brain biopsies are used to determine the cause of diffuse or multifocal brain diseases when the specific diagnosis cannot be established by other means. Key indications include infections, vasculitides, pediatric neurodegenerative diseases, and atypical dementias. The procedure involves making a burr hole in the skull under general anesthesia and removing a small sample of brain tissue for analysis. Potential complications include hemorrhage, swelling, neurological deficits, seizures, and infections. A multidisciplinary team approach is recommended for planning and evaluating brain biopsies.
87801 article text-217748-1-10-20130425
This document discusses the approach to patients presenting with neurosurgical emergencies. It begins by outlining the important components of the history and physical examination for these patients. Key aspects include a detailed history of presenting events, past medical history, medications, and focused neurological examination including vital signs, mental status, cranial nerves, and motor function. Common neurosurgical emergency presentations like altered mental status, headache, and pituitary apoplexy are then reviewed in terms of typical history, exam findings, important diagnostic tests, and initial management steps. Overall it provides guidance on evaluating and initially stabilizing patients with potential acute neurological conditions.
87801 article text-217748-1-10-20130425 (1)
This document discusses the approach to patients presenting with neurosurgical emergencies. It begins by outlining the important components of the history and physical examination for these patients. Key aspects include a detailed history of presenting events, past medical history, medications, and focused neurological examination including vital signs, mental status, cranial nerves, and motor function. Common neurosurgical emergency presentations like altered mental status, headache, and pituitary apoplexy are then reviewed in terms of typical history, exam findings, important diagnostic tests, and initial management steps. Overall it provides guidance on evaluating and initially stabilizing patients with time-sensitive neurological conditions.
Decompressive Craniectomy in Traumatic Brain Injury A Review Article.pptx
Decompressive craniectomy is a surgical procedure to relieve elevated intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury patients. Several clinical studies have evaluated outcomes of decompressive craniectomy. The DECRA trial found that decompressive craniectomy decreased intracranial pressure and ICU stay but was associated with more unfavorable outcomes. The RESCUEicp trial found no significant difference in outcomes between medical management and decompressive craniectomy. The STITCH trial found that early surgery for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage led to fewer unfavorable outcomes compared to initial conservative treatment.
Initial Management of the Trauma Patient II.pptx
The document provides information on performing a secondary assessment on a trauma patient. It focuses on assessing injuries to the head and skull, as well as the chest. For the head, it describes examining for lacerations, fractures, neurological changes, and signs of increased intracranial pressure. CT scans are useful for diagnosing brain injuries and hemorrhages. Chest injuries can involve fractures, lung issues, and mediastinal injuries. Vital signs, respiratory status, and neurological functions should be monitored for changes.
Nursing Care: Meningitis and encephalitis
This document discusses meningitis and encephalitis. It begins with objectives for students to learn about anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system, definitions of meningitis and encephalitis, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, prevention, and medical management. It then covers topics like anatomy of the brain and spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, blood-brain barrier, classifications of meningitis, pathophysiology of meningitis and encephalitis, clinical signs of meningitis like headache and rash, diagnostic findings from cultures and tests, prevention through vaccination, and treatment with antibiotics and antivirals. Nursing management includes assessing for symptoms, monitoring for increased intracranial pressure, providing
Patho physiology and mechanism of head injuries .pptx
Trauma can be defined as an injury to any part of the human body as a result of energy transfer from an inflicting source.
Trauma management is based on the principles of Advanced Trauma Life Support(ATLS) guidelines to rapidly identify and treat life threatening injuries during primary survey.
Encephalitis & brain abscess.pptx
This ppt is related to Encephalitis and Brain abscess. Definition, etiology & risk factors, Diagnostic evaluation, pharmacological treatment, non pharmacological treatment, nursing management and concept care Map with quizzes for student evaluation.
orbital cellulitis.pptx
Orbital cellulitis, among ocular emergencies that need immediate intervention to prevent fal complications.
Head injury
Head injuries are a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Road traffic accidents are the most common cause of head injuries in India. The brain is encased within the rigid skull, so any increase in intracranial volume from bleeding or swelling can rapidly increase intracranial pressure. The document discusses the epidemiology, anatomy, physiology and classification of head injuries as well as guidelines for management including medical therapies to reduce intracranial pressure and criteria for surgical intervention for specific injuries like epidural hematomas.
Facial nerve paralysis common causes
faical nerve paralysis
acoustic neuroma
Bell's palsy
temporal bone fracture
ramsay-hunt syndrome
medically comprimised.pptx
This document discusses several topics related to infectious diseases and their treatment and prevention. It begins with an overview of cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) including types, signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. It then covers infective endocarditis, describing the definition, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and recommended antibiotic regimens. Finally, it discusses standard infection control procedures and references for preventing disease transmission, with a focus on tuberculosis including its pathogenesis, classification, and presentation.
BRAIN ABSCESS: ALGORITHM SIMPLIFIED
Brain abscesses can develop through hematogenous or contiguous spread from infections elsewhere in the body. Common causes include sinusitis, dental infections, and congenital heart defects. Diagnosis involves blood tests, MRI, and sometimes brain biopsy. Treatment consists of 6-8 weeks of IV antibiotics, along with needle aspiration or excision of the abscess depending on its size and location. The choice of antibiotics depends on suspected causative organisms but commonly includes vancomycin, metronidazole, and third generation cephalosporins. Surgical drainage or excision may be needed for large or multi-loculated abscesses.
B R A I N D E A T H
The document discusses brain death, its diagnosis and pathophysiology. It defines brain death as the complete and irreversible loss of brain function. The diagnosis involves meeting strict clinical criteria demonstrating the absence of brainstem reflexes as well as confirmatory tests like EEG. Brain death results in no prospect of survival without life support or recovery of brain function. Proper diagnosis is important for organ donation where brain death constitutes legal death.
Brain Abscess.pptx
A brain abscess is a focal, suppurative brain infection that is typically surrounded by a vascularized capsule. It most commonly presents with headache, fever, and a focal neurological deficit. Diagnosis is made through neuroimaging such as MRI or CT scan. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics, surgical drainage or excision of the abscess, and anticonvulsant medication to prevent seizures.
Similar to neurosurgery.Cns infection.(dr.ali o. sadoon) (20)
Decompressive Craniectomy in Traumatic Brain Injury A Review Article.pptx
Decompressive Craniectomy in Traumatic Brain Injury A Review Article.pptx
Patho physiology and mechanism of head injuries .pptx
Patho physiology and mechanism of head injuries .pptx
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Development
This document discusses child development from birth through adolescence. It covers the major areas of development - gross motor, fine motor, language, social/emotional - and provides typical milestones for various age groups like sitting up alone by 6 months and walking by 12-15 months. The document also mentions tools for assessing development like the Denver Developmental Screening Test and discusses prolonged development during school age and the biological, psychological, and social changes of adolescence.
Electrocardiographymain
This document discusses the vectorial approach to electrocardiography (ECG) interpretation. It explains that the vectorial approach views the standard ECG as representing three-dimensional vector forces over time, whereas a standard ECG shows only magnitude. By combining data from different ECG leads, one can derive information about the direction of forces. It also discusses how to interpret information about the frontal plane from limb leads and the horizontal plane from precordial leads, including the orientation and meaning of waves in each lead. Finally, it notes that ECGs differ between infants/children and adults due to anatomical differences, with infants typically showing right ventricular dominance.
Immunization2
The document discusses several vaccines including BCG, DTP, polio, Hib, MMR, rotavirus, varicella, hepatitis A, and pneumococcal. It provides information on the nature of the vaccines, indications for use, efficacy, administration schedule and route, storage requirements, adverse reactions and contraindications. Specific details are given for dosage, intervals between doses, age for administration and booster schedules for many of the vaccines.
Gyne,obst slides
The document contains medical terminology related to gynecology and obstetrics procedures, diagnoses, and conditions. Terms include descriptions of stages of labor, perineal injuries, reproductive anatomy, cysts, cancers, pregnancies, fertility treatments, versions, syndromes, and more. The document provides a list of brief medical terms and descriptions related to women's health and childbirth.
Catch up vaccine
1) The document provides immunization recommendations for children and teens from birth through 18 years of age. It outlines the recommended vaccines, dosing schedules, catch-up schedules, and contraindications.
2) Key recommended vaccines include hepatitis B, DTaP, polio, influenza, varicella, MMR, and Hib. The schedules provide the ages for routine administration, number of doses, minimum intervals between doses, and other guidance.
3) The document also lists contraindications and precautions for each vaccine, such as previous allergic reactions, immunosuppression, or moderate to severe acute illness. It aims to help healthcare providers appropriately immunize children and teens on time.
Assessment examination1
The document outlines an assessment examination for OBGYN consisting of 7 rooms evaluating various skills. Room 1 involves taking a history from a pregnant patient with vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. Room 2 examines skills and findings from examining a patient after a normal vaginal delivery. Room 3 involves multiple choice questions about uterine sounds, speculums, oxytocin, curettes, and hysterosalpingograms. Room 4 presents an emergency preeclampsia case to diagnose, manage, and plan a delivery for. Room 5 involves analyzing a partogram to diagnose failure to progress labor and determine management. Room 6 presents an emergency ectopic pregnancy case to diagnose and manage. Room 7 involves identifying indications for various clinical presentations and procedures from
Assessment examination
The document outlines an assessment examination for pediatrics consisting of 11 rooms. In each room, students will demonstrate skills in history taking, physical examinations including respiratory, abdominal, and cardiovascular, interpret various tests and x-rays, diagnose conditions like iron-deficiency anemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, diaphragmatic hernia and recurrent aphthous ulcers. Students will also assess developmental age, recommend catch-up vaccinations, and identify clinical tools like pulse oximetry, intravenous fluids, and nebulizers along with their uses.
Medications
This document summarizes information on several drugs used to treat gynecological conditions. It describes the components, mechanisms of action, usages, dosages and side effects of drugs like Mirena (intrauterine device), Yasmin (oral contraceptive), Primolut (progesterone), Depo Provera (contraceptive injection), and drugs used for fertility treatments, menstrual disorders, pre-eclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage.
Hysterosalpingography
This document provides information on hysterosalpingography (HSG) procedures, including equipment used, indications, contraindications, timing, normal findings, and various abnormal findings. It lists conditions that can be evaluated with HSG such as infertility, congenital uterine anomalies, recurrent miscarriage, abnormal bleeding, and uterine masses. Potential risks including pain, bleeding, infection, and allergic reaction are noted. Images demonstrate normal uterine anatomy and various uterine anomalies detectable on HSG.
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيمAph
This document summarizes antepartum hemorrhage (APH), defined as bleeding in the third trimester between 24 weeks of pregnancy until delivery. Placenta previa, where the placenta covers all or part of the cervical os, is a major cause of APH, accounting for 30% of cases. Ultrasound is used to diagnose and grade placenta previa. Management depends on gestational age and bleeding severity, and may involve bed rest, blood transfusions, or caesarean section which is usually required for complete placenta previa. Complications of placenta previa include preterm birth, malpresentation, postpartum hemorrhage, and in rare cases
Ectopic pregnancy
This document provides information on ectopic pregnancy, including:
1. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
2. Risk factors include STIs, IUD use, infertility history, smoking, and assisted reproduction.
3. Symptoms can include abdominal/pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and in severe cases, hypovolemic shock from rupture. Diagnosis involves ultrasound and beta-hCG levels.
4. Treatment options are expectant management, surgery (laparoscopy or laparotomy), or medical management with methotrexate depending on factors like size and symptoms. The goal is to preserve
Gestational trophoblastic disease 2
This document defines gestational trophoblastic disease and describes the pathological classification and genetic features of complete and partial hydatidiform moles. It also discusses the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of molar pregnancies. The main treatment is surgical evacuation, followed by careful monitoring of hCG levels to detect persistent trophoblastic tissue which may develop into invasive mole or choriocarcinoma in about 10% of cases. Close follow up for years after evacuation is important to identify and treat malignant cases early through chemotherapy.
Disfunctional uterine bleeding.gynaecology
Menstrual disorders are common reasons for women to see their doctor. They include menorrhagia (excessive bleeding), dysmenorrhea (painful periods), and amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea (absent or infrequent periods). Menorrhagia is defined as blood loss over 80ml and affects around 5% of women annually. It can be caused by pelvic issues, systemic diseases, or dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, using medications like NSAIDs or hormonal drugs, or pursuing surgical options like endometrial ablation or hysterectomy if medications fail. A thorough history, examination, and testing are required to diagnose the cause and properly manage menorrhagia.
anaestheisa
Oxygen therapy is indicated for patients with low blood oxygen levels and is commonly provided after surgery. Supplemental oxygen can be administered through a nasal cannula, which provides oxygen through prongs in the nose and is comfortable for patients. The amount of oxygen received depends on factors like flow rate and breathing. A flow of 6L/min provides about 44% inhaled oxygen. Different types of face masks provide varying oxygen concentrations depending on their design and flow rates, such as whether they include reservoirs or valves. Air-entrainment masks use the Venturi effect to mix oxygen and room air for stable oxygen levels.
meidicine. first seizure.(dr.muhamad tahir)
This document discusses the management of a first seizure. It defines seizures and classifies them as generalized or partial. Common causes of first seizures include idiopathic, infections, tumors, and strokes. Management involves documenting the seizure history, examining the patient, checking glucose and other basic labs, observing the patient, and providing advice about seizure precautions and follow up. Recurrence is common within 6 months, especially for symptomatic causes or those with abnormal EEGs or family history of epilepsy.
medicine.Poisoningbyspecificdrugs.(dr.shaikhani)
1. Paracetamol toxicity results from formation of a reactive metabolite that binds to cellular proteins, causing cell death and hepatic or renal failure. Acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione stores and is highly effective if given within 8 hours of overdose.
2. Salicylate poisoning causes respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and organ damage. Treatment involves correcting dehydration and acidosis with sodium bicarbonate. Hemodialysis is effective for removing salicylates from the body.
3. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose can cause arrhythmias, hypotension, and seizures due to sodium channel blockade. Treatment involves sodium bicarbonate to correct
medicine.Coma managment.(dr.muhamad tahir)
1. The document discusses various levels of impaired consciousness ranging from confusion to coma and defines them. It also describes the anatomy of the reticular activating system and two patterns of coma - diffuse cerebral injury or focal brainstem injury.
2. Specific causes of diffuse cerebral injury or focal brainstem injury that can lead to coma are provided. Evaluation of a comatose patient involves assessing level of consciousness, brainstem reflexes, and determining if focal neurological signs are present.
3. Management may involve giving thiamine, dextrose, naloxone and flumazenil in cases of diffuse injury without a known cause. For focal injuries, neuroimaging is important to identify structural
medicine.CRF2.(dr.kawa)
Chronic renal failure refers to the irreversible deterioration of renal function over years. It initially presents as biochemical abnormalities and eventually leads to uraemic symptoms as the excretory, metabolic and endocrine functions of the kidneys fail. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Management involves identifying and treating the underlying disease, slowing progression, managing complications, and renal replacement therapy for end-stage disease.
medicine.Age and aging lecture 1.(dr.aso)
This document discusses geriatric medicine and the aging population. It notes that the elderly population is growing significantly both in developed and developing countries. Physiological changes that occur with aging can impact multiple body systems and lead to atypical disease presentation and an increased risk of adverse drug reactions. A comprehensive geriatric assessment considers medical, psychological, functional, social and environmental factors when evaluating elderly patients.
medicine.Vasculitis 2.(dr.kawa)
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a clinical syndrome characterized by muscle pain and stiffness affecting the neck, shoulders, and hips that is associated with an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It predominantly affects those over age 50 and women are more commonly affected than men. Treatment involves corticosteroids which provide rapid relief of symptoms for most patients. Tapering of steroids over 12-18 months is usually needed.
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
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LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. PRETERM BABIES OR SMALL FOR DATES BABIES
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Your smile is beautiful.
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Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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neurosurgery.Cns infection.(dr.ali o. sadoon)
- 1. CNS Infection 2011-2012 Dr.Ali O. Saadoon Neurosurgeon
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