This document discusses various bony and soft tissue anomalies of the craniocervical junction that can cause compression of the brainstem and spinal cord. It outlines different classification systems and measurement lines used to evaluate these anomalies on imaging. Common anomalies discussed include platybasia, basilar invagination, occipito-atlantal fusion, Arnold-Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. Clinical features and approaches to management are also summarized.
FA is a very rare, genetic, recessive disease, affecting 1/50,000 people.
Originates from mutations in the “coding” of the mitochondria.
Discovered by Nicholaus Friedreich in the early 1860’s.
Both parents must have the dominant trait for a 25% chance of an offspring possessing the disease.
Not necessarily a disease that kills you, but eventually a wheelchair and regular assistance will be required.
Onset before age 20-25 year.
-Detailed Introduction, Patho-physiology, Evaluation & Physiotherapy Management of Parkinsonism.
-Clinical classification is discussed.
-Various measures of evaluation and physical therapy is discussed in this.
FA is a very rare, genetic, recessive disease, affecting 1/50,000 people.
Originates from mutations in the “coding” of the mitochondria.
Discovered by Nicholaus Friedreich in the early 1860’s.
Both parents must have the dominant trait for a 25% chance of an offspring possessing the disease.
Not necessarily a disease that kills you, but eventually a wheelchair and regular assistance will be required.
Onset before age 20-25 year.
-Detailed Introduction, Patho-physiology, Evaluation & Physiotherapy Management of Parkinsonism.
-Clinical classification is discussed.
-Various measures of evaluation and physical therapy is discussed in this.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. 1. Foramen magnum
2. Adjacent surrounding occipital bone
(basiocciput)
3. First cervical vertebrae (atlas)
4. Second cervical vertebrae (axis)
Anomalies may be defects of development and
not necessarily congenital and so may not
manifest at birth
3. I. Bony Anomalies
A. Major Anomalies
1. Platybasia
2. Occipitalization
3. Basilar Invagination
4. Dens Dysplasia
5. Atlanto- axial dis.
B. Minor Anomalies
1. Dysplasia of Atlas
2. Dysplasia of
occipital
condyles, clivus,
etc.
II. Soft Tissue anomalies
1. Arnold-Chiari Malformation
2. Syringomyelia/ Syringobulbia
3. Dandy walker syndrome
4. • Lines , angles and indexes
Chamberlain’s Line
McGregor’s Line
McRae’s Line
Klaus Height Index
Basal Angle
Boogard’s angle
5. CHAMBERLAIN’S
LINE
(Palato-occipital line)
joins posterior tip of hard
palate to posterior rim of
foramen magnum
Normally tip of dens lies
3.6 mm below this line.
In basilar invagination, the
odontoid process bisects
Chamberlain’s line
Clivus
Hard palate
Occiput
6. McRae’s LINE
(Foramen Magnum line)-
Joins anterior and posterior edges
of foramen magnum: sagittal
diameter of foramen magnum.
(Avg – 35mm)
Tip of dens must be below this
line
If effective sagittal space for
cervicomedullary junction is less
than 20 mm in a child older than 8
yrs, neurological deficit is usually
present
7. MCGREGOR’S LINE
(Basal line)-
Joins hard palate to
lowest point of occipital
bone
Tip of dens should not
exceed 5 mm above this
line
Basilar invagination Line
position may vary with
flexion and extension
8. WACKENHEIM’S LINE
( Clivus canal line)
Line drawn along clivus and
extrapolated into cervical
spinal canal.
Odontoid process should be
ventral or tangential to it.
Odontoid process transects
this line in basilar
invagination, atlantoaxial
dislocation and anterior
occipito atlantal dislocation
Clivus
Odontoid
process
9. FISHGOLD’S DIGASTRIC LINE
(Biventer line)-
measured on frontal projection ,Connects the digastric
grooves ( fossae for digastric muscles on undersurface of
skull just medial to mastoid process)
Line is normally 11mm (+/-4mm) above the atlanto-occipital
junction.
Upper limit of position for the odontoid tip
Oblique in unilateral condylar hypoplasia
FISHGOLD’S BIMASTOID LINE
Odontoid process should be less than 10 mm above this line
10. HEIGHT INDEX OF
KLAUS
Distance between tip
of dens and
tuberculum cruciate
line
Nl- 40-41mm
In basilar
invagination-
<30 mm
11. SPINOLAMELLAR LINE
down along the fused spinous
processes of C2 and C3
Normally should intersect
posterior arch of atlas
If atlas is fused, posterior arch is
anterior to the line; posterior
compression of spinal cord may
occur
12. Basal angle
–intersection line from nasion to centre of pitutary fossa
,another line in plan of clivus
N =115 -145
>145 in platybasia
BOOGARDS ANGLE
-angle betn line drawn basion and opsthion and line from
dorsum of sellae n basion
N=<135 IN BI >135
SCHMIDT-FISCHER ANGLE
Angle of axes of atlanto-occipital joints
Normally 124-127 degrees
Angle is wider in condylar hypoplasia
14. Congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae
Failure of normal segmentation of the cervical vertebrae/somite
between 3rd and 8th weeks of fetal development (rather than a
secondary fusion)
Maurice Klippel and Andre Feil – 1912
Incidence – 1 in 42,000 births ; more in females
Autosomal dominant inheritance – C2-C3 fusion. Autosomal
recessive – C5- C6 fusion
FEIL’S TRIAD :
1. Low posterior hair line
2. Short neck
3. Limitation of head and neck movements / decreased range of
motion in cervical spine
15. Feil’s classification
Type I – massive fusion of many cervical and upper
thoracic vertebrae with synostosis
Type II – fusion of only 1 or 2 vertebrae (with
hemivertebrae , scoliosis, occipito atlantoid fusion)
Type III – presence of lower thoracic and upper lumbar
spine anomalies with I/II
Type IV – sacral agenesis
16. Patients with upper cervical spine involvement
tend to present at an earlier age than those whose
with lower cervical spine involvement
Rotational loss and lateral bending is usually more
pronounced than loss of flexion and extension
because latter movements take place mostly
between occiput and atlas
Scoliosis – some patients congenital due to
involvement of thoracic spine , others scoliosis
compensatory to cervical scoliosis
17. Webbing of soft tissues on each side of the neck
(extending from mastoid process to acromion of
shoulders)- ‘pterygium colli’
Assocd torticollis due to contracture of
sternocleidomastoid muscle or bony abnormalities
Facial asymmetry
Sprengel deformity/ high scapula
Scoliosis and/or kyphosis
18. Musculoskeletal sys- cervical rib, congenital fusion of
ribs, abnormal costovertebral joints, syndactyly,
hypoplastic thumb, hypoplasia of pectoralis major,
hemiatrophy of upper or lower limbs, CTEV, sacral agenesis
Urinary tract abnormalities – agenesis of kidney,
horseshoe kidney, hydronephrosis, tubular ectasia, renal
ectopia, double collecting system
Cardiovascular- VSD, PDA, coarctation of aorta, patent
foramen ovale
19. Deafness (absence of auditory canal and microtia)
Synkinesia- involuntary paired movements of the hand (
mirror movements)
Neurologic deficit- facial nerve Palsy, rectus muscle palsy,
ptosis of eye, cleft palate, etc
20. Cervical spine routine x-ray followed by flexion/extension
lateral X-rays.
These may show flattening and widening of vertebrae,
hemivertebrae or block vertebrae, instability.
MRI with head flexed and extended will most accurately
access subluxation and cord compression along with cord
anomalies.
X-rays of the T-spine because of extension of synostoses
below the neck.
21. Failure of segmentation between the last occipital sclerotome
and the first spinal sclerotome – partial/complete
Anterior arch to clivus : posterior arch to occiput
Signs and symptoms only in second decade of life due to gradual
increasing ligament laxity and instability with aging
Onset of clinical symptoms can be sudden and precipitated by
relatively minor trauma – loss of movt b/w atlas and occiput
increases stress at atlanto axial joint => instability
Neurological symptoms due to Odontoid process projecting into
foramen magnum
Assocd – basilar invagination, occipital vertebra, Klippel Feil
Radiology: cervical spine x-ray (flexion – extension ), CT, MRI
Treatment – non-operative / surgery
22. OS ODONTOIDEUM
independent osseous structure lying cephalad to the
axis body in the location of the odontoid process.
Dystopic – fuses with the occipital bone and moves
with clivus
Orthotopic – lies in the position of normal dens and
moves with atlas and axis vertebrae
HYPOPLASIA/ AGENESIS OF DENS
23. CLASSIFICATION:
Type I A- normal odontoid with occipitalisation of atlas
Type I B- normal odontoid without occipitalisation
Type II- detachment of odontoid from body of axis or
agenesis of part or whole of dens
Diagnosis is radiological. Atlas-Dens interval of more than
5 mm in children and more than 3 mm in adults is
diagnostic
24. Infections(Grisel’s synd):associated with inflammation of
adjacent soft tissues of the neck
Traumatic atlantoaxial / occipitoatlantal dislocation
Degenerative(ligamentous disruption at CV junction)
Inflammatory (RA, ankylosing spondylitis):
Down’s syndrome :due to laxity of transverse ligament
Tumours ( chordoma, syringomyelia, NF )
25. The gap between the
occipital condyles and
the condylar surface of
the atlas is widened to
more than 5 mm.
26. Primary developmental defect
Deformation of the basiocciput – upward indentation or
invagination of base of skull into posterior fossa
Prolapse of the vertebral column upward into the skull at the
base
BASILAR IMPRESSION –
Acquired form of basilar invagination secondary to softening of
skull Eg. Paget’s disease, OI, hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia,
rickets
PLATYBASIA –
flattening of the skull - Abnormal obtuse basal angle formed by
clivus and floor of anterior fossa – if exceeds 1450
27. Clinical features due to compression of neural structures at
the cervicomedullary junction
Suboccipital headache due to irritation of 2nd cervical
nerve, lower cranial nerve symptoms, cerebellar symptoms(
nystagmus ), progressive quadriparesis
Often associated with other developmental bony anomalies
28. • Type 1- Cerebellomedullary malformation without
meningocoele with variable downward displacement
of cerebellar tonsils into spinal canal
• Type 2. Cerebello-medullary malformation with
meningocoele or meningomyelocoele along with
variable downward displacement of inferior vermis of
cerebellum, brainstem and IVth ventricle into cervical
canal
29. Progressive degenerative/ developmental disorder of the spinal cord,
characterized clinically by brachial amyotrophy, suspended dissociative
sensory loss, and pathologically by cavitation in the central region of the
spinal cord. 90% cases associated with ACM type I.
Types I: Syrinx with obstn of the foramen magnum
Type II: Syrinx without obstn of the foramen magnum
Type III: Syrinx with other diseases of the spinal cord
Type IV: Pure hydromyelia
Syringobulbia: the lower brainstem equivalent of syringomyelia,
usually co-exists
30. Minimally involved patients lead normal lives with only minor
restrictions.
Should avoid contact sports that place neck at risk.
For mechanical symptoms, cervical collar, analgesics, NSAIDS, or
careful traction can be used.
For neurologic compromise a thorough work-up to find the exact area
of irritation, then fusion of the appropriate segments posteriorly.
Decompression may be employed based on the site of the stenosis.
Dislocations and basilar invagination are treated by careful traction
followed by posterior fusion.
Neurologic deficits and persistent pain are indications for surgery
31. MANAGEMENT OF REDUCIBLE DEFORMITIES
Primary goal is stabilization
reducing the compression on brainstem and spinal
cord
MANAGEMENT OF IRREDUCIBLE DEFORMITIES
Decompression
VENTRAL AND DORSAL APPROACHES WITH
FIXATION IF NEEDED