Neuralink white-paper. Elon Musk & Neuralink
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) hold promise for the restoration of sensory and motor function and
the treatment of neurological disorders, but clinical BMIs have not yet been widely adopted, in part
because modest channel counts have limited their potential. In this white paper, we describe Neuralink’s first steps toward a scalable high-bandwidth BMI system. We have built arrays of small and
flexible electrode “threads”, with as many as 3,072 electrodes per array distributed across 96 threads.
We have also built a neurosurgical robot capable of inserting six threads (192 electrodes) per minute.
Each thread can be individually inserted into the brain with micron precision for avoidance of surface vasculature and targeting specific brain regions. The electrode array is packaged into a small
implantable device that contains custom chips for low-power on-board amplification and digitization: the package for 3,072 channels occupies less than (23 × 18.5 × 2) mm3
. A single USB-C cable
provides full-bandwidth data streaming from the device, recording from all channels simultaneously.
This system has achieved a spiking yield of up to 85.5 % in chronically implanted electrodes. Neuralink’s approach to BMI has unprecedented packaging density and scalability in a clinically relevant
package.
This presentation is given in (2015) . As the power of modern computers grows alongside our understanding of the human brain, we move ever closer to making some pretty spectacular science fiction into reality.
This presentation is given in (2015) . As the power of modern computers grows alongside our understanding of the human brain, we move ever closer to making some pretty spectacular science fiction into reality.
Here is very good and amazing presentation on Brain chipss...
read this carefully and work on this because the work on brain is very good for future research...
It consists of all details about BCI which are necessary, I sorted from net and implemented in PPT. For abstract U can mail me koushik.veldanda@gmail.com
(It is not my own talent,it is a collaboration of 4 to 5 PPT's , wiki and other sites.
But simply awesome )
Here is very good and amazing presentation on Brain chipss...
read this carefully and work on this because the work on brain is very good for future research...
It consists of all details about BCI which are necessary, I sorted from net and implemented in PPT. For abstract U can mail me koushik.veldanda@gmail.com
(It is not my own talent,it is a collaboration of 4 to 5 PPT's , wiki and other sites.
But simply awesome )
In this paper we are interested to calculate the resonant frequency of rectangular patch antenna using artificial neural networks based on the multilayered perceptrons. The artificial neural networks built, transforms the inputs which are, the width of the patch W, the length of the patch L, the thickness of the substrate h and the dielectric permittivity ε_r to the resonant frequency fr which is an important parameter to design a microstrip patch antenna.The proposed method based on artificial neural networks is compared to some analytical methods using some statistical criteria. The obtained results demonstrate that artificial neural networks are more adequate to achieve the purpose than the other methods and present a good argument with the experimental results available in the literature. Hence, the artificial neural networks can be used by researchers to predict the resonant frequency of a rectangular patch antenna knowing length (L), width (W), thickness (h) and dielectric permittivity 〖(ε〗_r) with a good accuracy.
Development of spiral square coils for magnetic labelling detection in microf...IJECEIAES
Due to the development of microfluidic systems biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) for magnetic labelling detection by magnetic microbeads circling in microfluidic channels, we used the magnetic field created by microcoils. The magnetic field associated with the electric current, but with negatively affects if its value increases too much. Handling bio-species in the microfluidic chip requires that the temperature maintained to keep the cells to prevent their destruction. In this paper we have described the spiral square coil design of different structures to produce an effective magnetic flux density. The simulation of the magnetic flux density is carried out with the help of the COMSOL software. We have presented an optimization of the geometric parameters of the microcoil for a better performance and a miniaturization of the structure with copper wire section S=25 µm2 and inter-wire space a=5 µm. We have also developed this microcoil by adding a ferromagnetic core to the inner center, the results obtained in this work shown that the magnetic flux density increases around 1.07 times in Bx and 1.45 times in Bz. This new approach in designing a microcoil allows to obtaining a fast trapping of the microbeads and a highly sensitive biological element detection and avoiding increase heat ratio in microfluidic systems.
Substrate integrate waveguide and microstrip antennas at 28 GHzjournalBEEI
In this paper, two antennas are designed using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and microstrip technology at 28 GHz. Parametric study for both antennas is presented to demonstrate the performance at millimeter wave frequency for wireless communication network (5G application). Roger RT5880 substrates with permittivity 2.2 and loss tangent 0.0009 are used to implement the antennas with two thicknesses of 0.508 mm and 0.127 mm respectively. Both antennas have the same size of substrate 12x12 mm with a full ground plane was used. Structures designs have been done by using computer simulation technology (CST). The simulation results showed that the antenna with SIW and roger RT 5880 substrate thickness 0.508 has better performance in term of return loss and radiation pattern than the microstrip patch antenna at 28 GHz. A return loss more than -10 dB and the gain are 6.4 dB obtained with wide bandwidth range of (27.4-28.7) GHz. This proving to increase the realized gain by implementing SIW at millimeter wave band for 5G application network.
Pentagonal shaped microstrip patch antenna in wireless capsule endoscopy systemcscpconf
Wireless capsule endoscopy is a best option for exploring inaccessible areas of small intestine
for inspection of gastrointestinal tract. This technique brings less pain compare to conventional
endoscopy technique. The wireless endoscopy system comprises of three main modules: an
ingestible capsule that is swallowed by the patient, an external control unit and display device
for image display. In this paper we proposed pentagonal shape microstrip patch antenna for
wireless capsule endoscopy system. Inhibiting characteristics of a single microstrip patch like
low gain, light weight, thin thickness and smaller bandwidth, make it more popular. This kind of
antenna is aggressive miniaturized to meet the requirements of the wireless capsule endoscope.
The simulation results show that the designed Circular Polarization (CP) pentagonal shaped
microstrip patch antenna gives axial ratio of 0.6023 at 2.38 GHz and CP axial ratio bandwidth
of 36MHz with 1.5%. The antenna designed for wireless capsule endoscopy is a proposed one, which may work effectively when compared to other antennas in the capsule.
Design of Micro strip Antenna in Ism Band with Polarization Diversity and Fre...paperpublications3
Abstract: In the modern world especially during the last two decades, Wireless communications has been developed widely and rapidly. In future, development in personal communication devices will provide image, speech and data communications at any time, and anywhere around the world. It shows that the future communication terminal antennas must meet the requirements of multi-band or wideband operations to cover the frequency band of operation. Frequency agile antennas in ISM band (2.4-2.4835) GHz that support diversity polarization provides excellent performance for applications including multifunction radar, space-based platforms, wireless communications, and personal electronic devices. To reduce the transmission losses, matching in polarization in both the transmitter and receiver antennas is very much important. In this paper we will design two microstrip antenna one with linearly polarized and other with circularly polarized in 2.4 GHz ISM band with frequency agility in 2.4-2.4835 GHz. In both the design single feeding is used. This paper presents a new design for a linearly polarized antenna based on rectangular microstrip patch. Circular polarization is generated by truncating two opposite edges from a rectangular patch antenna. The truncation splits the field with equal magnitude and 90° phase shift into two orthogonal modes. Both the antennas are simulated with high frequency simulating software (HFSS).
Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have been identified as one of the most promising technologies and will continue to revolutionize the industry as well as the industrial and consumer products by combining silicon-based microelectronics with micro-machining technology. All the spheres of industrial application including robots conception and development will be impacted by this new technology. If semiconductor microfabrication was contemplated to be the first micro-manufacturing revolution, MEMS is the second revolution. The paper reflects the results of a study about the state of the art of this technology and its future influence in the development of the construction industry. The interdisciplinary nature of MEMS utilizes design, engineering and manufacturing expertise from a wide and diverse range of technical areas including integrated circuit fabrication technology, mechanical engineering, materials science, electrical engineering, chemistry and chemical engineering, as well as fluid engineering, optics, instrumentation and packaging.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluación de t-MOOC universitario sobre competencias digitales docentes medi...eraser Juan José Calderón
Evaluación de t-MOOC universitario sobre competencias
digitales docentes mediante juicio de expertos
según el Marco DigCompEdu.
Julio Cabero-Almenara
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
cabero@us.es
Julio Barroso--‐Osuna
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
jbarroso@us.es
Antonio Palacios--‐Rodríguez
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
aprodriguez@us.es
Carmen Llorente--‐Cejudo
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
karen@us.es
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONIS...eraser Juan José Calderón
Proposal for a
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT) AND AMENDING CERTAIN UNION
LEGISLATIVE ACTS
Predicting Big Data Adoption in Companies With an Explanatory and Predictive ...eraser Juan José Calderón
Predicting Big Data Adoption in Companies With an Explanatory and Predictive Model
Predecir la adopción de Big Data en empresas con un modelo explicativo y predictivo. @currovillarejo @jpcabrera71 @gutiker y @fliebc
Ética y Revolución Digital
Revista Diecisiete nº 4 2021. Investigación Interdisciplinar para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.
PANORAMA
Ética y Derecho en la Revolución Digital
Txetxu Ausín y Margarita Robles Carrillo
artículoS
¿Cuarta Revolución Industrial? El reto de la digitalización y sus consecuencias ambientales y antropológicas
Joaquín Fernández Mateo
Hacia una ética del ecosistema híbrido del espacio físico y el ciberespacio
Ángel Gómez de Ágreda y Claudio Feijóo
Aprendizaje-Servicio y Agenda 2030 en la formación de ingenieros de la tecnología inteligente
Angeles Manjarrés y Simon Pickin
Tecnología Humanitaria como catalizadora de una nueva arquitectura de Acción Exterior en España: Horizonte 2030
Raquel Esther Jorge Ricart
Revolución digital, tecnooptimismo y educación
Ricardo Riaza
Desafíos éticos en la aplicación de la inteligencia artificial a los sistemas de defensa
Juan A. Moliner González
notas y colaboraciones
Hacerse viral: las actividades artísticas y su respuesta ante los retos que impone la transformación digital
Marta Pérez Ibáñez
Salud digital: una oportunidad y un imperativo ético
Joan Bigorra Llosas y Laura Sampietro-Colom
El futuro digital del sector energético
Beatriz Crisóstomo Merino y María Luz Cruz Aparicio
Innovación y transformación digital en las ONG. La visión de Acción contra el Hambre
Víctor Giménez Sánchez de la Blanca
El impacto de la inteligencia artificial en la Sociedad y su aplicación en el sector financiero
María Asunción Gilsanz Muñoz
La ética en los estudios de ingeniería
Rafael Miñano Rubio y Gonzalo Génova Fuster
An ethical and sustainable future of work
David Pastor-Escuredo, Gianni Giacomelli, Julio Lumbreras y Juan Garbajosa
Los datos en una administración pública digital - Perspectiva Uruguay
María Laura Rodríguez Mendaro
Ciudades y digitalización: construyendo desde la ética
David Pastor-Escuredo, Celia Fernandez-Aller, Jesus Salgado, Leticia Izquierdo y María Ángeles Huerta
#StopBigTechGoverningBigTech . More than 170 Civil Society Groups Worldwide O...eraser Juan José Calderón
#StopBigTechGoverningBigTech: More than 170 Civil Society Groups Worldwide Oppose Plans for a
Big Tech Dominated Body for Global Digital Governance.
Not only in developing countries but also in the US and EU, calls for stronger regulation of Big Tech
are rising. At the precise point when we should be shaping global norms to regulate Big Tech, plans
have emerged for an ‘empowered’ global digital governance body that will evidently be dominated
by Big Tech. Adding vastly to its already overweening power, this new Body would help Big Tech
resist effective regulation, globally and at national levels. Indeed, we face the unbelievable prospect
of ‘a Big Tech led body for Global Governance of Big Tech’.
PACTO POR LA CIENCIA Y LA INNOVACIÓN
8 de febrero de 2021.
El conocimiento y la innovación son esenciales para mantener y mejorar el bienestar social y el crecimiento
económico. La competitividad y la productividad del tejido económico depende, casi en exclusiva, de la
cantidad de conocimiento avanzado incorporado por la actividad productiva y, por ende, de su continua
renovación. La investigación en las ciencias naturales, sociales y humanas es fuente de valores y
enriquecimiento cultural.
Desigualdades educativas derivadas del COVID-19 desde una perspectiva feminis...eraser Juan José Calderón
Desigualdades educativas derivadas del COVID-19 desde una perspectiva feminista. Análisis de los discursos de profesionales de la educación madrileña.
Melani Penna Tosso * Mercedes Sánchez SáinzCristina Mateos CasadoUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, España
Objetivos: Especificar las principales dificultades percibidas por las profesoras y los departamentos y equipos de orientación en relación con la atención a las diversidades en la actual situación de pandemia generada por el COVID-19. Exponer las prácticas educativas implementadas por dichas profesionales para disminuir las desigualdades. Visibilizar desigualdades de género que se dan en el ámbito educativo, relacionadas con la situación de pandemia entre el alumnado, el profesorado y las familias, desde una perspectiva feminista. Analizar las propuestas de cambio que proponen estas profesionales de la educación ante posibles repeticiones de situaciones de emergencia similares.
Resultados: Los docentes se han visto sobrecargados por el trabajo en confinamiento, en general el tiempo de trabajo ha tomado las casas, los espacios familiares, el tiempo libre y los fines de semana. Las profesionales entrevistadas se ven obligadas a una conexión permanente, sin limitación horaria y con horarios condicionados por las familias del alumnado. Se distinguen dos períodos bien diferenciados, en que los objetivos pasaron de ser emocionales a académicos. Como problemática general surge la falta de coordinación dentro los centros educativos.
Método: Análisis de entrevistas semiestructuradas a través de la metodología de análisis crítico de discurso.
Fuente de datos: Entrevistas
Autores: Melani Penna Tosso, Mercedes Sánchez Sáinz y Cristina Mateos Casado
Año: 2020
Institución: Universidad Complutense de Madrid
País al que refiere el análisis: España
Tipo de publicación: Revista arbitrada
"Experiencias booktuber: Más allá del libro y de la pantalla"
Maria Del Mar Suárez
Cristina Alcaraz Andreu
University of Barcelona
2020, R. Roig-Vila (Coord.), J. M. Antolí Martínez & R. Díez Ros (Eds.), XARXES-INNOVAESTIC 2020. Llibre d’actes / REDES-INNOVAESTIC 2020. Libro de actas (pp. 479-480). Alacant: Universitat d'Alacant. ISBN: 978-84-09-20651-3.
Recursos educativos abiertos (REA) en las universidades españolas. Open educational resources (OER) in the Spanish universities. Gema Santos-Hermosa; Eva Estupinyà; Brigit Nonó-Rius; Lidón París-Folch; Jordi Prats-Prat
Pensamiento propio e integración transdisciplinaria en la epistémica social. ...eraser Juan José Calderón
Pensamiento propio e integración
transdisciplinaria en la epistémica social
Arlet Rodríguez Orozco.
Resumen. La educación evoluciona en la vida del estudiante
(ontogenia) y en la vida del sistema escolar (filogenia). Estas
rutas pueden consolidar la continuidad o producir un cambio en la formación del pensamiento propio como estrategia
pedagógica. La experiencia que expongo sucedió durante los
ciclos 2015-1 y 2016-1 al dictar la materia Epistemología de
la Investigación a nivel licenciatura en Estudios Sociales y Gestión Local en la unidad enes (unam) de Morelia. He basado la
praxis educativa en dinámicas de colaboración, buscando arraigar la formación cognitiva del pensamiento propio en jóvenes
aprendices del estudio social. El descubrimiento constante, la
recuperación del pensamiento en tiempo presente y el reconocimiento recíproco produjeron resultados sintéticos dispuestos
aquí para la develación reflexiva.
Escuela de Robótica de Misiones. Un modelo de educación disruptiva. 2019, Ed21. Fundación Santillana.
Carola Aideé Silvero
María Aurelia Escalada
Colaboradores:
Alejandro Piscitelli
Flavia Morales
Julio Alonso
Covid-19 and IoT: Some Perspectives on the Use of IoT Technologies in Prevent...eraser Juan José Calderón
Covid-19 and IoT: Some Perspectives on the Use of
IoT Technologies in Preventing and Monitoring
COVID-19 Like Infectious Diseases & Lessons
Learned and Impact of Pandemic on IoT
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...
Neuralink white-paper. Elon Musk & Neuralink
1. An integrated brain-machine interface platform
with thousands of channels
Elon Musk & Neuralink
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) hold promise for the restoration of sensory and motor function and
the treatment of neurological disorders, but clinical BMIs have not yet been widely adopted, in part
because modest channel counts have limited their potential. In this white paper, we describe Neu-
ralink’s first steps toward a scalable high-bandwidth BMI system. We have built arrays of small and
flexible electrode “threads”, with as many as 3,072 electrodes per array distributed across 96 threads.
We have also built a neurosurgical robot capable of inserting six threads (192 electrodes) per minute.
Each thread can be individually inserted into the brain with micron precision for avoidance of sur-
face vasculature and targeting specific brain regions. The electrode array is packaged into a small
implantable device that contains custom chips for low-power on-board amplification and digitiza-
tion: the package for 3,072 channels occupies less than (23 × 18.5 × 2) mm3
. A single USB-C cable
provides full-bandwidth data streaming from the device, recording from all channels simultaneously.
This system has achieved a spiking yield of up to 85.5 % in chronically implanted electrodes. Neu-
ralink’s approach to BMI has unprecedented packaging density and scalability in a clinically relevant
package.
1 Introduction
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) have the potential to help people with a wide range of clinical disorders. For example,
researchers have demonstrated human neuroprosthetic control of computer cursors [1, 2, 3], robotic limbs [4, 5], and
speech synthesizers [6] using no more than 256 electrodes. While these successes suggest that high fidelity information
transfer between brains and machines is possible, development of BMI has been critically limited by the inability to
record from large numbers of neurons. Noninvasive approaches can record the average of millions of neurons through
the skull, but this signal is distorted and nonspecific [7, 8]. Invasive electrodes placed on the surface of the cortex can
record useful signals, but they are limited in that they average the activity of thousands of neurons and cannot record
signals deep in the brain [9]. Most BMI’s have used invasive techniques because the most precise readout of neural repre-
sentations requires recording single action potentials from neurons in distributed, functionally-linked ensembles [10].
Microelectrodes are the gold-standard technology for recording action potentials, but there has not been a clinically-
translatable microelectrode technology for large-scale recordings [11]. This would require a system with material prop-
erties that provide high biocompatibility, safety, and longevity. Moreover, this device would also need a practical surgi-
cal approach and high-density, low-power electronics to ultimately facilitate fully-implanted wireless operation.
Most devices for long-term neural recording are arrays of electrodes made from rigid metals or semiconductors [12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. While rigid metal arrays facilitate penetrating the brain, the size, Young’s modulus and bending stiff-
ness mismatches between stiff probes and brain tissue can drive immune responses that limit the function and longevity
of these devices [19, 11]. Furthermore, the fixed geometry of these arrays constrains the populations of neurons that
can be accessed, especially due to the presence of vasculature.
An alternative approach is to use thin, flexible multi-electrode polymer probes [20, 21]. The smaller size and increased
flexibility of these probes should offer greater biocompatibility. However, a drawback of this approach is that thin poly-
mer probes are not stiff enough to directly insert into the brain; their insertion must be facilitated by stiffeners [22, 21],
injection [23, 24] or other approaches [25], all of which are quite slow [26, 27]. To satisfy the functional requirements for
a high-bandwidth BMI, while taking advantage of the properties of thin-film devices, we developed a robotic approach,
2. July 16, 2019
where large numbers of fine and flexible polymer probes are efficiently and independently inserted across multiple brain
regions [28].
Here, we report Neuralink’s progress towards a flexible, scalable BMI that increases channel count by an order of mag-
nitude over prior work. Our system has three main components: ultra-fine polymer probes (section 2 of this report), a
neurosurgical robot (section 3), and custom high-density electronics (section 4). We demonstrate the rapid implanta-
tion of 96 polymer threads, each thread with 32 electrodes, in a (4 × 7) mm2
area of brain for a total of 3,072 electrodes.
We developed miniaturized custom electronics that allow us to stream full broadband electrophysiology data simul-
taneously from all these electrodes (section 5). We packaged this system for long-term implantation and developed
custom online spike detection software that can detect action potentials with low latency. Together, this system serves
as a state-of-the-art research platform and a first prototype towards a fully implantable human BMI.
2 Threads
Figure 1: Our novel polymer probes. A. “Linear Edge” probes, with 32 electrode contacts spaced by 50 µm. B. “Tree”
probes with 32 electrode contacts spaced by 75 µm. C. Increased magnification of individual electrodes for the thread
design in panel A, emphasizing their small geometric surface area. D. Distribution of electrode impedances (measured
at 1 kHz) for two surface treatments: PEDOT (n = 257) and IrOx (n = 588).
We have developed a custom process to fabricate minimally displacive neural probes that employ a variety of biocom-
patible thin film materials. The main substrate and dielectric used in these probes is polyimide, which encapsulates
a gold thin film trace. Each thin film array is composed of a “thread” area that features electrode contacts and traces
and a “sensor” area where the thin film interfaces with custom chips that enable signal amplification and acquisition.
A wafer-level microfabrication process enables high-throughput manufacturing of these devices. Ten thin film devices
are patterned on a wafer, each with 3,072 electrode contacts.
Each array has 48 or 96 threads, each of those containing 32 independent electrodes. Integrated chips are bonded to the
contacts on the sensor area of the thin film using a flip-chip bonding process. One goal of this approach is to maintain
2
3. July 16, 2019
a small thread cross-sectional area to minimize tissue displacement in the brain. To achieve this, while keeping channel
count high, stepper lithography and other microfabrication techniques are used to form the metal film at sub-micron
resolution.
We have designed and manufactured over 20 different thread and electrode types into our arrays; two example designs
are shown in panels A and B of fig. 1. We have fabricated threads ranging from 5 to 50 µm in width that incorporate
recording sites of several geometries (fig. 1). Thread thickness is nominally 4 to 6 µm, which includes up to three layers
of insulation and two layers of conductor. Typical thread length is approximately 20 mm. To manage these long, thin
threads prior to insertion, parylene-c is deposited onto the threads to form a film on which the threads remain attached
until the surgical robot pulls them off. Each thread ends in a (16 × 50) µm2
loop to accommodate needle threading.
Since the individual gold electrode sites have small geometric surface areas (fig. 1C), we use surface modifications to
lower the impedance for electrophysiology and increase the effective charge-carrying capacity of the interface (fig. 1D).
Two such treatments that we have used are the electrically conductive polymer poly-ethylenedioxythiophene doped
with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) [29, 30] and iridium oxide (IrOx) [31, 32]. In bench-top testing we have
achieved impedances of 36.97 ± 4.68 kΩ (n = 257 electrodes) and 56.46 ± 7.10 kΩ (n = 588) for PEDOT:PSS and
IrOx, respectively. The lower impedance of PEDOT:PSS is promising, however the long-term stability and biocompati-
bility of PEDOT:PSS is less well established than for IrOx. These techniques and processes can be improved and further
extended to other types of conductive electrode materials and coatings.
3 Robot
Figure 2: Needle pincher cartridge (NPC) compared with a penny for scale. A. Needle. B. Pincher. C. Cartridge.
Thin-film polymers have previously been used for electrode probes [21], but their low bending stiffness complicates
insertions. Neuralink has developed a robotic insertion approach for inserting flexible probes [28], allowing rapid and
reliable insertion of large numbers of polymer probes targeted to avoid vasculature and record from dispersed brain
regions. The robot’s insertion head is mounted on 10 µm globally accurate, 400 mm × 400 mm × 150 mm travel three-
axis stage, and holds a small, quick-swappable, “needle-pincher” assembly (fig. 2, fig. 3A).
The needle is milled from 40 µm diameter tungsten-rhenium wire-stock electrochemically etched to 24 µm diameter
along the inserted length (fig. 2A). The tip of the needle is designed both to hook onto insertion loops—for transporting
and inserting individual threads—and to penetrate the meninges and brain tissue. The needle is driven by a linear motor
allowing variable insertion speeds and rapid retraction acceleration (up to 30,000 mm s−2
) to encourage separation of
3
4. July 16, 2019
Figure 3: The robotic electrode inserter; enlarged view of the inserter-head shown in the inset. A. Loaded needle
pincher cartridge. B. Low-force contact brain position sensor. C. Light modules with multiple independent wavelengths.
D. Needle motor. E. One of four cameras focused on the needle during insertion. F. Camera with wide angle view of
surgical field. G. Stereoscopic cameras.
the probe from the needle. The pincher is a 50 µm tungsten wire bent at the tip and driven both axially and rotationally
(fig. 2B). It serves as support for probes during transport and as a guide to ensure that threads are inserted along the
needle path. Figure 4 shows a sequence of photographs of the insertion process into an agarose brain proxy.
The inserter head also holds an imaging stack (fig. 3E–G) used for guiding the needle into the thread loop, insertion tar-
geting, live insertion viewing, and insertion verification. In addition, the inserter head contains six independent light
modules, each capable of independently illuminating with 405 nm, 525 nm and 650 nm or white light (fig. 3C). The
405 nm illumination excites fluorescence from polyimide and allows the optical stack and computer vision to reliably
localize the (16 × 50) µm2
thread loop and execute sub-micron visual servoing to guide, illuminated by 650 nm the nee-
dle through it. Stereoscopic cameras, software based monocular extended depth of field calculations, and illumination
with 525 nm light allow for precise estimation of the location of the cortical surface.
The robot registers insertion sites to a common coordinate frame with landmarks on the skull, which, when combined
with depth tracking, enables precise targeting of anatomically defined brain structures. An integrated custom software
suite allows pre-selection of all insertion sites, enabling planning of insertion paths optimized to minimize tangling and
strain on the threads. The planning feature highlights the ability to avoid vasculature during insertions, one of the key
advantages of inserting electrodes individually. This is particularly important, since damage to the blood-brain barrier
is thought to play a key role in the brain’s inflammatory response to foreign objects [33].
The robot features an auto-insertion mode, which can insert up to 6 threads (192 electrodes) per minute. While the
entire insertion procedure can be automated, the surgeon retains full control, and if desired, can make manual micro-
adjustments to the thread position before each insertion into the cortex. The neurosurgical robot is compatible with
sterile shrouding, and has features to facilitate successful and rapid insertions such as automatic sterile ultrasonic clean-
ing of the needle. The needle pincher cartridge (NPC; fig. 2C) is the portion of the inserter head that makes direct
contact with brain tissue and is a consumable that can be replaced mid-surgery in under a minute.
4
5. July 16, 2019
Figure 4: 1. The inserter approaches the brain proxy with a thread. i. needle and cannula. ii. previously inserted thread.
2. Inserter touches down on the brain proxy surface. 3. Needle penetrates tissue proxy, advancing the thread to the
desired depth. iii. inserting thread. 4. Inserter pulls away, leaving the thread behind in the tissue proxy. iv. inserted
thread.
With this system, we have demonstrated an average of 87.1 ± 12.6 % (mean ± s.d.) insertion success rate over 19 surg-
eries. In this study, precise manual adjustments were made to avoid microvasculature on the cortical surface, slowing
total insertion time from the fastest possible. Even with these adjustments, the total insertion time for this study av-
eraged ∼45 min, for an approximate insertion rate of 29.6 electrodes per minute (fig. 6). Insertions were made in a
(4 × 7) mm2
bilateral craniotomy with >300 µm spacing between threads to maximize cortical coverage. This demon-
strates that robotic insertion of thin polymer electrodes is an efficient and scalable approach for recording from large
numbers of neurons in anatomically defined brain regions.
4 Electronics
Chronic recording from thousands of electrode sites presents significant electronics and packaging challenges. The den-
sity of recording channels necessitates placing the signal amplification and digitization stack within the array assembly,
otherwise the cable and connector requirements would be prohibitive. This recording stack must amplify small neural
signals (<10 µVRMS) while rejecting out-of-band noise, sample and digitize the amplified signals, and stream out the
results for real-time processing—all using minimal power and size.
The electronics are built around our custom Neuralink application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), which consists of
256 individually programmable amplifiers (“analog pixels”), on-chip analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and periph-
eral control circuitry for serializing the digitized outputs. The analog pixel is highly configurable: the gains and filter
5
6. July 16, 2019
Figure 5: A packaged sensor device. A. individual neural processing ASIC capable of processing 256 channels of data.
This particular packaged device contains 12 of these chips for a total of 3,072 channels. B. Polymer threads on parylene-c
substrate. C. Titanium enclosure (lid removed). D. Digital USB-C connector for power and data.
properties can be calibrated to account for variability in signal-quality due to process variations and the electrophysio-
logical environment. The on-chip ADC samples at 19.3 kHz with 10 bit resolution. Each analog pixel consumes 5.2 µW
and the whole ASIC consumes ∼6 mW, including the clock drivers. Performance of the Neuralink ASIC is summarized
in table 1 and a photograph of the fabricated device is shown in fig. 5A.
The Neuralink ASIC forms the core of a modular recording platform that allows for easy replacement of constitutive
parts for research and development purposes (fig. 5). In the systems discussed here, a number of ASICs are integrated
into a standard printed circuit board (PCB) using flip-chip integration. Each system consists of a field-programmable
gate array (FPGA); real-time temperature, accelerometer, and magnetometer sensors; and a single USB-C connector
for full-bandwidth data transfer. The systems are packaged in titanium cases which are coated with parylene-c, which
serves as a moisture barrier to prevent fluid ingress and prolong functional lifetime.
We describe two such configurations that we have built, a 1,536 channel recording system (“System A”) and a 3,072
channel recording system (“System B”), summarized in table 2. While System A employs the current-generation Neu-
ralink ASIC, System B uses an earlier revision with comparable functionality but poorer performance specifications.
System B was designed to maximize channel density and is used for applications that demand extremely high channel
count. In contrast, System A was designed to facilitate faster and more reliable manufacturing; it can be built five times
faster than System B with better yields.
An ethernet-connected base station converts the data streams from these systems into multicast 10G ethernet UDP
packets allowing downstream users to process the data in a variety of ways, e.g. visualizing the data in real-time or
writing it to disk. Each base station can connect to up to three implants simultaneously. These devices are further
supported by a software ecosystem that allows for plug and play usability with zero configuration: neural data begins
streaming automatically when a cable is connected.
6
7. July 16, 2019
Table 1: Neuralink ASIC
Number of Channels 256
Gain 42.9–59.4 dB
Bandwidth 3 Hz–27 kHz
Input-referred noise (3Hz - 10KHz) 5.9 µVRMS
Maximum Differential Input Range 7.2 mVPP
ADC resolution 10 bit
Analog Pixel Power 5.2 µW
Table 2: Two recording system configurations
System A System B
Number of Channels 1,536 3,072
Sampling Rate 19.3 kHz 18.6 kHz
Total System Power Consumption 550 mW 750 mW
Total System Size (24.5 × 20 × 1.65) mm3
(23 × 18.5 × 2) mm3
5 Electrophysiology
We have implanted both systems A and B in male Long-Evans rats, as described in section 3. All animal procedures were
performed in accordance with the National Research Council’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and
were approved by the Neuralink Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Electrophysiological recordings were
made as the animals freely explored an arena equipped with a commutated cable that permitted unrestricted movement.
System A can record 1,344 out of 1,536 channels simultaneously, the exact channel configuration can be arbitrarily
specified at the time of recording; system B can record from all 3,072 channels simultaneously. Digitized broadband
signals were processed in real-time to identify action potentials (spikes) using an online detection algorithm.
Spike detection requirements for real-time BMI are different from most conventional neurophysiology. While most
electrophysiologists spike-sort data offline and spend significant effort to reject false-positive spike events, BMI events
must be detected in real time and spike detection parameters must maximize decoding efficacy. Using our custom
online spike-detection software, we found that a permissive filter that allows an estimated false positive rate of ∼0.2 Hz
performs better than setting stringent thresholds that may reject real spikes (data not shown).
Given these considerations, we set a threshold of >0.35 Hz to quantify the number of electrodes that recorded spiking
units. Since we typically do not spike sort our data, we do not report multiple units per channel. BMI decoders com-
Figure 6: Thread implantation and packaging. A. An example peri-operative image showing the cortical surface with
implanted threads and minimal bleeding. B. Packaged sensor device (“System B”) chronically implanted in a rat.
7
8. July 16, 2019
Figure 7: Left: Broadband neural signals (unfiltered) simultaneously acquired from a single thread (32 channels) im-
planted in rat cerebral cortex. Each channel (row) corresponds to an electrode site on the thread (schematic at left;
sites spaced by 50 µm). Spikes and local field potentials are readily apparent. Right: Putative waveforms (unsorted);
numbers indicate channel location on thread. Mean waveform is shown in black.
monly operate without spike sorting with minimal loss of performance [35, 36]. Moreover, recent results show that
spike sorting is not necessary to accurately estimate neural population dynamics [37].
Data from a recent experiment using System A are shown in fig. 7 and fig. 8. In this experiment, 40 of 44 attempted
insertions were successful (90 %) for a total of 1280 implanted electrodes, of which 1,020 were recorded simultaneously.
The broadband signals recorded from a representative thread show both local field and spiking activity fig. 7. A sample
output of the spike detection pipeline is shown in raster form in fig. 8. In this example, two overlapping recording
configurations were used to record from all 1,280 implanted channels. On this array, our spiking yield was 53.4 % of
channels, with many spikes appearing on multiple neighboring channels, as has been observed in other high-density
probes [16, 17, 21]. On other System A arrays we observed 59.10 ± 5.74 % (mean ± s.e.m.) across 19 surgeries with a
maximum spiking yield of 85.5 %.
6 Discussion
We have described a BMI with high-channel count and single-spike resolution. It is based on flexible polymer probes,
a robotic insertion system, and custom low-power electronics. This system serves two main purposes: it is a research
platform for use in rodents and serves as a prototype for future human clinical implants. The ability to quickly iterate de-
signs and testing in rodents allows for the rapid refinement of devices, manufacturing processes, and software. Because
it is a research platform, the system uses a wired connection to maximize the bandwidth for raw data streaming. This is
important for performance assessments and crucial for the development of signal processing and decoding algorithms.
In contrast, the clinical devices that will derive from this platform will be fully implantable—which requires hermetic
packaging—and have on-board signal compression, reduced power consumption, wireless power transmission, and
data telemetry through the skin without percutaneous leads.
8
9. July 16, 2019
Figure 8: Our devices allow the recording of widespread neural activity distributed across multiple brain regions and
cortical layers. Left: thread insertion sites (colored circles) are indicated on rendered rodent brain. [34] Right: raster of
1,020 simultaneously recorded channels, sorted per thread (color corresponds to insertion site). Inset: enlarged raster
of spikes from a single thread. This thread corresponds to the one shown in fig. 7.
9
10. July 16, 2019
Modulating neural activity will be an important part of next-generation clinical brain-machine interfaces [38], for exam-
ple to provide a sense of touch or proprioception to neuroprosthetic movement control [39, 40]. Therefore, we designed
the Neuralink ASIC to be capable of electrical stimulation on every channel, although we have not demonstrated these
capabilities here.
This BMI system has several advantages over previous approaches. The size and composition of the thin-film probes
are a better match for the material properties of brain tissue than commonly used silicon probes, and therefore may
exhibit enhanced biocompatibility [28, 21]. Also, the ability to choose where our probes are inserted, including into
sub-cortical structures, allows us to create custom array geometries for targeting specific brain regions while avoiding
vasculature. This feature is significant for creating a high-performance BMI, as the distribution of electrodes can be
customized depending on the task requirements. Lastly, the miniturization and design of the Neuralink ASIC affords
great flexibility in system design and supports very high channel counts within practical size and power constraints.
In principle, our approach to brain-machine interfaces is highly extensible and scalable. Here we report simultaneous
broadband recording from over 3,000 inserted electrodes in a freely moving rat. In a larger brain, multiple devices with
this architecture could be readily implanted, and we could therefore interface with many more neurons without exten-
sive re-engineering. Further development of surgical robotics could allow us to accomplish this without dramatically
increasing surgery time.
While significant technological challenges must be addressed before a high-bandwidth device is suitable for clinical
application, with such a device, it is plausible to imagine that a patient with spinal cord injury could dexterously control
a digital mouse and keyboard. When combined with rapidly improving spinal stimulation techniques [41], in the future
this approach could conceivably restore motor function. High-bandwidth neural interfaces should enable a variety of
novel therapeutic possibilities.
7 Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the contributions of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Berkeley Mar-
vell Nanofabrication Laboratory, Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC), Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, and
former and current Neuralink employees to the work described here.
8 Supplementary Videos
Video 1: A series of six insertions by the neurosurgical robot into an agarose brain proxy. Thread-capture by the
needle occurs off-frame. The changes background color are caused by illumination with different frequencies of light
at different stages of the threading and insertion process. One thread was inserted before the start of the video.
Video 2: A 3D rendered view of thread arrangement (same data presented in fig. 8). Thread insertion is visualized in
the same order as in the actual surgery, but time has been compressed for presentation. Thread size and insertion depth
are representative. The stereotaxic coordinates of each insertion are represented on the dataset provided by Calabrese
and coworkers [34].
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