This document provides an introduction to data communication and computer networks. It discusses the basics of networking including:
1. The key components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
2. Different types of networks including LANs, WANs, MANs, WLANs, and VPNs.
3. Network topologies such as mesh, star, bus, and ring.
4. Common network cabling including twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It begins by discussing how computer networks have changed daily life through services like watching cable TV, using ATMs, emailing, and more. A network is defined as two or more connected autonomous computers. The goals of networking are sharing resources, improved communication, and reduced communication costs. Networks have senders, receivers, messages, transmission mediums, and protocols. Early networks included ARPANET and NSFNET. The internet evolved from these and allows globally connected services. Network topologies like star, bus, and types of devices like hubs, switches, and routers are also summarized.
This document discusses networking technology and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, transmission modes, communication media, computer network components and services. Data can flow in simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex transmission modes. Communication media includes bounded media like twisted pair cables and coaxial cables, and unbounded media like wireless transmission methods. Computer networks allow interconnected computers to share resources and communicate. Basic network services include file, print, message and application services.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on data communication and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, components of a communication system, transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), characteristics of networks, types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), applications of networks, and a brief history of the Internet and World Wide Web. The document is presented as part of a lecture on introduction to computer networks.
The document provides information about data communication systems and computer networks. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver using electronic means. It then describes the basic components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and sink. It also discusses different types of computer networks like LAN, MAN and WAN and their characteristics. Finally, it covers topics like network architectures, transmission media and network topologies.
The document discusses computer networks and data communication. It defines a computer network as a group of interconnected computers that allows sharing of resources and information. The key components of a data communication system are sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex depending on the direction of data flow. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh. Local area networks (LANs) connect devices within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) span a city, and wide area networks (WANs) encompass large geographic areas or the entire world. The Internet is an example of interconnected networks.
The document defines key concepts in data communication and computer networking. It discusses the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, medium, receiver and protocol. It also describes distributed processing, network types including LAN, MAN and WAN, network structures like client-server and peer-to-peer, topologies such as star, bus, ring and mesh, transmission media including guided, ungugided and wireless, common network protocols like TCP/IP and OSI model, applications of the internet like email, blogs, domain names and IP addresses, and search engines.
PAN -Personal Area Network – Linking local devices e,g, PC to printer. LAN – Local Area network- links devices in an office or offices. MAN – Metropolitan Area network – links devices across multiple buildings like a campus. WAN – Wide area network – links devices across a country/countries.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and data communication. It defines key terms like data, information, data communication and its components. It describes different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), network topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh, tree), and protocols (TCP/IP, OSI model). It discusses network structure, applications, and risks. The document is serving as an introduction to the topic of computer networks and data communication for a course.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It begins by discussing how computer networks have changed daily life through services like watching cable TV, using ATMs, emailing, and more. A network is defined as two or more connected autonomous computers. The goals of networking are sharing resources, improved communication, and reduced communication costs. Networks have senders, receivers, messages, transmission mediums, and protocols. Early networks included ARPANET and NSFNET. The internet evolved from these and allows globally connected services. Network topologies like star, bus, and types of devices like hubs, switches, and routers are also summarized.
This document discusses networking technology and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, transmission modes, communication media, computer network components and services. Data can flow in simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex transmission modes. Communication media includes bounded media like twisted pair cables and coaxial cables, and unbounded media like wireless transmission methods. Computer networks allow interconnected computers to share resources and communicate. Basic network services include file, print, message and application services.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on data communication and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, components of a communication system, transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), characteristics of networks, types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), applications of networks, and a brief history of the Internet and World Wide Web. The document is presented as part of a lecture on introduction to computer networks.
The document provides information about data communication systems and computer networks. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver using electronic means. It then describes the basic components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and sink. It also discusses different types of computer networks like LAN, MAN and WAN and their characteristics. Finally, it covers topics like network architectures, transmission media and network topologies.
The document discusses computer networks and data communication. It defines a computer network as a group of interconnected computers that allows sharing of resources and information. The key components of a data communication system are sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex depending on the direction of data flow. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh. Local area networks (LANs) connect devices within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) span a city, and wide area networks (WANs) encompass large geographic areas or the entire world. The Internet is an example of interconnected networks.
The document defines key concepts in data communication and computer networking. It discusses the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, medium, receiver and protocol. It also describes distributed processing, network types including LAN, MAN and WAN, network structures like client-server and peer-to-peer, topologies such as star, bus, ring and mesh, transmission media including guided, ungugided and wireless, common network protocols like TCP/IP and OSI model, applications of the internet like email, blogs, domain names and IP addresses, and search engines.
PAN -Personal Area Network – Linking local devices e,g, PC to printer. LAN – Local Area network- links devices in an office or offices. MAN – Metropolitan Area network – links devices across multiple buildings like a campus. WAN – Wide area network – links devices across a country/countries.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and data communication. It defines key terms like data, information, data communication and its components. It describes different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), network topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh, tree), and protocols (TCP/IP, OSI model). It discusses network structure, applications, and risks. The document is serving as an introduction to the topic of computer networks and data communication for a course.
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission medium. A data communication system has five components: sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. The document then discusses networks, defining them as connected devices and discussing LANs (local area networks), MANs (metropolitan area networks), and WANs (wide area networks). It also covers network topologies like mesh, star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations.
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It covers the following key points:
- Data communication systems have five components: a sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.
- A computer network connects devices like computers and allows them to share resources and information. Common network types include local area networks and the Internet. Networks use distributed processing and must meet criteria for performance, reliability, and security.
- Physical network topologies include mesh, star, bus, and ring configurations. A topology defines how devices are linked together physically in a network.
Computer Networks Unit 1 Introduction and Physical Layer Dr. SELVAGANESAN S
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission medium. A data communication system has five components: sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. The document also defines networks, explaining that a network allows interconnected devices to communicate and share resources. Local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) are described as the main categories of networks.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the key components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different data transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. The document also covers computer network types including LANs, MANs, and WANs, as well as network topologies like mesh, star, bus, and ring configurations. Finally, it discusses some common uses of computer networks for businesses and homes.
The document discusses different types of computer networks. It describes local area networks (LANs) as connecting hosts in a single office or building over short distances. Wide area networks (WANs) connect devices over longer distances, spanning towns, states or countries, and are typically run by telecommunications companies. Metropolitan area networks (MANs) provide connectivity over areas like a city or campus. LANs use switches to direct traffic to specific hosts, while WANs can be point-to-point connections between two devices or switched networks combining multiple point-to-point links.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in data communications including:
1. Data communication involves the transfer of data from one machine to another so that the sender and receiver interpret the data correctly. Protocols provide rules for different operating systems to share resources.
2. The effectiveness of data communication depends on delivery, timeliness, and accuracy of data transfer without errors or alterations.
3. Components of a data communication system include the message, sender, medium, receiver, and protocols governing the exchange.
4. Computer networks can be classified as local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), or wide area networks (WANs) based on their size, geographic range, and
A computer network allows interconnected devices to share resources and exchange information. It connects two or more computers or devices together using cables or wireless technology and follows a set of rules called protocols. Devices on a network can share data, software, printers and other resources regardless of their physical location. This reduces costs while improving communication and reliability of data storage.
Chapter No 1 Introduction to Network and Network Models.pptxPoojaBahirat1
The document provides an introduction to computer networks and network models. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Data communication involves the exchange of data between two devices via transmission mediums like wired or wireless connections. The five basic components of a data communication system are the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. Network models like OSI and TCP/IP reference models organize networks into layers, with each layer performing specified functions and following protocols to communicate between devices.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in computer networks:
- A computer network connects two or more devices to share resources and files using common protocols.
- Networks have five basic components: messages, senders, receivers, transmission media, and protocols.
- Communication can occur in simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex mode depending on whether devices can transmit and receive simultaneously.
- Important criteria for networks are performance, reliability, and security.
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. The document also defines local, metropolitan, and wide area networks and how they differ in size and scope. Finally, it discusses some important network concepts like protocols, standards, and the organizations that develop standards to ensure interoperability.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including:
- Types of network topologies such as star, bus, ring, and mesh.
- Transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio waves, and satellite links.
- Network devices, protocols, wireless computing, internetworking terms, open source software, security, and viruses.
Network and network types6.pdf got from cbse siteomkhedekxr
A computer network connects computers and devices to allow communication and sharing of resources. There are different types of network topologies that determine how the nodes are arranged and connected, such as bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree topologies. Common network devices include network interface cards, hubs, switches, routers, and wireless access points which help facilitate communication between nodes on the network.
The document provides an overview of data communication components and concepts. It discusses:
- The key components of data communication including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
- Common data communication models including the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
- Characteristics of effective data communication including delivery, accuracy, and timeliness of data transmission.
- Different types of data representation and data flow including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission.
NETWORKA group of autonomous computers and associated devices connected together
by communication channels like cables or telephone lines etc. is called a network.In a network, the computers work as stand alone machines but can communicate
with other computers on the network as and when required.
This document provides information about computer communications and networks. It begins with definitions of computer communication and connectivity. It then discusses wireless technology and wireless revolution. The four elements of every communication system are described as sending and receiving devices, connection devices, data transmission specifications, and communication channels. Various communication channels and physical connections like cables are explained. Key concepts around networks such as topology, architecture and different types of networks are also summarized.
This document provides information about computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses the history of ARPANET, the first packet switching network and predecessor to the Internet. It then defines what a computer network is and lists common goals of computer networks like sharing resources, performance, reliability, and scalability. The document also outlines some common applications of computer networks and provides details on typical network hardware, software, and cabling technologies.
Lesson 4 communication and computer network (123 kb)IMRAN KHAN
Communication between computers has increased with advancements in data communication facilities, allowing users to access computers remotely. A computer network connects multiple computers over communication channels to share data and programs across geographical locations. It consists of senders and receivers of messages connected by a medium like cables, wireless signals, or satellites. Protocols define how computers transmit data over the network by sequencing packets, routing them efficiently, and detecting and correcting errors.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including their importance, components, evolution, and types. Key points include:
- A computer network allows interconnected devices like computers and phones to share resources and data.
- Important networks included ARPANET, the first network in 1969, and NSFNET in the 1980s, which combined to form the modern Internet.
- Networks are made up of nodes, servers, transmission media, and follow communication protocols like TCP/IP to transmit digital data in packets.
- Common network devices include modems, switches, routers, and wireless cards. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, ring and tree structures.
Lesson 5 data communication and networking (136 kb)IMRAN KHAN
This document introduces data communication and computer networks. It discusses how computer networking allows users to share data and programs between computers regardless of location. The objectives are to learn about the basic elements of data communication systems, communication protocols, transmission modes, computer networks, and network types. It describes the basic components of a communication system including a sender, medium, and receiver. Data communication involves the electrical or electromagnetic transmission of encoded data signals across communication channels or media.
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission medium. A data communication system has five components: sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. The document then discusses networks, defining them as connected devices and discussing LANs (local area networks), MANs (metropolitan area networks), and WANs (wide area networks). It also covers network topologies like mesh, star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations.
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It covers the following key points:
- Data communication systems have five components: a sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.
- A computer network connects devices like computers and allows them to share resources and information. Common network types include local area networks and the Internet. Networks use distributed processing and must meet criteria for performance, reliability, and security.
- Physical network topologies include mesh, star, bus, and ring configurations. A topology defines how devices are linked together physically in a network.
Computer Networks Unit 1 Introduction and Physical Layer Dr. SELVAGANESAN S
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission medium. A data communication system has five components: sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. The document also defines networks, explaining that a network allows interconnected devices to communicate and share resources. Local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) are described as the main categories of networks.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the key components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different data transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. The document also covers computer network types including LANs, MANs, and WANs, as well as network topologies like mesh, star, bus, and ring configurations. Finally, it discusses some common uses of computer networks for businesses and homes.
The document discusses different types of computer networks. It describes local area networks (LANs) as connecting hosts in a single office or building over short distances. Wide area networks (WANs) connect devices over longer distances, spanning towns, states or countries, and are typically run by telecommunications companies. Metropolitan area networks (MANs) provide connectivity over areas like a city or campus. LANs use switches to direct traffic to specific hosts, while WANs can be point-to-point connections between two devices or switched networks combining multiple point-to-point links.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in data communications including:
1. Data communication involves the transfer of data from one machine to another so that the sender and receiver interpret the data correctly. Protocols provide rules for different operating systems to share resources.
2. The effectiveness of data communication depends on delivery, timeliness, and accuracy of data transfer without errors or alterations.
3. Components of a data communication system include the message, sender, medium, receiver, and protocols governing the exchange.
4. Computer networks can be classified as local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), or wide area networks (WANs) based on their size, geographic range, and
A computer network allows interconnected devices to share resources and exchange information. It connects two or more computers or devices together using cables or wireless technology and follows a set of rules called protocols. Devices on a network can share data, software, printers and other resources regardless of their physical location. This reduces costs while improving communication and reliability of data storage.
Chapter No 1 Introduction to Network and Network Models.pptxPoojaBahirat1
The document provides an introduction to computer networks and network models. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Data communication involves the exchange of data between two devices via transmission mediums like wired or wireless connections. The five basic components of a data communication system are the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. Network models like OSI and TCP/IP reference models organize networks into layers, with each layer performing specified functions and following protocols to communicate between devices.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in computer networks:
- A computer network connects two or more devices to share resources and files using common protocols.
- Networks have five basic components: messages, senders, receivers, transmission media, and protocols.
- Communication can occur in simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex mode depending on whether devices can transmit and receive simultaneously.
- Important criteria for networks are performance, reliability, and security.
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. The document also defines local, metropolitan, and wide area networks and how they differ in size and scope. Finally, it discusses some important network concepts like protocols, standards, and the organizations that develop standards to ensure interoperability.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including:
- Types of network topologies such as star, bus, ring, and mesh.
- Transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio waves, and satellite links.
- Network devices, protocols, wireless computing, internetworking terms, open source software, security, and viruses.
Network and network types6.pdf got from cbse siteomkhedekxr
A computer network connects computers and devices to allow communication and sharing of resources. There are different types of network topologies that determine how the nodes are arranged and connected, such as bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree topologies. Common network devices include network interface cards, hubs, switches, routers, and wireless access points which help facilitate communication between nodes on the network.
The document provides an overview of data communication components and concepts. It discusses:
- The key components of data communication including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
- Common data communication models including the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
- Characteristics of effective data communication including delivery, accuracy, and timeliness of data transmission.
- Different types of data representation and data flow including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission.
NETWORKA group of autonomous computers and associated devices connected together
by communication channels like cables or telephone lines etc. is called a network.In a network, the computers work as stand alone machines but can communicate
with other computers on the network as and when required.
This document provides information about computer communications and networks. It begins with definitions of computer communication and connectivity. It then discusses wireless technology and wireless revolution. The four elements of every communication system are described as sending and receiving devices, connection devices, data transmission specifications, and communication channels. Various communication channels and physical connections like cables are explained. Key concepts around networks such as topology, architecture and different types of networks are also summarized.
This document provides information about computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses the history of ARPANET, the first packet switching network and predecessor to the Internet. It then defines what a computer network is and lists common goals of computer networks like sharing resources, performance, reliability, and scalability. The document also outlines some common applications of computer networks and provides details on typical network hardware, software, and cabling technologies.
Lesson 4 communication and computer network (123 kb)IMRAN KHAN
Communication between computers has increased with advancements in data communication facilities, allowing users to access computers remotely. A computer network connects multiple computers over communication channels to share data and programs across geographical locations. It consists of senders and receivers of messages connected by a medium like cables, wireless signals, or satellites. Protocols define how computers transmit data over the network by sequencing packets, routing them efficiently, and detecting and correcting errors.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including their importance, components, evolution, and types. Key points include:
- A computer network allows interconnected devices like computers and phones to share resources and data.
- Important networks included ARPANET, the first network in 1969, and NSFNET in the 1980s, which combined to form the modern Internet.
- Networks are made up of nodes, servers, transmission media, and follow communication protocols like TCP/IP to transmit digital data in packets.
- Common network devices include modems, switches, routers, and wireless cards. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, ring and tree structures.
Lesson 5 data communication and networking (136 kb)IMRAN KHAN
This document introduces data communication and computer networks. It discusses how computer networking allows users to share data and programs between computers regardless of location. The objectives are to learn about the basic elements of data communication systems, communication protocols, transmission modes, computer networks, and network types. It describes the basic components of a communication system including a sender, medium, and receiver. Data communication involves the electrical or electromagnetic transmission of encoded data signals across communication channels or media.
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.
ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
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Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
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EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
2. Introduction to Data communication:
Data Communication:
Data communication are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
#Data: The word ‘data’ refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon the parties
creating and using the data.
#Telecommunication: The term telecommunication, which includes telephony, telegraphy and
television, means communication at a distance (Tele is Greek for ‘far’).
The effectiveness of a data communication system depends on four fundamental characteristics:
Delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
Delivery:
o The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
o Data must be received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.
Accuracy:
o The system must deliver the data accurately.
o Data that have been altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
2
3. Timeliness:
o The system must deliver data in timely manner.
o Data delivered late are useless.
o Incase of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in the same order
that they are produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real- time transmission.
Jitter:
o Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.
o It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.
o For example, let us assume that video packets are sent every 30ms. If some of the packets arrive with
30ms delay and other with 40ms delay, an uneven quality in the video is the result.
Components:
A data communication system has 5 components.
Protocol
Medium
Sender Receiver
Message
Rule 1:
Rule 2:
….
Rule n:
Rule 1:
Rule 2:
….
Rule n:
3
4. Message:
o The message is the information (data) to be communicated.
o Popular forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio and video.
Sender:
o The sender is the device that sends the data message.
o It can be computer, telephone handset, video camera, etc.
Receiver:
o The receiver is the device that receives the message.
o It can be computer, telephone handset, television, etc.
Transmission medium:
o The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver.
o Some examples of transmission medium include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable
and radio waves.
Protocol:
o A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.
o It represents an agreement between the communicating devices.
4
5. o Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating.
Data Representation:
Text
Number
Image
Audio
Video
Data Flow:
Communication between two devices can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.
Simplex:
o The communication is unidirectional.
o Only one of the devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive.
o Example: Keyboards and traditional Monitors.
Direction of Data
Fig: Simplex.
Station Station
5
6. o The simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the channel to send data in one direction.
Half-Duplex:
o In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time.
o When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa.
o In this mode of transmission, the entire capacity of a channel is taken over by whichever of the
two devices is transmitting at the time.
o Walkie - talkies and CB (Citizen Band) radios are half- duplex system.
o The entire capacity of the channel can be utilize for each direction.
Direction of data at time 1
Direction of data at time 2
Fig: Half Duplex.
Station Station
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7. Full-Duplex mode:
o In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously.
o One common example of full-duplex communication is the telephone network (When two
people are communicating by a telephone line, both can talk and listen at the same time).
o The capacity of the channel, however must be divided between the two direction.
Direction of data all the time
Fig: Full-Duplex.
Station Station
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8. Introduction to Computer Networks:
A network is a collection of independent computers that communicate with one another over a
shared network medium.
A network is a set devices (often referred to nodes) connected by communication links. A node can
be a computer, printer, or any device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other
nodes on the network.
As companies rely on applications likes e-mail and database management for core business
operations, computer networking becomes increasingly more important.
Network criteria:
A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria. The most important criteria includes
performance, reliability and security.
Performance:
o It can be measured base on transit time and response time (Transit time is the amount of time
required for a message to travel from one device to another and response is the elapse time between
an inquiry and a response).
o It depends on number of factors, including the number of user, the type of transmission medium, the
capacities of the connected hardware and the efficiency of the software.
o Performance is often evaluated by two networking metrics: Throughput and delay.
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9. o We often need more throughput and less delay. However, these two criteria are often contradictory.
We may increase throughput but delay will also increase because of traffic congestion in the
network.
Reliability:
o Network reliability is measured by the frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a
failure, and the network’s robustness(quality/condition being strong) in a catastrophe(suddenly
damage/failed).
Security:
o Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting data from
damage and development, and implementing policies and procedures for recovery from breaches
(failing to observed agreement) and data losses.
Every network includes:
o At least two computers (Server or client workstation).
o Networking interface card (NIC).
o A connection medium, usually a wire or cable or in form of wireless.
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10. Types of Networks:
Network are usually classified by distance of coverage.
LANs (Local Area Networks)
o A LAN is usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building or campus.
o The size of the LAN may be determined by licensing restrictions on the number of users per copy
of software or by restrictions on the number of users licensed to access the operating system.
o In addition to size, LAN are distinguished from other types of networks by the transmission media
and topology.
o The most common topology used in LAN are Bus, Ring and star.
o Early LANs had data rates in the range of 4 to 16 Mbps, however today’s speeds are normally in
the range of 100 to 1000 Mbps.
o Wireless LANs are the newest evolution in LAN technology.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
o A WAN provides long distance transmission of data, image, audio and video information over
large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent or even the whole world.
o Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.
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11. o Example: Internet is the largest WAN.
o The Internet is a system of linked networks that are worldwide in scope and facilitate data
communication services such as remote login, file transfer, e-mail, the world wide web and
newsgroup.
o The Internet provides a communications highway for millions of users.
MAN (Metropolitan area Networks):
o MAN is a high speed network that consists of LAN in metropolitan area such as a city or town and
handled the bulk of communication acting across that region.
o A MAN is a network with a size between a LAN and a WAN.
o It is normally covers the area inside a town or a city.
o Example1: The cable TV network that originally was designed for cable TV.
o Example2: MAN is the part of the telephone company network that can provide a high speed DSL line
to the customer.
WLAN (Wireless LAN):
o A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices
using wireless communication within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or
office building.
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12. o WLAN gives users the ability to move around within a local coverage area and yet still be
connected to the network.
o Example: Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity).
VPN (Virtual Private Network):
o A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, and enables
users to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if their computing devices were
directly connected to the private network.
o VPN technology was developed to allow remote users and branch offices to securely access
corporate applications and other resources.
Categories of Network:
Network can be divided into two main categories:
1. Peer-to-Peer.
2. Server-Based.
Peer-to-Peer:
o In Peer-to-Peer networking there are no dedicated servers or hierarchy among the computers.
Normally each computer serves as Client/Server and there is no responsible for the entire network.
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13. o All of the computers are equal and therefore known as Peers.
o Peer-to-Peer networks are good choices needs of small organizations where the users are in the
same general area, security is not an issue and the organization and the network will limited
growth within the foreseeable future.
Server-Based:
o The client/server network is the most efficient way to provide:
• Databases management of applications such as spreadsheets, accounting, communications
and document management.
• Networking Management.
• Centralized file storage.
o The client/server model is basically an implementation of distributed or cooperative processing.
o The capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially or temporary.
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14. Network Topology:
The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and
linking devices (nodes) to one another.
There are four basic topologies: Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring.
Mesh:
o In mesh topology, every devices has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other devices. The
term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between the two devices it connects.
o To accommodate that many links, every device on the network must have (n-1) I/O ports to be
connected to other (n-1) stations.
o Advantages over other network topology:
The use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its own data load,
thus eliminating the traffic problems.
A mesh topology is robust (healthy).
There is the advantage of privacy and security.
o The main disadvantages of a mesh are related to the amount of cabling and the number of I/O
ports required.
o Example: The connection of telephone regional offices in which each regional office needs to be
connected to every other regional office.
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16. Star Topology:
o In star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller,
usually a hub. The devices are not directly linked to one another.
o If one device wants to send data to another, it sends the data to the controller, which then relays
the data to the other connected device.
o Advantages:
A star topology is less expensive than a mesh topology.
Easy to install and configure.
Robustness.
As long as the hub is working, it can be used to monitor link problems and bypass defective
link.
o Disadvantages:
The dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the hub.
If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead.
o The star topology is used in local area networks (LANs). High speed LANs often use a star
topology with a central hub.
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17. Hub
Fig: A star Topology connecting four stations.
Bus Topology:
o A Bus Topology is multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network.
o Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
o Advantages:
Ease(make less severe) of installation.
Only the backbone cables stretches through the entire facility. Each drop line has to reach only
as far as the nearest point on the backbone.
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4
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18. o Disadvantage:
Difficult reconnection and fault isolation.
A fault or break in the bus cables stops all transmission, even between devices on the same
side of the problem.
o Ethernet LANs can be use Bus topology.
Cable end Cable end
Drop line Drop line Drop line
Tap Tap Tap
Fig: A bus topology connecting three stations.
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3
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19. Ring Topology:
o In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the two devices on
either side of it.
o A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to devices, unit it reaches its destination.
o Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.
o A ring is relatively easy to install and configure.
Repeater Repeater
Repeater Repeater Repeater
Repeater
Repeater Repeater
Fig: A ring topology connecting six stations
Station 2 Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Station 6
Station 1
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20. Network Cables:
Network cables provide a conduit from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial
cable and fiber-optic cable.
Twisted cable and coaxial cable use metallic (copper) conductors that accept and transport signals
in the form of electric current.
Optical fiber is a cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.
Twisted-Pair Cable:
o A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic insulator,
twisted together.
o One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver and the other is used only as a ground
reference.
o Twisted-pair cables are of two types: Unshielded and shielded twisted-pair cable.
Unshielded twisted-pair cable:
The most common twisted-pair cable used in communications is referred to as Unshielded
twisted-pair(UTP).
The most common UTP connector is RJ45 (RJ-Register Jack). The RJ45 is a keyed, meaning the
connector can be inserted in only one way.
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21. Shielded Twisted-pair cable:
STP cable has a metal foil or braided mesh covering that encases each pair of insulated
conductors.
Metal casing improves the quality of cable by preventing the penetration of noise or
crosstalk, it is bulkier and more expensive.
o Twisted-pair cable are used in telephone lines to provide voice and data channels.
Fig: Twisted Pair cable.
Fig: UTP &STP. Fig: RJ-45 connector.
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22. Coaxial cable:
o Coaxial cable carries signals of higher frequency ranges than those in twisted-pair cable.
Coaxial has a central core conductor of solid or stranded wire (usually copper) enclosed in an
insulating sheath, which is, in turn, encased in an outer conductor of metal foil, braid, or a
combination of the two.
The outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second conductor,
which completes the circuit.
This outer conductor is also enclosed in an insulating sheath and the whole cable is protected
by a plastic cover.
o Coaxial cable standards:
Coaxial cables are categorized by their radio government(RG) ratings. Each RG number denotes
a unique set of physical specification, including the wire gauge (diameter of the wire) of the
inner conductor, the thickness and type of the inner insulator, the construction of the shield,
and the size of the outer casing.
Each cable defined by an RG rating is adapted for a specialized function, as mentioned below:
Categories Use
RG-59 Cable TV
RG-58 Thin Ethernet
RG-11 Thick Ethernet 22
23. o Coaxial Cable connectors:
The most common type of connector used today is the Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC).
The three popular types of connectors includes, BNC connector, the BNC T connector, and
the BNC terminator.
The BNC connector is used to connect the end of the cable to a device, such as a TV set. The
BNC T connector is used in Ethernet networks to branch out to a connection to a computer or
other device. The BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to prevent reflection of the
signal.
o Coaxial cables are widely used in telephone network and Cable TV network.
Fig: Coaxial Cable. Fig: BCN connectors.
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24. Fiber-Optical Cables:
o A fiber-optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the form light.
o Fiber optics are pretty darn cool and not cheap.
o This cable is really smaller and can carry a vast amount of information fast and over long
distance.
o There are three types of connectors for fiber-optic cables which includes Subscriber Channel (SC)
connector, Strip-tip (ST) connector and MT-RJ (Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack)connector.
The SC connector is used for cable TV. It uses a push/pull locking system.
The ST connector is used for connecting cable to networking devices.
The MT-RJ provides Housing two fibers and mating together with locating pins on the plug.
o Fiber optical cable is often used as in backbone networks because its wide bandwidth is cost-
effective.
Fig: Fiber-Optical Cables.
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