This document discusses computer networking technology. It defines key concepts like communication systems having senders, mediums, and receivers. It describes different modes of data transmission including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also discusses different types of communication media such as bounded media like twisted pair cables and unbounded media like wireless transmission. Finally, it outlines common computer network models and categories including client-server networks, peer-to-peer networks, and local area networks.

1. PRESENTATION OF COMPUTER
(NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY)

2. Communication and Basic Elements Of a
Communication System
• Communication is the process of transferring messages from one point
to another.
• The basic elements of any communication system are:
a) A sender, which creates the message to be transmitted.
b) A medium, which carries the message.
c) A receiver, which receives the message

3. Data Communication
• Data communication refers to the exchange of data between a source and
a receiver.
• The device that transmits the data is known as a source and the device
that receives the transmitted data is known as a receiver.
• A communication has the following components:
a. Message
b. Sender
c. Receiver
d. Medium
e. Protocol

4. Telecommunication And Its Modes
• Telecommunication is the transmission of data and information between
computers using a communication link such as standard telephone line.
• The way in which data is transmitted from one place to another is called data
transmission . It is also called the data communication code or directional modes.
• The transmission is characterized by:
a) The direction of the exchanges
b) The transmission mode: the number of bits sent simultaneously
c) Synchronization between the transmitter and receiver

5. Direction Of Data Transmission
• There are three different transmission modes characterized according to the direction
of the exchanges:
a) Simple Mode Communication- Simple mode communication is a mode of
transmission in which communication takes place between two stations in only one
direction at a time.
b) Half Duplex Mode Communication- Half duplex communication is a mode of
transmission in which data flows in the both directions, but only frozm one direction
at a time.
c) Full Duplex Mode Communication- Full duplex communication is a mode of
transmission in which data is transmitted in both the directions simultaneously on
the same channel.

6. Communication Media
• Communication media refers to the mode of physical connection needed
for data transmission.
• There are two types of communication media: bounded media and
unbounded media.
• Guided (Bounded) media is any network that travels in a contained
conductor. This conductor can be metal wire through which electricity
flows or a glass strand through which pulses of light flows.
• Unguided (Unbounded) media is the transmission medium in which
data/signal is sent through the air instead of cables. It includes wireless
transmission and microwave transmission to interconnect the other
components of a network.

7. Examples of Bounded and Unbounded Media
 Bounded Media
• Twisted Pair Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optic
 Unbounded Media
• Radio Networking
• Infrared Transmission
• Microwave Transmission
• Satellite Communication
• Bluetooth Technology
• Wi-Fi Technology
• WiMAX Technology

8.  Twisted Pair Cabling
• Twisted pair cabling is a type of
wiring in which two conductors of a
single circuit are twisted together for
the purposes of improving electromagnetic compatibility. Compared
to a single conductor or an untwisted balanced pair, a twisted pair
reduces electromagnetic radiation from the pair
and crosstalk between neighboring pairs and improves rejection of
external electromagnetic interference. It was invented by Alexander
Graham Bell.

9.  Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cable is a type of transmission line, used to carry high-
frequency electrical signals with low losses. It is used in such
applications as telephone trunklines, broadband internet networking
cables, high-speed computer data busses, cable television signals, and
connecting radio transmitters and receivers to their antennas. It differs
from other shielded cables because the dimensions of the cable and
connectors are controlled to give a precise, constant conductor spacing,
which is needed for it to function efficiently as a transmission line.

10.  Fiber Optic Cable
• A fiber-optic cable, also known as an optical-fiber cable, is an
assembly similar to an electrical cable, but containing one or more
optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber
elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and
contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where
the cable is used. Different types of cable are used for different
applications, for example, long distance telecommunication, or
providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of
a building.

11.  Radio Networking
• There are two types of radio network currently in use around the
world: the one-to-many (simplex communication) broadcast
network commonly used for public information and mass-media
entertainment, and the two-way radio (duplex communication)
type used more commonly for public safety and public services
such as police, fire, taxicabs, and delivery services. Cell phones are
able to send and receive simultaneously by using two different
frequencies at the same time. The two-way type of radio network
shares many of the same technologies and components as the
broadcast-type radio network but is generally set up with fixed
broadcast points (transmitters) with co-located receivers and
mobile receivers/transmitters or transceivers.

12.  Infrared Transmission
• Infrared networking enables computing devices to send and
receive data wirelessly within a short range using infrared beams.
Devices with infrared can be recognized by the infrared port that is
visible on the side of the product which is used to detect and send
the infrared beams.

13.  Microwave Transmission
• Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because
their small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them
in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna.
This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies
without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do.
It 's advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the
microwave band a very large information-carrying capacity; the
microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the radio
spectrum below it. A disadvantage is that microwaves are limited to line
of sight propagation; they cannot pass around hills or mountains as
lower frequency radio waves can.

14. Computer Network
• A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common
communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing
resources located on or provided by the network nodes.
• Need and importance
a) Quick and efficient transfer of data files
b) Sharing of resources
c) Increased cost – efficiency
d) Saving of money
e) Faster, cheaper and reliable communication
f) Back-up and support
g) Access to information on remote computer

15. • Disadvantages
a) Computer network faults can cause loss of data and resources.
b) The network services becomes unusable and productivity fails if
the networks are badly managed.
c) Proper maintenance of a network computer requires
considerable time and expertise.
d) One of the chief downsides of computer network involves security
issues.
e) The network services becomes unusable and productivity fails if
the networks are badly managed.

16. Computer Network Services
• In computer networking, a network service is an application running at
the network application layer and above, that provides data storage,
manipulation, presentation, communication or other capability which is
often implemented using a client–server or peer-to-peer architecture based
on application layer network protocols.
• The basic services of computer are:
a) File Services
b) Print Services
c) Message Services
d) Application Services
e) Database Services

17. Networking Terminology
• Some terms often used with networks are:
 Node- A node is any network device that can connect to the network and can generate,
process or transfer network data.
 Client- A client is a network computer that utilizes the resources of other network
computers.
 Peer- A peer is a self-sufficient computer that acts both as a server and a client to other
similar computers on the network.'
 Server – A server is a network computer that share resources with and responds to
requests from other network computers, including the other servers.
 Host Computer- A host computer is a powerful, centralized computer system, such as a
mainframe computer.
 Terminal- A terminal is a specialized network device on a host- based network that
transmit the data entered by the user to the host for processing and displays the results.

18. Computer Network Components
• Types : Hardware components
Networking components
• Hardware Components in Network
Computer Systems(called servers or clients)
- A server is a computer designed to process requests and deliver data to
other(client) computers over a local network or the Internet.
Network Connectors
-Network connector is a device that terminates a segment of cabling or
provides a point of entry for networking devices such as hubs, routers
and computers.

19. Network Cables
-Network cable is the medium through which information usually
moves from one network device to another.
Network Interface Card(NIC)
- NIC is a computer circuit board or card that is installed in a
computer so that it can be connected to a network

20. • The networking software required to run a computer network are:
a) Network Operating System
-NOS is a software program that controls other software and
hardware that runs on a network.
a) Network Protocol
- Network protocol is a formal description of message formats and
the rules that two or more machines must follow to exchange those
messages

21. Computer Network Models
• Computer network model is design specification for how the nodes
on a network interact and communicate.
• There are three primary network models:
Centralized computing network
Client/ Server network
Peer -to-peer network

22. Computer Network Categories
• On the basis of geographical spread there are three types of
networks. They are:
Local Area Network(LAN)
-Local Area Network is a self- contained network that spans a small
area, such as single building, floor or a room.

23. Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
-MAN is a large computer network that spans a metropolitan area or
campus.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
-WAN is a telecommunications network, usually used for connecting
computers that spans a wide geographical area.

24. *THANK YOU*
SUBMITTED BY: SMRITI GURUNG
SUBMITTED TO: ROSHAN
MAHARAJAN SIR