Physical links connect computers in a network and use transmission media like coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, or fiber optic cable to carry signals. Transmission media can be either guided (wired) or unguided (wireless). Guided media provide a direct path for signals and include coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable. Twisted pair cable uses two insulated copper wires twisted together to reduce interference, while coaxial cable has a central conductor surrounded by an insulated shield. Fiber optic cable carries signals in the form of light pulses and provides higher bandwidth and less attenuation than other wired media.
Ethernet is a widely used local area network technology that uses various cabling media like coaxial cable, twisted pair wires, and fiber optics. Devices on an Ethernet network communicate by sending short messages called frames which include information like destination and source addresses. Ethernet networks originally had limitations in distance and number of devices due to collisions that occurred when multiple devices sent frames simultaneously. These limitations were addressed through technologies like repeaters, bridges, and routers which helped segment networks and increase their size and overall performance. Modern switched Ethernet networks provide full-duplex communication allowing simultaneous transmission and reception to avoid collisions.
O documento descreve a camada física da rede, responsável por codificar bits em sinais para transmissão através de meios físicos. Detalha os principais meios físicos (cabo de cobre, fibra óptica e sem fio), métodos de codificação e sinalização, e organizações que estabelecem padrões para a camada física.
Hamdard University Bangladesh provides an introduction to IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN specifications. It defines two types of MAC sublayer services and describes the distribution coordination function which allows stations to transmit if the medium is idle or wait until the current transmission is complete if busy. It also discusses the point coordination function implemented in infrastructure networks which uses repetition intervals for contention-free transmissions.
This document discusses medium access control protocols for local and metropolitan area networks. It covers static and dynamic channel allocation and describes several multiple access protocols including ALOHA, carrier sense multiple access, collision-free protocols, and limited-contention protocols. Specific protocols covered in more detail include pure ALOHA, persistent and nonpersistent CSMA, CSMA/CD, bit-map and binary countdown collision-free protocols, and wireless LAN protocols.
2.1 Theoretical Basis For Data Communication
What every sophomore EE knows !!! How much data can be put on a wire? What are the limits imposed by a medium?
2.2 Transmission Media
Wires and fibers.
2.3 Wireless Transmission
Radio, microwave, infrared, unguided by a medium.
2.4 The Telephone System
The system invented 100 years ago to carry voice.
2.5 Narrowband ISDN
Mechanisms that can carry voice and data.
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including their characteristics and applications. It covers both guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as unguided or wireless transmission using radio frequencies, microwaves, and satellites. Key points discussed include the factors that determine transmission quality like bandwidth and interference, the advantages of higher bandwidth and fiber optics, and how different media are suited for various uses from local networks to long-distance trunks based on their data rates and transmission distances.
1. The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, outlining the key features and drawbacks of each generation.
2. Early generations like 1G provided basic voice calling using analog signals at speeds up to 2.4kbps but had issues like poor battery life and voice quality. 2G introduced digital signals and SMS at speeds up to 64kbps.
3. Later generations such as 3G (144kbps-2Mbps), 4G (100Mbps-1Gbps), and emerging 5G (expected speeds over 1Gbps) have provided significantly higher data speeds and capabilities like video calling, but also face challenges around implementation costs, bandwidth requirements, and
Physical links connect computers in a network and use transmission media like coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, or fiber optic cable to carry signals. Transmission media can be either guided (wired) or unguided (wireless). Guided media provide a direct path for signals and include coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable. Twisted pair cable uses two insulated copper wires twisted together to reduce interference, while coaxial cable has a central conductor surrounded by an insulated shield. Fiber optic cable carries signals in the form of light pulses and provides higher bandwidth and less attenuation than other wired media.
Ethernet is a widely used local area network technology that uses various cabling media like coaxial cable, twisted pair wires, and fiber optics. Devices on an Ethernet network communicate by sending short messages called frames which include information like destination and source addresses. Ethernet networks originally had limitations in distance and number of devices due to collisions that occurred when multiple devices sent frames simultaneously. These limitations were addressed through technologies like repeaters, bridges, and routers which helped segment networks and increase their size and overall performance. Modern switched Ethernet networks provide full-duplex communication allowing simultaneous transmission and reception to avoid collisions.
O documento descreve a camada física da rede, responsável por codificar bits em sinais para transmissão através de meios físicos. Detalha os principais meios físicos (cabo de cobre, fibra óptica e sem fio), métodos de codificação e sinalização, e organizações que estabelecem padrões para a camada física.
Hamdard University Bangladesh provides an introduction to IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN specifications. It defines two types of MAC sublayer services and describes the distribution coordination function which allows stations to transmit if the medium is idle or wait until the current transmission is complete if busy. It also discusses the point coordination function implemented in infrastructure networks which uses repetition intervals for contention-free transmissions.
This document discusses medium access control protocols for local and metropolitan area networks. It covers static and dynamic channel allocation and describes several multiple access protocols including ALOHA, carrier sense multiple access, collision-free protocols, and limited-contention protocols. Specific protocols covered in more detail include pure ALOHA, persistent and nonpersistent CSMA, CSMA/CD, bit-map and binary countdown collision-free protocols, and wireless LAN protocols.
2.1 Theoretical Basis For Data Communication
What every sophomore EE knows !!! How much data can be put on a wire? What are the limits imposed by a medium?
2.2 Transmission Media
Wires and fibers.
2.3 Wireless Transmission
Radio, microwave, infrared, unguided by a medium.
2.4 The Telephone System
The system invented 100 years ago to carry voice.
2.5 Narrowband ISDN
Mechanisms that can carry voice and data.
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including their characteristics and applications. It covers both guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as unguided or wireless transmission using radio frequencies, microwaves, and satellites. Key points discussed include the factors that determine transmission quality like bandwidth and interference, the advantages of higher bandwidth and fiber optics, and how different media are suited for various uses from local networks to long-distance trunks based on their data rates and transmission distances.
1. The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, outlining the key features and drawbacks of each generation.
2. Early generations like 1G provided basic voice calling using analog signals at speeds up to 2.4kbps but had issues like poor battery life and voice quality. 2G introduced digital signals and SMS at speeds up to 64kbps.
3. Later generations such as 3G (144kbps-2Mbps), 4G (100Mbps-1Gbps), and emerging 5G (expected speeds over 1Gbps) have provided significantly higher data speeds and capabilities like video calling, but also face challenges around implementation costs, bandwidth requirements, and
In this slide we discuss about following topics:
1: TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
2: Causes of Transmission impairment
3: Attenuation
4: Amplifiers and Repeater/Regenerator:
5: Decibel (dB)
6: Distortion
7: Noise
8: Types of Noise: ( Thermal noise, induced noise, Crosstalk, impulse noise)
9: Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Aula03 camada física - meios de transmissãoCarlos Veiga
O documento discute os diferentes meios físicos de transmissão de dados, incluindo cabos de cobre, fibra óptica e espaço livre. Ele explica como cada meio funciona e suas características, como atenuação e resistência. O documento também descreve os diferentes tipos de cabos de cobre, como UTP, STP e coaxial, e como eles lidam com interferência.
- O documento discute vulnerabilidades em redes Wi-Fi, incluindo padrões de rede sem fio, tipos de autenticação, problemas de configuração e tipos de ataques. Ele também cobre recursos de segurança como WEP e WPA, além de defesas e procedimentos para melhorar a segurança.
This document provides an overview of Bluetooth technology. It discusses that Bluetooth allows for short-range wireless connectivity between devices. A key point is that up to 8 devices can be connected in a piconet within a 10 meter range. The document outlines the characteristics of Bluetooth, including that it uses frequency hopping for security and devices do not need line-of-sight. Advantages include no line-of-sight needed and worldwide compatibility, while disadvantages include potential increased battery usage and slow internet speeds over Bluetooth. The document also provides details on Bluetooth architecture and versions.
En una topología de malla, cada computadora se conecta directamente a todas las demás computadoras. Esto permite múltiples rutas entre los nodos pero hace que la red sea muy costosa para redes grandes. Generalmente se usan conmutadores para conectar grupos de computadoras de forma más práctica y económica. Si un nodo falla, el impacto depende de si es un nodo común o un conmutador.
1G mobile networks used analog signals and FDMA technology which resulted in inefficient spectrum usage. 2G introduced GSM, using digital TDMA technology for improved capacity and security. Key aspects of 2G included encryption, SMS messaging, and SIM cards which enabled roaming and secure authentication. The core network components of 2G like HLR, VLR, and MSC enabled location management and call routing.
O documento discute a criação de redes de computadores, incluindo definições de redes locais (LAN), características técnicas necessárias, protocolos e arquiteturas comuns como TCP/IP, e componentes básicos para construir uma rede LAN como placas de rede e switchs.
Coaxial cable was invented in 1880 but not widely used until 1929 when more efficient transmission of telephone signals was needed. Coaxial cable has a central conductor surrounded by insulating material which is then surrounded by a conductive shield. This design confines electromagnetic fields to within the cable. Coaxial cable is used to transmit radio frequency signals and is common in applications like cable television, computer networking, and connecting radio antennas and receivers.
The document discusses the Ethernet frame format. It describes the different fields that make up an Ethernet frame as defined by the IEEE 802.3 standard. This includes the preamble, start frame delimiter, destination and source addresses, length, data, padding, and checksum fields. It also discusses the different types of Ethernet cables commonly used such as 10Base5, 10Base2, 10Base-T, and 10Base-F.
In this Presentation explained about the Unit 5 - 4G Networks and Beyond concepts for third year ECE students, which makes very clear to understand all the Generation networks and its features and applications. Hope it will be useful to all student community.
5G is the 5th generation of wireless technology that will offer faster speeds, increased bandwidth, and lower latency compared to previous generations. It aims to provide speeds over 1 Gbps, support a vastly greater number of connected devices, and enable new applications. Key technologies that will enable 5G include massive MIMO, ultra-dense networks, new multiple access techniques, support for all spectrum types, and new network architectures based on network function virtualization and software-defined networking. 5G will enable new use cases like connected vehicles, telemedicine, and the Internet of Things by supporting requirements for low latency, high reliability, and large connection densities.
The document provides an overview of HIPERLAN, a wireless local area network standard developed by ETSI. It describes the two types of HIPERLAN (Type 1 and Type 2), their key features and differences. These include operating frequencies, data rates, supported network types, quality of service capabilities, and security features. The document also compares HIPERLAN to other wireless network standards like IEEE 802.11 and discusses use cases and applications.
O documento discute os diferentes tipos de cabos usados em redes, incluindo cabos coaxiais, cabos de pares entrançados, cabos de fibra óptica e transmissões sem fios. Detalha as características e usos de cada tipo de cabo, como a capacidade de transmissão e distância máxima suportada. Também descreve brevemente os diferentes tipos de ondas usadas em comunicações sem fios, como infravermelho, ondas de rádio e satélite.
1. The document discusses 1G and 2G mobile communication technologies. 1G used analog FDMA technology for voice calls only, while 2G introduced digital TDMA and CDMA to support voice, data, and multimedia on mobile networks.
2. 1G speeds ranged from 28-56kbps while 2G networks supported speeds up to 115kbps. Digital encoding in 2G also made networks more spectrum efficient and enabled features like SMS and internet access.
3. The document provides details on GSM, CDMA, and GPRS as the main 2G standards and discusses frequency reuse techniques like cell sectoring to reduce interference in mobile networks.
This document discusses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), including its basic idea of using multiple narrowband subcarriers instead of a single wideband carrier. OFDM has advantages like being robust to multipath interference and narrowband interference. It is sensitive to issues like frequency offset and phase noise. OFDM uses orthogonal subcarriers to maximize spectral efficiency and allows overlapping bands. Guard intervals and cyclic prefixes help mitigate inter-symbol interference. OFDM is used in standards like DSL, 802.11a, DAB and DVB. Simulation results show the theoretical and simulated bit error rates for OFDM with BPSK modulation.
This document summarizes the evolution of cellular communication technologies from 1G to 4G. It describes the key features and limitations of each generation of technology: 1G introduced analog cellular but had poor voice quality and battery life; 2G digitalized cellular using GSM but had limited data speeds and required strong signals; 2.5G introduced GPRS and enabled basic data services; 3G increased speeds to 2Mbps, allowing video calls and mobile TV; 4G provides speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps for services like streaming media and supports at least 200 active users per cell. Long term evolution (LTE) is the 4G standard used by most networks globally.
The document summarizes key aspects of wireless local area networks (WLANs) and the IEEE 802.11 standard. It describes the characteristics and design goals of WLANs. It provides an overview of the IEEE 802.11 standard including the physical layer specifications, MAC layer functions and frame formats, and access methods like CSMA/CA. It also discusses wireless network architectures including infrastructure and ad-hoc networks, and comparisons of different wireless transmission technologies.
4G is the fourth generation of cellular communications that provides significantly faster data transfer speeds than 3G, up to 100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility. It uses an all-IP packet switched network and utilizes technologies like LTE, WiMAX, OFDM, and software defined radios. 4G enables many new applications like virtual presence, navigation, telemedicine and provides advantages like high usability, support for multimedia, and higher bandwidth, but also has disadvantages like higher costs and more battery usage.
This document discusses various network devices and their functions. It describes repeaters, routers, brouters, hubs, switches, bridges, network interface cards (NICs), and gateways. Repeaters operate at the physical layer and regenerate signals to extend network distance. Routers operate at multiple layers and direct traffic between networks by maintaining routing tables. Bridges separate networks into segments to reduce congestion. Switches operate at the data link layer to limit collision domains. NICs connect devices to the network. Gateways connect different network types and protocols.
Networking devices include hubs, switches, routers, modems, repeaters, and multiplexers. Hubs connect devices and broadcast data to all, switches forward data only to the destination device, and routers connect different network segments. Modems convert digital data to analog for phone line transmission. Repeaters receive and strengthen signals. Multiplexers allow multiple signals on one channel by allocating time or frequency slots. Common network topologies are bus, star, and ring, which differ in how devices are arranged and connected.
In this slide we discuss about following topics:
1: TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
2: Causes of Transmission impairment
3: Attenuation
4: Amplifiers and Repeater/Regenerator:
5: Decibel (dB)
6: Distortion
7: Noise
8: Types of Noise: ( Thermal noise, induced noise, Crosstalk, impulse noise)
9: Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Aula03 camada física - meios de transmissãoCarlos Veiga
O documento discute os diferentes meios físicos de transmissão de dados, incluindo cabos de cobre, fibra óptica e espaço livre. Ele explica como cada meio funciona e suas características, como atenuação e resistência. O documento também descreve os diferentes tipos de cabos de cobre, como UTP, STP e coaxial, e como eles lidam com interferência.
- O documento discute vulnerabilidades em redes Wi-Fi, incluindo padrões de rede sem fio, tipos de autenticação, problemas de configuração e tipos de ataques. Ele também cobre recursos de segurança como WEP e WPA, além de defesas e procedimentos para melhorar a segurança.
This document provides an overview of Bluetooth technology. It discusses that Bluetooth allows for short-range wireless connectivity between devices. A key point is that up to 8 devices can be connected in a piconet within a 10 meter range. The document outlines the characteristics of Bluetooth, including that it uses frequency hopping for security and devices do not need line-of-sight. Advantages include no line-of-sight needed and worldwide compatibility, while disadvantages include potential increased battery usage and slow internet speeds over Bluetooth. The document also provides details on Bluetooth architecture and versions.
En una topología de malla, cada computadora se conecta directamente a todas las demás computadoras. Esto permite múltiples rutas entre los nodos pero hace que la red sea muy costosa para redes grandes. Generalmente se usan conmutadores para conectar grupos de computadoras de forma más práctica y económica. Si un nodo falla, el impacto depende de si es un nodo común o un conmutador.
1G mobile networks used analog signals and FDMA technology which resulted in inefficient spectrum usage. 2G introduced GSM, using digital TDMA technology for improved capacity and security. Key aspects of 2G included encryption, SMS messaging, and SIM cards which enabled roaming and secure authentication. The core network components of 2G like HLR, VLR, and MSC enabled location management and call routing.
O documento discute a criação de redes de computadores, incluindo definições de redes locais (LAN), características técnicas necessárias, protocolos e arquiteturas comuns como TCP/IP, e componentes básicos para construir uma rede LAN como placas de rede e switchs.
Coaxial cable was invented in 1880 but not widely used until 1929 when more efficient transmission of telephone signals was needed. Coaxial cable has a central conductor surrounded by insulating material which is then surrounded by a conductive shield. This design confines electromagnetic fields to within the cable. Coaxial cable is used to transmit radio frequency signals and is common in applications like cable television, computer networking, and connecting radio antennas and receivers.
The document discusses the Ethernet frame format. It describes the different fields that make up an Ethernet frame as defined by the IEEE 802.3 standard. This includes the preamble, start frame delimiter, destination and source addresses, length, data, padding, and checksum fields. It also discusses the different types of Ethernet cables commonly used such as 10Base5, 10Base2, 10Base-T, and 10Base-F.
In this Presentation explained about the Unit 5 - 4G Networks and Beyond concepts for third year ECE students, which makes very clear to understand all the Generation networks and its features and applications. Hope it will be useful to all student community.
5G is the 5th generation of wireless technology that will offer faster speeds, increased bandwidth, and lower latency compared to previous generations. It aims to provide speeds over 1 Gbps, support a vastly greater number of connected devices, and enable new applications. Key technologies that will enable 5G include massive MIMO, ultra-dense networks, new multiple access techniques, support for all spectrum types, and new network architectures based on network function virtualization and software-defined networking. 5G will enable new use cases like connected vehicles, telemedicine, and the Internet of Things by supporting requirements for low latency, high reliability, and large connection densities.
The document provides an overview of HIPERLAN, a wireless local area network standard developed by ETSI. It describes the two types of HIPERLAN (Type 1 and Type 2), their key features and differences. These include operating frequencies, data rates, supported network types, quality of service capabilities, and security features. The document also compares HIPERLAN to other wireless network standards like IEEE 802.11 and discusses use cases and applications.
O documento discute os diferentes tipos de cabos usados em redes, incluindo cabos coaxiais, cabos de pares entrançados, cabos de fibra óptica e transmissões sem fios. Detalha as características e usos de cada tipo de cabo, como a capacidade de transmissão e distância máxima suportada. Também descreve brevemente os diferentes tipos de ondas usadas em comunicações sem fios, como infravermelho, ondas de rádio e satélite.
1. The document discusses 1G and 2G mobile communication technologies. 1G used analog FDMA technology for voice calls only, while 2G introduced digital TDMA and CDMA to support voice, data, and multimedia on mobile networks.
2. 1G speeds ranged from 28-56kbps while 2G networks supported speeds up to 115kbps. Digital encoding in 2G also made networks more spectrum efficient and enabled features like SMS and internet access.
3. The document provides details on GSM, CDMA, and GPRS as the main 2G standards and discusses frequency reuse techniques like cell sectoring to reduce interference in mobile networks.
This document discusses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), including its basic idea of using multiple narrowband subcarriers instead of a single wideband carrier. OFDM has advantages like being robust to multipath interference and narrowband interference. It is sensitive to issues like frequency offset and phase noise. OFDM uses orthogonal subcarriers to maximize spectral efficiency and allows overlapping bands. Guard intervals and cyclic prefixes help mitigate inter-symbol interference. OFDM is used in standards like DSL, 802.11a, DAB and DVB. Simulation results show the theoretical and simulated bit error rates for OFDM with BPSK modulation.
This document summarizes the evolution of cellular communication technologies from 1G to 4G. It describes the key features and limitations of each generation of technology: 1G introduced analog cellular but had poor voice quality and battery life; 2G digitalized cellular using GSM but had limited data speeds and required strong signals; 2.5G introduced GPRS and enabled basic data services; 3G increased speeds to 2Mbps, allowing video calls and mobile TV; 4G provides speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps for services like streaming media and supports at least 200 active users per cell. Long term evolution (LTE) is the 4G standard used by most networks globally.
The document summarizes key aspects of wireless local area networks (WLANs) and the IEEE 802.11 standard. It describes the characteristics and design goals of WLANs. It provides an overview of the IEEE 802.11 standard including the physical layer specifications, MAC layer functions and frame formats, and access methods like CSMA/CA. It also discusses wireless network architectures including infrastructure and ad-hoc networks, and comparisons of different wireless transmission technologies.
4G is the fourth generation of cellular communications that provides significantly faster data transfer speeds than 3G, up to 100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility. It uses an all-IP packet switched network and utilizes technologies like LTE, WiMAX, OFDM, and software defined radios. 4G enables many new applications like virtual presence, navigation, telemedicine and provides advantages like high usability, support for multimedia, and higher bandwidth, but also has disadvantages like higher costs and more battery usage.
This document discusses various network devices and their functions. It describes repeaters, routers, brouters, hubs, switches, bridges, network interface cards (NICs), and gateways. Repeaters operate at the physical layer and regenerate signals to extend network distance. Routers operate at multiple layers and direct traffic between networks by maintaining routing tables. Bridges separate networks into segments to reduce congestion. Switches operate at the data link layer to limit collision domains. NICs connect devices to the network. Gateways connect different network types and protocols.
Networking devices include hubs, switches, routers, modems, repeaters, and multiplexers. Hubs connect devices and broadcast data to all, switches forward data only to the destination device, and routers connect different network segments. Modems convert digital data to analog for phone line transmission. Repeaters receive and strengthen signals. Multiplexers allow multiple signals on one channel by allocating time or frequency slots. Common network topologies are bus, star, and ring, which differ in how devices are arranged and connected.
This document discusses network topologies, switching, and routing algorithms. It defines different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. It also describes hubs, switches, circuit switching, message switching, packet switching, datagram networks, and virtual circuit networks. For routing algorithms, it explains distance vector routing which uses hop count as the routing metric and link state routing which uses weighted metrics to calculate the shortest path.
This document defines a computer network and networking. It discusses different types of networks including personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), wide area networks (WAN) and the Internet. It also describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Finally, it outlines some network devices and benefits of networking.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a network is and describes different network topologies like bus, ring, star, mesh, tree and hybrid topologies. It also discusses network components such as network interface cards, hubs, switches, cables, routers and modems. Additionally, it covers data communication types including simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex communication.
The document discusses computer networks and their classification. It describes:
I. The members of a group for a computer networks class.
II. How computer networks can be classified based on transmission medium (wired, wireless), topology (bus, star, ring), size (LAN, MAN, WAN), and management method (peer-to-peer, client/server).
III. Different wired and wireless transmission media like coaxial cable, optical fiber, and their characteristics.
This document provides an overview of data communication networks. It discusses the components, structure, topology and types of networks. The key points are:
Network performance is measured by throughput and delay, while reliability looks at frequency of failures and recovery time. A network connects two or more devices with links in various topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. Wide area networks span hundreds of kilometers while personal area networks are within a few meters. Circuit switched networks establish dedicated circuits for transmission while packet switched networks use store-and-forward routing to transmit packets.
This document discusses different types of computer networks and network topologies. It describes personal area networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, wireless networks, and internetworks. It then examines various physical network topologies - including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. Key characteristics of each topology such as wiring, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are outlined. The document also briefly discusses network devices like hubs, switches, routers, and their functions.
Computer network components include both hardware and software. The key hardware components are servers, clients, transmission media like cables, and connecting devices like switches and routers. Servers store and manage network resources, clients access these resources, and connecting devices allow communication across networks. Important software includes network operating systems and protocols that allow devices to communicate according to standard rules. Understanding the roles of these various components is essential for setting up both small home networks and larger organization networks.
This document discusses computer networks and their basic components. It describes the three common network modes: simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also outlines the five main network topologies: bus, ring, star, mesh and tree. Each topology is defined and its advantages and disadvantages are provided. The document serves as an introductory overview of computer networks.
Networks consist of end nodes, routers, and links that connect them. End nodes are actual computers while routers only provide switching facilities to move messages between nodes. There are two main routing techniques - static routing where routes are predetermined, and dynamic routing where routes are calculated when needed and are more efficient. Physical topology defines the physical connections between nodes while logical topology defines the logical connections using the physical topology to optimize performance. Faults in optical networks include channel faults affecting a single wavelength, link faults affecting an entire fiber, and node faults affecting an entire node. These faults can be managed through redundancy and alternate routing.
Network switch and switching Jenil patel semcom collegejackmakani
This document discusses network switches. It begins by defining a network switch as a device that connects multiple computers within a local area network (LAN). It then discusses how switches work at the data link layer to selectively forward data to only the destination computer, unlike hubs which broadcast data to all connected computers. The document also covers different types of switching techniques including store and forward, cut through, fragment free, and adaptive switching. It concludes by listing some benefits of using network switches such as high-speed data exchange, full-duplex communication, low latency, and dedicated communication between devices.
A computer network connects two or more computers together to allow sharing of resources and communication between users. Common network types include local area networks (LANs) within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) spanning multiple cities or countries. The topology, or layout of connections between devices, can take bus, star, ring or mesh forms. Protocols and layered network architectures like TCP/IP or OSI model provide standards for communication between networked devices.
The document provides definitions and explanations of various communication and network concepts. It discusses networking devices like modems, switches, and hubs. It describes different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN, and PAN. It also covers networking protocols such as TCP/IP, FTP, and HTTPS. Finally, it discusses network security concepts like firewalls, cyber laws, and different types of cyber attacks.
The document discusses network topologies and their characteristics. It describes physical and logical topologies. Common topologies include mesh, star, bus, ring, tree and hybrid configurations. Mesh provides redundancy but is expensive to implement while star is popular for its ease of installation and fault isolation. Bus uses the least cabling but a single break disables the network. Ring passes signals in one direction making it susceptible to breaks. Hybrid combines different topologies to balance advantages and disadvantages. The optimal topology depends on factors like cost, growth and cable requirements.
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Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
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2. Topology
• The way of connecting the computers is called as
‘Topology’
• The way in which different systems and nodes are
connected and communicate with each other is
determined by topology of the network.
• Topology can be physical or logical. Physical
Topology is the physical layout of nodes,
workstations and cables in the network; while
logical topology is the way information flows
between different components.
3.
4. Selection Criteria for topologies
• Different network topologies have its own advantages and
disadvantages. So, following factors are considered while
selecting a topology:
1.Cost
2.Number of users
3.Security
4.Reliability
5.Scalability
6.Bandwidth capacity
7.Ease of installation
8.Ease of troubleshooting
5. Type of Topologies
• Following are the six types of topology
1.Bus Topology
2.Ring Topology
3.Star Topology
4.Mesh Topology
5.Tree Topology
6.Hybrid Topology
7. Bus Topology
• Used when a network installation is simple or
temporary.
• Just one cable, with no active electronics to amplify the
signal this make bus a passive topology.
• Long cable called bus is used as a backbone.
• When one comp sends signal; all the comp receives the
information, but one with address matches can encode
& accepts the information.
• Speed in slow b/c only one comp can send msg at a
time. All other comps must wait
• Requires proper termination at both ends of cable.
8. Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
1. Easy to understand,
install, & use for small
n/w.
2. Cabling cost is low.
3. Easy to expand.
• Disadvantages
1. Heavy traffic can not
handle.
2. Connectors are
required to expand
bus so signals can be
attenuates.
3. Cable break all the
network activity will
stop.
10. Ring Topology
• Each comp is connected to next comp with last
one connected to first.
• Used in high performance n/w where large
bandwidth is necessary e.g. time sensitive
features video & audio.
• The msg. flow around the ring in one direction.
There is no termination.
• Some ring n/w do token passing.
• Each comp receives msg. but only dest comp can
read msg. if address matches.
11. Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
1. Every comp having
same capability.
2. Fair sharing of
network.
• Disadvantages
1. Failure of one PC affect
whole network.
2. Difficult to trouble
shooting.
3. Adding or removing is
more difficult.
13. Star Topology
• All the cables run from comp to central
location device called hub.
• Used in concentrated network, where end
point is directly reachable from central
location.
• Each comp on star n/w communicates with a
central hub that resend msg.
• Hub broadcast msg while switch sends msg. to
dest comp.
14. Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
1. Easy to modify & Add
new comp without
disturbing others.
2. Central device is best
place to find out faults.
3. A comp failure do not
affect all.
4. Different types of cables
can be used in same
n/w.
• Disadvantages
1. If central hub fails whole
n/w fails.
2. Many star n/w required
devices to rebroadcast
or switch the n/w traffic.
3. Cabling cost is more.
16. Mesh Topology
• Every device has dedicated point to point link to
every other device.
• Dedicated means that the link carries traffic only
between two devices it connects.
• Also called as complete topology.
• Does not have traffic congestion problem.
• Links are not being shared, so media access
control protocol is not required.
• Advantages in terms of data security.
17. Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
1. Dedicated links
eliminates traffic
problems.
2. Failure of one comp
does not affect to all
3. Provide security &
privacy
4. Point to point links make
fault detection easy.
5. MAC protocol do not
need.
• Disadvantages
1. Installation &
reconfiguration is
difficult
2. More cabling cost
3. More h/w requirement
4. Suitable for small n/w.
19. Tree Topology
• Variation of star.
• All comps are not attached to central hub
majority of them are connected to secondary
hub which are connected to central hub.
• Central hub is active hub contains repeater.
• repeater amplify the signals.
• Secondary hub may be active or passive.
20. Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
1. Allows more devices
to be attached to a
single hub & signals cal
travel more distance.
2. Network can be isolate
& Priorities
communication of diff
comp.
• Disadvantages
1. Central hub fails the
system breaks down.
2. Cabling cost is more.
21. Hybrid Topology
• Two or more basic topologies are combine
together
• Practical n/w generally poses hybrid topology.
23. Network Control devices
Need of Network Control devices
1. Computers / LANs do not work in isolation.
They are connected to one another or
internet. For such connection we need
Network Control devices.
2. Connecting devices can be work in diff layers
of n/w.
3. Without Network Control devices
connections can not be possible.
24. Network Control devices
• Following are the types of Network Control
Devices.
1. Repeater
2. Hubs
3. Bridges
4. Switch
5. Routers
6. Gateways
7. Modems
25. 1.Repeater
• A repeater (or regenerator) is a device which
operates only in the physical layer.
• All transmission media weaken the
electromagnetic waves that travel through them.
• A repeater receives a signal and before it
becomes too weak or corrupted, regenerates the
original bit pattern.
• Original signals is duplicated, boosted, to its
original strength.
• It has no filtering capacity.
27. Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
1. Can regenerate
desired information
2. Reduce effect of noise
3. Can extent the n/w
4. Reduce no. of errors
• Disadvantages
1. Can not connect two
LANs only two
segments of LAN
2. No filtering capability
3. Operate on physical
layer
29. 2. Hubs
• It operates only in the physical layer.
• Hub is multi-point repeater. A signal received
at any port on the hub is retransmitted on all
other ports.
• A big advantage of the hub is to share the
different applications without the individual
access and can share the resources with the
help of hub.
• Types of Hub: 1. Passive 2. Active 3. Intelligent
30. 2. Hubs
• Passive Hubs:
1. Combines the signals of a network segments. No signal processing or
regeneration
2. Reduce cabling distance b/c it does not boost signals.
3. Each comp receives signals sent by the hub
• Active Hubs:
1. Like passive hubs but have electronic components for regeneration and
amplification of signals. Distance bet two devices can be increase.
2. Drawback is amplifies noise with main signals. Expensive than passive
hubs
31. 2. Hubs
• Intelligent Hubs:
1. Perform some n/w mgmt & intelligent path
selection.
2. All transmission media segment can be
connected permanently b/c each segment
will be used only when a signal is sent to a
device.
33. 3. Bridges
• It operates on physical & data link layer.
• A bridge is a type of computer network device
that provides interconnection between two
segments networks that use the same protocol
i.e. used to connect 2 LAN.
• A Bridge provides packet filtering at data link
layer, meaning that it only passes the packets to
the segment have a destination node.
• The diff bet repeater & Bridge is bridge is having
filtering capability.
36. 4. Router
• It operates at physical, data link and network layers of OSI
model.
• Routers are devices which can intelligently route network
traffic in different ways.
• Routers are more intelligent than bridges. They consist of a
combination of hardware and software. The hardware can
be a network server, a separate computer or special device.
• The software in a router is the operating system and the
routing protocol.
• Routers use logical and physical addressing to connect two
or more logically separate networks.
38. 5. Switch
• It Switch works at Data link layer and Network layer of OSI
model.
• Switch is used in star topology.
• When centralized management of nodes is required Switch
is used.
• A switch is device that provides a central connection point
for cables from workstations, servers and peripherals.
• A switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple
computers together within one Local Area Network (LAN).
• Switch has a buffer for each link to which it has connected.
• Two types are:1. Store & forward, 2.Cut Through switch
40. 6.Gateways
• Gateway works at all 7 layers of OSI Model.
• Any device that translates one data format to
another is called a gateway. Only the data format
is translated. Data is kept as it is.
• When networks which are using different
protocols need to be connected to each other, we
need a Gateway between them.
• A network gateway can be implemented
completely in software, completely in hardware,
or as a combination of both.
42. 7.Modem
• Modem is an abbreviation for Modulator and Demodulator.
• Modems are used for data transfer from one computer
network to another computer network through telephone
lines.
• The computer network uses digital signal, while analog
signal is used for carrying massages across phone lines.
• Modulator converts digital signal into analog signal at
transmitting end.
• Demodulator converts analog signal into digital signal at
receiving end.
43. Network Software
• Network software are used for
communication applications like email, instant
message, teleconferencing and video
conferencing.
• Following are the two example of Network
Software
1.NIC Device Driver
2.Client Server Software ex: - 1) Telnet 2) FTP
44. 1.NIC Device Driver
–Functions of NIC include:
• Provide physical link or connectivity between
computer and the network physical medium.
• Prepare data from computer for network
cable.
• Send data to another node in network.
• Control flow of data between computer and
physical medium.
45. 2.Client Server Software
1.Telnet
•TELNET stands for Telecommunication Network.
•This is a network protocol used on Internet or LAN
•It is used to provide a bi-directional interactive text-oriented
communication.
46. 2.FTP
•The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol
used to transfer computer files between a client and server on a
computer network.
• FTP is built on a client-server model architecture and uses
separate control and data connections between the client and
the server.