The document discusses millimeter wave (mmwave) technology, which operates at frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz, crucial for the development of 5G networks that promise faster data speeds and more reliable service. It highlights the characteristics and challenges of mmwaves, including propagation loss and sensitivity to obstacles, and introduces solutions like small cells, massive MIMO, beamforming, and full duplex technology to enhance mmwave communication. Key researcher Theodore Rappaport emphasizes mmwave's potential to significantly improve wireless bandwidth, suggesting its feasibility for future communication systems.

1. MILLIMETER WAVES
(mmWaves)
AASHISH GUPTA
UNIV ROLL : 180013135001
B.TECH 3rd Yr / COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW

2. AGENDA
• Millimeter wave in brief
• Motivation
• Characteristics of millimeter waves
• Existing solutions
• Key player in millimeter wave comm. Research
• Conclusion
• References

3. MILLIMETER WAVE IN BRIEF
• Millimeter wave frequencies often refer to
frequency range from 30GHz to 300GHz.
• Such frequencies are designated as Extremely
High Frequency (EHF).
• The wavelength of which is between 10 mm to
1mm.

4. MOTIVATION
• Today’s mobile users want faster data speeds and more
reliable service. The next generation of wireless networks—
5G—promises to deliver that, and much more. With 5G, users
should be able to download a high-definition film in under a
second (a task that could take 10 minutes on 4G LTE).
• Wireless engineers say these networks will boost the
development of other new technologies, too, such
as autonomous vehicles, virtual reality, and the Internet of
Things.

5. MOTIVATION - CONTINUE
• To achieve this, wireless engineers are designing a suite of brand-new technologies. Together, these technologies will
deliver data with less than a millisecond of delay (compared to about 70 ms on today’s 4G networks) and bring peak
download speeds of 20 gigabits per second (compared to 1 Gb/s on 4G) to users.

6. MILLIMETER WAVE CHARACTERISTICS
Millimeter wave characterization should be considered in the design of network architecture and protocols to
fully exploit its potential.
• mmWave communications suffer from huge propagation loss, due to the high carrier frequency.
• The rain attenuation and atmospheric absorption characteristics of mmWave propagation limit the range of
mmWave communications.
• Besides, mmWave communications are sensitive to blockage by obstacles such as humans, walls, furniture, etc.
due to weak diffraction ability.

7. MILLIMETER WAVES
• Millimeter waves are broadcast at frequencies between 30 and 300 gigahertz, compared to the bands
below 6 GHz that were used for mobile devices in the past. They are called millimeter waves because
they vary in length from 1 to 10 mm, compared to the radio waves that serve today’s smartphones,
which measure tens of centimeters in length.
• There is one major drawback to millimeter waves, though—they can’t easily travel through buildings
or obstacles and they can be absorbed by foliage and rain. That’s why 5G networks will likely augment
traditional cellular towers with another new technology, called small cells.

8. SMALL CELLS
• Small cells are portable miniature base stations that require minimal power to operate and can be
placed every 250 meters or so throughout cities.
• To prevent signals from being dropped, carriers could install thousands of these stations in a city to
form a dense network that acts like a relay team, receiving signals from other base stations and
sending data to users at any location.

9. BASE STATION AND SMALL CELLS REPRESENTATION
• In addition to broadcasting over millimeter waves, 5G base stations will also have many more antennas than the
base stations of today’s cellular networks—to take advantage of another new technology: massive MIMO.

10. MASSIVE MIMO
• Today’s 4G base stations have a dozen ports for antennas that handle all cellular traffic: eight
for transmitters and four for receivers. But 5G base stations can support about a hundred
ports, which means many more antennas can fit on a single array.
• That capability means a base station could send and receive signals from many more users at
once, increasing the capacity of mobile networks by a factor of 22 or greater.
• This technology is called massive MIMO. It all starts with MIMO, which stands for multiple-
input multiple-output.

11. TODAY’S 4G BASED STATION VS MASSIVE MIMO
Massive MIMO looks very promising for the future of 5G. However, installing so many more antennas to handle cellular
traffic also causes more interference if those signals cross. That’s why 5G stations must incorporate Beamforming.

12. BEEMFORMING
• Beamforming is a traffic-signaling system for cellular base stations that identifies the most efficient
data-delivery route to a particular user, and it reduces interference for nearby users in the process.
Depending on the situation and the technology, there are several ways for 5G networks to
implement it.
• Besides boosting data rates by broadcasting over millimeter waves and beefing up spectrum
efficiency with massive MIMO, wireless engineers are also trying to achieve the high throughput
and low latency required for 5G through a technology called full duplex, which modifies the
way antennas deliver and receive data.

13. BEEMFORMING - CONTINUE

14. FULL DUPLEX
• Today's base stations and cellphones rely on transceivers
that must take turns if transmitting and receiving
information over the same frequency, or operate on
different frequencies if a user wishes to transmit and
receive information at the same time.
• With 5G, a transceiver will be able to transmit and receive
data at the same time, on the same frequency. This
technology is known as full duplex, and it could double
the capacity of wireless networks at their most
fundamental physical layer.

15. FULL DUPLEX - CONTINUE
SILICON TRANSISTORS

16. KEY PLAYER IN MMWAVE COMM. RESEARCH
THEODORE (TED) S. RAPPAPORT
• Theodore (Ted) Rappaport is the David Lee/Ernst Weber Professor at New
York University (NYU) and holds faculty appointments in the Electrical and
Computer Engineering department of the NYU Tandon School of
Engineering, the Courant Computer Science department, and the NYU
Langone School of Medicine. He is the founder and director of NYU
WIRELESS, a multidisciplinary research center focused on the future of
wireless communications and applications.
• In his research in mmWave he states “Vast amount of radio spectrum
available, combined with recent improvements in semiconductors and
antennas, make millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum a promising candidate
for amazing new capabilities for future wireless communication networks. Our
work at NYU WIRELESS has demonstrated that mmWave wireless is quite
feasible to achieve bandwidths that are thousands of times greater than
today’s 4G LTE wireless systems, and we have an active research program with
support from our NYU WIRELESS industrial affiliates companies”.

17. CONCLUSION
• With the potential to offer orders of magnitude greater capacity over the current communication system,
mmWave communication becomes a promising candidate for the 5G mobile networks.
• The problems/characteristics related to mmWave can are solved by technologies such as small cells, massive
MIMO, beemforming, full duplex which ultimately revolutionize the current communication paradigm.

18. REFERENCES
• Theodore (Ted) S. Rappaport , “millimeter waves wireless communication: The renaissance of
communication and computing”, International conference on communication, keynote presentation,
Sydney, Australia, 2014.
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, “Blog on 5G spectrum”.
• Niu, Yong, et, al. “A survey of millimeter wave communication for 5G: opportunities and challenges”.
Wireless networks 21.8 (2015): 2657-2676.

19. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING