Ethernet is a widely used local area network technology that uses various cabling media like coaxial cable, twisted pair wires, and fiber optics. Devices on an Ethernet network communicate by sending short messages called frames which include information like destination and source addresses. Ethernet networks originally had limitations in distance and number of devices due to collisions that occurred when multiple devices sent frames simultaneously. These limitations were addressed through technologies like repeaters, bridges, and routers which helped segment networks and increase their size and overall performance. Modern switched Ethernet networks provide full-duplex communication allowing simultaneous transmission and reception to avoid collisions.

1. ETHERNET Presented By: Priyanka Patel V CE:1 Roll No:39

2. Introduction Ethernet Basics Ethernet Terminology Ethernet Medium CSMA/CD Collision Detection Limitations of Ethernet Repeaters Segmentation Bridges Routers: Logical Segmentation Switched Ethernet Full-duplex Ethernet

3. INTRODUCTION Ethernet:Ethernet is the most widely-installed local area network ( LAN) technology. Xerox Corporation’s Specifid in a standard,IEEE 802.3 An Ethernet LAN typically uses ->coaxial cable ->twisted pair wires ->Fiber Optics

4. Vrious types of ethernet ->10Base2 ->10base5 ->10baseT ->10baseF 10Base2 speed 10Mbps Fast ethernet (100BASET):100Mbps

5. The first mass produced personal computers featuring the 1000BASE-T connection. Gigabit ethernet:1Gbps Ethernet is also used in wireless LANs

6. ETHERNET BASICS Ethernet networks traditionally operating within a single building, connecting devices in close proximity. These devices could have only a few hundred meters of cable between them. Increased these distances to span tens of kilometers

7. There are many technologies that allow you to get connected to the Internet, including this wireless Internet card.

8. Digital subscriber line (DSL) technology transmits data over phone lines without interfering with voice service. A DSL connection works better when you are closer to the provider's central office.

9. The broadband modem can use DSL or a cable Internet service to go online. Here, the DSL line connects to your phone jack and the USB line or Ethernet to your computer.

10. ETHERNET TERMINOLOGY Medium - Ethernet devices attach to a common medium that provides a path along which the electronic signals will travel. Previously this medium has been coaxial copper cable,but today it is more commonly a twisted pair or fiber optic cabling. Segment - We refer to a single shared medium as an Ethernet segment.

11. Node - Devices that attach to that segment are stations or nodes. Frame - The nodes communicate in short messages called frames, which are variably sized chunks of information. (Frame Formate) Preamle OSF Destination add. Source add. Length Data Pad c.s.

12. ETHERNET MEDIUM Since a signal on the Ethernet medium reaches every attached node, the destination address is critical to identify the intended recipient of the frame.

13. CSMA/CD CSMA/CD signifies carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection,describes how the Ethernet protocol regulates communication among nodes. Before a station transmits, it checks if another station is transmitting. If the medium is quiet, the station recognizes that this is an appropriate time to transmit.

14. LIMITATION OF ETHERNET Electrical signals propagate along a cable very quickly, but they weaken as they travel, and electrical interference from neighboring devices can scramble the signal. Distance limitation on the maximum separation between two devices (called the network diameter) on an Ethernet network. In CSMA/CD only a single device can transmit at a given time.

15. REPEATERS The first Ethernet medium was a copper coaxial cable known as "thicknet.“ length of a thicknet cable was 500 meters. Not enougth for building or campus environment. Repeaters connect multiple Ethernet segments, listening to each segment and repeating the signal heard on one segment onto every other segment connected to the repeater. By running multiple cables and joining them with repeaters, you can significantly increase your network diameter.

16. SEGMENTATION Ethernet networks faced congestion problems as they increased in size. If a large number of stations connected to the same segment and each generated a sizable amount of traffic, many stations may attempt to transmit whenever there was an opportunity. To reduce congestion would be to split a single segment into multiple segments, thus creating multiple collision domains.

17. separate segments are not able to share information with each other

18. BRIDGES Bridges connect two or more network segments. Increasing the network diameter as a repeater does,also help regulate traffic. Incrase diameter of network. They can send and receive transmissions just like any other node, but they do not function the same as a normal node. The bridge does not originate any traffic of its own; like a repeater.

19. Bridge will reduce unnecessary traffic. It examining the destination address of the frame before deciding how to handle it.

20. ROUTERS Routers are advanced networking components . Also called Logical Segmentation. Both local and wide area, and has led to their widespread deployment in connecting devices around the world as part of the global Internet. Routers operate based on protocols that are independent of the specific networking technology.

21. FULL DUPLEX ETHERNET Full-duplex is a data communications term that refers to the ability to send and receive data at the same time. In a totally switched network, nodes only communicate with the switch and never directly with each other. Switched networks also employ either twisted pair or fiber optic cabling, both of which use separate conductors for sending and receiving data.

22. This allows end stations to transmit to the switch at the same time that the switch transmits to them, achieving a collision-free environment.

23. REFERENCE www.howstuffworks.com www.google.com

24. THANK YOU…