Networking devices include hubs, switches, routers, modems, repeaters, and multiplexers. Hubs connect devices and broadcast data to all, switches forward data only to the destination device, and routers connect different network segments. Modems convert digital data to analog for phone line transmission. Repeaters receive and strengthen signals. Multiplexers allow multiple signals on one channel by allocating time or frequency slots. Common network topologies are bus, star, and ring, which differ in how devices are arranged and connected.
This document discusses network topologies, switching, and routing algorithms. It defines different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. It also describes hubs, switches, circuit switching, message switching, packet switching, datagram networks, and virtual circuit networks. For routing algorithms, it explains distance vector routing which uses hop count as the routing metric and link state routing which uses weighted metrics to calculate the shortest path.
This document discusses various network devices and their functions. It describes repeaters, routers, brouters, hubs, switches, bridges, network interface cards (NICs), and gateways. Repeaters operate at the physical layer and regenerate signals to extend network distance. Routers operate at multiple layers and direct traffic between networks by maintaining routing tables. Bridges separate networks into segments to reduce congestion. Switches operate at the data link layer to limit collision domains. NICs connect devices to the network. Gateways connect different network types and protocols.
Computer networks connect autonomous computers located anywhere. A LAN connects computers in a small area like a room or building using high speed. A MAN operates in a city and a WAN spans large distances like countries. Networks allow resource, information and communication sharing. Common topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh, with star being most common. Key components are physical media, devices like hubs, switches and routers, computers and networking software. TCP/IP is a common networking protocol and applications include email, web, commerce, telephony and conferencing.
A computer network connects two or more computers together to allow sharing of resources and communication between users. Common network types include local area networks (LANs) within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) spanning multiple cities or countries. The topology, or layout of connections between devices, can take bus, star, ring or mesh forms. Protocols and layered network architectures like TCP/IP or OSI model provide standards for communication between networked devices.
This document discusses network topologies, switching, and routing algorithms. It defines different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. It also describes hubs, switches, circuit switching, message switching, packet switching, datagram networks, and virtual circuit networks. For routing algorithms, it explains distance vector routing which uses hop count as the routing metric and link state routing which uses weighted metrics to calculate the shortest path.
This document discusses various network devices and their functions. It describes repeaters, routers, brouters, hubs, switches, bridges, network interface cards (NICs), and gateways. Repeaters operate at the physical layer and regenerate signals to extend network distance. Routers operate at multiple layers and direct traffic between networks by maintaining routing tables. Bridges separate networks into segments to reduce congestion. Switches operate at the data link layer to limit collision domains. NICs connect devices to the network. Gateways connect different network types and protocols.
Computer networks connect autonomous computers located anywhere. A LAN connects computers in a small area like a room or building using high speed. A MAN operates in a city and a WAN spans large distances like countries. Networks allow resource, information and communication sharing. Common topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh, with star being most common. Key components are physical media, devices like hubs, switches and routers, computers and networking software. TCP/IP is a common networking protocol and applications include email, web, commerce, telephony and conferencing.
A computer network connects two or more computers together to allow sharing of resources and communication between users. Common network types include local area networks (LANs) within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) spanning multiple cities or countries. The topology, or layout of connections between devices, can take bus, star, ring or mesh forms. Protocols and layered network architectures like TCP/IP or OSI model provide standards for communication between networked devices.
group of computers connected with each other to share information or resources. A network can be small or a large. it can be created in a building or spread all over the world. Networks are main source of communication all over the world. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet.
There are 4 main types of network topologies: star, ring, bus, and mesh. The document discusses each topology in more detail. A star topology has a central node that acts as a hub and connects all other nodes. A ring topology forms a continuous pathway around the nodes in a ring. A bus topology uses a main backbone cable that all nodes connect to transmit data in one direction. Network hardware devices include network interface cards, gateways, routers, proxies, and hubs.
computer network is a group of interconnected computers that share information and resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared resources can include a printer or a file server. The Internet itself can be considered a computer network. Two basic network types are local-area networks (LANs) and wide-area networks (WANs). LANs connect computers and peripheral devices in a limited physical area, such as a business office, laboratory, or college campus, by means of links (wires, Ethernet cables, fibre optics, Wi-Fi) that transmit data rapidly.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a network is and describes different network topologies like bus, ring, star, mesh, tree and hybrid topologies. It also discusses network components such as network interface cards, hubs, switches, cables, routers and modems. Additionally, it covers data communication types including simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex communication.
This document provides an overview and introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses key topics such as data communication, networks, the internet, protocols and standards. The document is divided into chapters that cover introductions to data communications, networks, network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), network topologies (star, bus, ring, mesh, hybrid), the internet, protocols, and a brief history of networking. It provides definitions and examples for each topic in concise bullet points or paragraphs.
This document defines a computer network and networking. It discusses different types of networks including personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), wide area networks (WAN) and the Internet. It also describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Finally, it outlines some network devices and benefits of networking.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses what a computer network is, why networks are used, what components make up a network, and what networks do to reliably transmit data. It also describes different types of networks including LANs, MANs, and WANs; various network topologies such as star, bus, ring, tree, and mesh; and different transmission media used in networks. The key details covered include the purpose and advantages and disadvantages of different network types, topologies, and transmission media.
Unit_1.pdf computer networks and computer topology22i261
This document provides an overview of the course 19I405 Computer Networks taught by Dr. R. Rekha. It outlines the topics that will be covered in each of the five layers of the OSI model: physical, data link, network, transport, and application layer. It also lists the recommended textbooks and references for the course. The total number of lectures is expected to be 45.
Computer network components include both hardware and software. The key hardware components are servers, clients, transmission media like cables, and connecting devices like switches and routers. Servers store and manage network resources, clients access these resources, and connecting devices allow communication across networks. Important software includes network operating systems and protocols that allow devices to communicate according to standard rules. Understanding the roles of these various components is essential for setting up both small home networks and larger organization networks.
The document provides definitions and explanations of various communication and network concepts. It discusses networking devices like modems, switches, and hubs. It describes different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN, and PAN. It also covers networking protocols such as TCP/IP, FTP, and HTTPS. Finally, it discusses network security concepts like firewalls, cyber laws, and different types of cyber attacks.
An interconnected collection of autonomous computers is called a computer network. Networks allow computers to share resources like hardware, software, databases, and communicate with each other. The first network was ARPANET in 1969 which connected universities and defense organizations in the US. Later networks like NSFnet and the Internet improved capacity and connectivity. A network uses nodes, servers, network interface units, and types of networks can be LANs, MANs, or WANs depending on geographical reach. Networking evolved to improve sharing, reliability, and reduce costs.
Introduction to networking by vikas jagtapVikas Jagtap
Network :- “A group of computers & other devices (such as workstations, printers, or servers) that are linked together is called as Network.”
Networking :- “The concept of connected computers sharing information, resources, or both is called as Networking.”
A multiplexer is a circuit that selects one of several input signals and outputs the selected signal. It has multiple inputs but only one output. A demultiplexer is the opposite - it has one input but multiple outputs, and can direct its input signal to one of its multiple outputs. Multiplexers and demultiplexers are often used together in applications like communication systems to efficiently transmit multiple signals over a single transmission line.
Network topologies describe the layout of connections between devices in a network. The main types are ring, star, bus, mesh, tree, and hybrid. Ring topology uses a closed loop connection where data passes through each node sequentially. Bus topology connects all devices to a single cable. Star topology connects all devices to a central node. Mesh topology connects each device to every other device. Tree topology branches out from a root node.
This document discusses the key topics for Lab 4 of the CSE-307 Internetworking Essentials course, including network hardware, IP addressing concepts, and configuration of routers using Cisco Packet Tracer. It provides definitions and explanations of communication modes, carrier waves, IP addressing formats, and the functions of switches, routers, and hubs. The lab objectives are to understand these networking components and configure routers with IP addresses using simulation software. Evaluation will include two practical exams before the midterm covering the first four labs.
This document discusses computer networks and their basic components. It describes the three common network modes: simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also outlines the five main network topologies: bus, ring, star, mesh and tree. Each topology is defined and its advantages and disadvantages are provided. The document serves as an introductory overview of computer networks.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including:
1. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between two devices via transmission medium. The key aspects are delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
2. It describes different network topologies - star, bus, ring, mesh and hybrid. It explains the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each.
3. It differentiates between different types of networks - LAN, WAN, MAN based on geographical area and transmission medium used.
4. It provides an overview of switching in circuit switched and packet switched networks.
5. It describes the internet as a worldwide system of interconnected commercial, government, educational and other
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks including network devices, topologies, network types, transmission media, and network models. It discusses bridges, switches, routers, hubs, bus, star, ring, tree, and mesh topologies. It also covers LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN networks as well as guided media like twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber and unguided wireless transmission. Network architectures like client-server and peer-to-peer are also mentioned along with the OSI and TCP/IP models.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
group of computers connected with each other to share information or resources. A network can be small or a large. it can be created in a building or spread all over the world. Networks are main source of communication all over the world. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet.
There are 4 main types of network topologies: star, ring, bus, and mesh. The document discusses each topology in more detail. A star topology has a central node that acts as a hub and connects all other nodes. A ring topology forms a continuous pathway around the nodes in a ring. A bus topology uses a main backbone cable that all nodes connect to transmit data in one direction. Network hardware devices include network interface cards, gateways, routers, proxies, and hubs.
computer network is a group of interconnected computers that share information and resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared resources can include a printer or a file server. The Internet itself can be considered a computer network. Two basic network types are local-area networks (LANs) and wide-area networks (WANs). LANs connect computers and peripheral devices in a limited physical area, such as a business office, laboratory, or college campus, by means of links (wires, Ethernet cables, fibre optics, Wi-Fi) that transmit data rapidly.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a network is and describes different network topologies like bus, ring, star, mesh, tree and hybrid topologies. It also discusses network components such as network interface cards, hubs, switches, cables, routers and modems. Additionally, it covers data communication types including simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex communication.
This document provides an overview and introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses key topics such as data communication, networks, the internet, protocols and standards. The document is divided into chapters that cover introductions to data communications, networks, network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), network topologies (star, bus, ring, mesh, hybrid), the internet, protocols, and a brief history of networking. It provides definitions and examples for each topic in concise bullet points or paragraphs.
This document defines a computer network and networking. It discusses different types of networks including personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), wide area networks (WAN) and the Internet. It also describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Finally, it outlines some network devices and benefits of networking.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses what a computer network is, why networks are used, what components make up a network, and what networks do to reliably transmit data. It also describes different types of networks including LANs, MANs, and WANs; various network topologies such as star, bus, ring, tree, and mesh; and different transmission media used in networks. The key details covered include the purpose and advantages and disadvantages of different network types, topologies, and transmission media.
Unit_1.pdf computer networks and computer topology22i261
This document provides an overview of the course 19I405 Computer Networks taught by Dr. R. Rekha. It outlines the topics that will be covered in each of the five layers of the OSI model: physical, data link, network, transport, and application layer. It also lists the recommended textbooks and references for the course. The total number of lectures is expected to be 45.
Computer network components include both hardware and software. The key hardware components are servers, clients, transmission media like cables, and connecting devices like switches and routers. Servers store and manage network resources, clients access these resources, and connecting devices allow communication across networks. Important software includes network operating systems and protocols that allow devices to communicate according to standard rules. Understanding the roles of these various components is essential for setting up both small home networks and larger organization networks.
The document provides definitions and explanations of various communication and network concepts. It discusses networking devices like modems, switches, and hubs. It describes different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN, and PAN. It also covers networking protocols such as TCP/IP, FTP, and HTTPS. Finally, it discusses network security concepts like firewalls, cyber laws, and different types of cyber attacks.
An interconnected collection of autonomous computers is called a computer network. Networks allow computers to share resources like hardware, software, databases, and communicate with each other. The first network was ARPANET in 1969 which connected universities and defense organizations in the US. Later networks like NSFnet and the Internet improved capacity and connectivity. A network uses nodes, servers, network interface units, and types of networks can be LANs, MANs, or WANs depending on geographical reach. Networking evolved to improve sharing, reliability, and reduce costs.
Introduction to networking by vikas jagtapVikas Jagtap
Network :- “A group of computers & other devices (such as workstations, printers, or servers) that are linked together is called as Network.”
Networking :- “The concept of connected computers sharing information, resources, or both is called as Networking.”
A multiplexer is a circuit that selects one of several input signals and outputs the selected signal. It has multiple inputs but only one output. A demultiplexer is the opposite - it has one input but multiple outputs, and can direct its input signal to one of its multiple outputs. Multiplexers and demultiplexers are often used together in applications like communication systems to efficiently transmit multiple signals over a single transmission line.
Network topologies describe the layout of connections between devices in a network. The main types are ring, star, bus, mesh, tree, and hybrid. Ring topology uses a closed loop connection where data passes through each node sequentially. Bus topology connects all devices to a single cable. Star topology connects all devices to a central node. Mesh topology connects each device to every other device. Tree topology branches out from a root node.
This document discusses the key topics for Lab 4 of the CSE-307 Internetworking Essentials course, including network hardware, IP addressing concepts, and configuration of routers using Cisco Packet Tracer. It provides definitions and explanations of communication modes, carrier waves, IP addressing formats, and the functions of switches, routers, and hubs. The lab objectives are to understand these networking components and configure routers with IP addresses using simulation software. Evaluation will include two practical exams before the midterm covering the first four labs.
This document discusses computer networks and their basic components. It describes the three common network modes: simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also outlines the five main network topologies: bus, ring, star, mesh and tree. Each topology is defined and its advantages and disadvantages are provided. The document serves as an introductory overview of computer networks.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including:
1. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between two devices via transmission medium. The key aspects are delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
2. It describes different network topologies - star, bus, ring, mesh and hybrid. It explains the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each.
3. It differentiates between different types of networks - LAN, WAN, MAN based on geographical area and transmission medium used.
4. It provides an overview of switching in circuit switched and packet switched networks.
5. It describes the internet as a worldwide system of interconnected commercial, government, educational and other
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks including network devices, topologies, network types, transmission media, and network models. It discusses bridges, switches, routers, hubs, bus, star, ring, tree, and mesh topologies. It also covers LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN networks as well as guided media like twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber and unguided wireless transmission. Network architectures like client-server and peer-to-peer are also mentioned along with the OSI and TCP/IP models.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
3. Networking Devices
Networking=Working together
The devices that help the network to be
linked to each other
Objective of helping share data and/or
hardwares or softwares
4. Hubs
connects two or more devices without having to connect to
each other directly
uses twisted pair cable
basic function: forward the data it received from a connected
device to all other connected devices regardless of whether the
data is destined for the device.
creates bottleneck on larger busy networks
comes in variety of shapes and sizes:
workgroup hubs: consists of 5-8 ports
high density devices: consists up to 32 ports
6. Hubs
Are of three types:
1. Passive Hubs:
provides a pathway for signals to travel
does not need power to operate
2. Active Hubs:
provides a pathway for signals to travel
regenerates the signals before passing it on
requires power to operate
3. Intelligent Hubs:
performs all the jobs of active and passive
helps in troubleshooting by pointing the actual location
of the problem
7. Switch
• forwards data packages to only the destined device
• checks the MAC address found in the NIC to do so
• by forwarding the data to only the destined device, it reduces the number of
collision in the network
• uses three methods to deal with the data’s as they arrive:
1. Cut through:
o Begins to forward the package as soon as it arrives
o No error checking performed
o Packet is moved quickly
2. Store and forward
o Waits to receive the entire package before forwarding it
o Basic error checking is performed
3. Fragment Free
o Built on the speed advantage of cut through
o Forwards package in fragments
9. Router
• increasingly common sight in any networking environment
• most commonly used to connect a home computer to an ISP
• used to create large networks by joining two network segments
• derives it’s name from the fact that it can route data from one
network to another
• when it receives a packet of data, it reads the header of the
packet to determine the destination address
• when address is determined, it looks in it’s routing table to see
whether it knows how to reach the destination
•If it does know how to reach the destination it then forwards the
data to the next hop on the route
•The next hop could be the final destination or another router
11. Modem
• short for modulizer-demodulizer
• converts data being used by a computer into an audio signal
that is able to be transmitted over a phone line
•When the signal gets to its intended destination, another
modem then reconverts the signal back into data
• the process of converting data into audible sound is known as
modulation
• converting it back to the data is known as demodulation
• Modems provide a relatively slow method of communication
• the fastest modem available on the market today has a
maximum speed of 56Kbps
• unsuitable for downloading large files.
13. Repeaters
• send signals over long distances
• function of a repeater is to receive incoming signals or a packet of data,
regenerate the signals to their original strength and retransmit them
• helps computers maintain stronger wireless signals by taking in signals from
routers and remitting them
• primary advantage of using a wireless repeater is that it can improve
wireless signal strength without having to move a computer or router
• further a computer is from the wireless router it connects to, the weaker its
wireless signal will tend to be
• Placing a wireless repeater at some point between a computer and the
router it connects to can enable the computer to receive a stronger signal
• Another benefit of using a wireless repeater is that it can help you reduce
the impact of obstructions that may impact your wireless connection
• Physical objects can weaken wireless signals so we should place a repeater
in a location where few objects rest between it
14. Multiplexer
• accepts multiple inputs and allows only one to go through as
an output
• receiving end accepts this complex signal and reconverts it
into its individual components
• multiplexing is used in both digital and analog data
transmission
• provides great cost advantages, since it reduces the need for
additional wires and/or communication channels but, the initial
cost of setting it up is expensive
• multiplexing can slow down the communication process, since
shifting from one frequency to another causes time delays
• another disadvantage of it requires constant source of
electrical power to operate
15. Multiplexer
Multiplexers are of three types:
1. Frequency division multiplexing :
• divides a single bandwidth into various different frequencies so it can
be used by multiple users
• each different frequency carries a separate signal at the same time
2. Time division multiplexing :
• allows multiple signals to travel across the same transmission
channel
• but allocates different time slots to each.
3. Dense wavelength division multiplexing :
• is a version of frequency division multiplexing
• it sends colored lasers to transmit data over the same bandwidth
18. Advantages
Easy to add and remove nodes
Requires small amount of cable compared to other
topologies so is less expensive and easier to setup and
troubleshoot.
Bus topology
19. Disadvantages
A failure in the central line means the whole network will
go down.
Only one route for data to take so will performance will
decrease as more data is transmitted.
Bus topology
21. Advantages
As all the data can only travel in one direction the
transmission of messages is simple and high rates can
be achieved.
There is no dependence or need of a central computer
or mainframe.
RingTopology
22. Disadvantages
If one node or line fails then data cannot continue to be
transmitted between all the rest of the nodes in the
network.
Harder to add new nodes into the system, requires the
network to be disrupted.
RingTopology
24. ADVANTAGES
More secure connection as data is sent directly between
nodes (unlike ring networks)
A failure of the cable will only affect one node, hence faults
are easier to pinpoint.
Easy to add new nodes without any disruption
StarTopology
25. DISADVANTAGES
Requires and is dependant upon a central computer.
Requires more cable and is therefore more expensive to
setup.
StarTopology