The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system, including: 1) The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS; connects to CNS). 2) The brain is divided into three parts - forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain - each with different functions like planning, movement, vision, hearing. 3) Neurons are the basic working units and communicate via electrical and chemical signals across synapses. 4) The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like breathing, digestion.

1. RAKHSHANDA HASHMI
BS ED,EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
NUML,ISB.
NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. Smarter UK
MedicalArtService,Munich/,WellcomeImages
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your nervous system
is divided into the central
nervous system (CNS)
and the
peripheral nervous system
(PNS)
which is the brain and
spinal cord
which connects everything
to the brain and spinal cord

3. Smarter UK
your brain
as well as being responsible for
thinking, learning, memory
and emotion
Different parts of
your brain have
different functions…
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B0005749
interprets the information it gets
though your senses in order to
monitor and regulate your body

4. BRAIN
• The brain of all vertebrates
develops from three
swellings at the anterior end
of the neural canal of the
embryo.
• Human brain is divided into
three parts;
• Fore-Brain
• Mid-Brain
• Hind-Brain

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different regions have different
functions
Cerebral cortex
Functions include:
planning; reasoning;
language; recognising
sounds and images;
memory.
Corpus
callosum
connects the brain’s
right and left
hemispheres
Cerebellum
important for
coordination,
precision and timing
of movement
Brain stem
regulates heart
rate, breathing,
sleep cycles
and emotions

6. FORE-BRAIN
• Frontal Lobe- associated with
reasoning, planning, parts of speech,
movement, emotions, and problem
solving.
• Parietal Lobe- associated with
movement, orientation, recognition,
perception of stimuli.
• Occipital Lobe- associated with
visual processing.
• Temporal Lobe- associated with
perception and recognition of auditory
stimuli, memory, and speech.

7. FORE-BRAIN(DIENCEPHALON):
• Hypothalamus:
Hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system via
hormone production and release. Affects and regulates blood
pressure, heart rate, Mood and motivation, hormonal body
processes, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, sexual maturation and
the sleep/wake cycle.
• Amygdala:
It involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant
stimuli such as those related to reward, punishment and fear in
addition to social functions such as mating.

8. FORE-BRAIN(DIENCEPHALON):
HIPPOCAMPUS:
It belongs to the limbic
system and plays important
roles in long-term memory
and spatial navigation. In
Alzheimer's disease the
hippocampus is one of the
first regions of the brain to
suffer damage; memory
problems and disorientation
appear among the first
symptoms.

9. MID-BRAIN
• The midbrain is located between
the two developmental regions of
the brain known as the forebrain
and hind brain. In mammals,
particularly in man, mid brain is
relatively very small. Within the
midbrain is the reticular
formation, which is part of a
certain region of the brainstem
that influences motor functions. It
receives the sensory information
from spinal cord and sends them
to the fore-brain.

10. HIND-BRAIN
Cerebellum:
The cerebellum, or "little
brain", is similar to the
cerebrum in that it has two
hemispheres and has a highly
folded surface or cortex. This
structure is associated with
regulation and coordination
of movement, posture, and
balance.
HIND
BRAIN
CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA
OBLONGATA
RETICULAR
FORMATION
PONS

11. HIND-BRAIN
• Pons : is a structure located on the brain stem. It is superior to
(up from) medulla oblongata, inferior to (down from) the
midbrain and ventral to (in front of) the cerebellum. The pons
measures about 2.5 cm in length. It mainly controls with sleep,
respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium,
taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and
posture.
• Reticular formation: is a group of nerve fibers located inside
the brainstem. Reticular formation important in regulating
Arousal, Attention, Cardiac Reflexes, Motor Functions,
consciousness or wakefulness.

12. HIND-BRAIN
Medulla oblongata:
• Medulla oblongata also called the
myelencephalon, the lowest part of
the brainstem. The medulla
oblongata looks like a swelling at
the tip of the spinal cord.
• The medulla oblongata regulates
the reflex responses that control
breathing, heart beat, blood
pressure, coughing, swallowing,
hiccupping, sneezing, vomiting,
digestion and other essential
involuntary functions.

13. BRAIN-STEM
The lower extension of the brain where it connects to
the spinal cord. It is formed by the combination of
medulla oblongata, pons and mid–brain. Neurological
functions located in the brainstem include those
necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart
rate, blood pressure) and for arousal (being awake
and alert). The brainstem is the pathway for all fiber
tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves
and spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain.

14. BRAIN-STEM

15. SPINAL CORD
• It is thick, whitish nerve cord that lies below
the medulla and extends down through the
neural canal of vertebrae up to the hips.
• The spinal cord extends down from the brain
stem at the base of the skull, enclosed in the
vertebral column. Brain and spinal cord in
continuity comprise the central nervous
system.
• The outer layer of the spinal cord consists of
white matter, i.e., myelin-sheathed nerve
fibers. These are bundled into specialized
tracts that conduct impulses triggered by
pressure, pain, heat, and other sensory stimuli
or conduct motor impulses activating muscles
and glands.

16. SPINAL CORD ANATOMY
• The inner layer, or gray matter, has
a butterfly-shaped cross-section and
is mainly composed of nerve cell
bodies. Within the gray matter,
running the length of the cord and
extending into the brain, lies the
central canal through which the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
• The spinal cord mediates the reflex
responses to some sensory impulses
directly, i.e., without recourse to the
brain, as when a person's leg is
tapped producing the knee jerk
reflex.

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the cells of the nervous system are called neurones
cell body
axon
myelin sheath
dendrites nerve endings
nucleus
structure of a neurone

18. there are different typesof neurone
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sensory neuronemotor neurone relay neurone
direction of
electrical
signal
sends signals to your muscles
to tell them to move
sends signals from
your sense organs
connects neurones to
other neurones
dendrites
cell body
axon
myelin
sheath
nerve
endings

19. Smarter UK
neurones communicate with each other using a
mixture of electrical & chemical signals
cell body
axon
myelin sheath
dendrites nerve endings
nucleus an electrical
signal is
transmitted
along the axon
But what happens when the signal
reaches the end of the axon?

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cell body
axon
myelin sheath
dendrites nerve endings
nucleus the signal
is transmitted to
another neurone across a
junction called a synapse by
chemicals called
neurotransmitters.
synapse
signals cross between neurones at the synapse
neurotransmitter
vesicle
synaptic cleft
receptor

21. the signal
is transmitted to
another neurone across a
junction called a synapse by
chemicals called
neurotransmitters.
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cell body
axon
myelin sheath
dendrites nerve endings
nucleus
synapse
signals cross between neurones at the synapse
neurotransmitter
vesicle
synaptic cleft
receptor
electrical impulse triggers vesicles
to move to the synapse membrane
1
vesicles fuse with the membrane and
release neurotransmitter into the
synaptic cleft
2
neurotransmitter diffuses across
the cleft and binds to receptors
on the other side
3
Once enough receptors have
neurotransmitters bound to
them, the signal is
transmitted…
4

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The point where your muscles and nervous system meet is called the
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Signals sent from your central nervous
system to the NMJ tell muscles to move
The synapses at the NMJ
use a neurotransmitter
called acetylcholine

24. Autonomic Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System is the division of the
peripheral nervous system that controls the glands
and the muscles of the internal organs.
• The Autonomic Nervous System operates on its own
and is involuntary.
• The two divisions of Autonomic Nervous System are
• Sympathetic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic Nervous System

26. Your brain changes and adapts
What happens as our brains mature?

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your brain changes and adapts all the
time and all through your life
your brain
learns and
forms
memories by
strengthening
synapses that
are used a lot
and weakening
those that are
used less often

28. As your brain matures, it prunes
synapses to make it more efficient
During adolescence your brain has a
major tidy-up and gets rid of lots of
connections it isn’t using
This is a critical and delicate process. It is
thought that conditions such as schizophrenia
could be the result of it going wrong
Some evidence suggests that using
drugs can disrupt this process
Between birth and age 3 your
brain makes lots of new synapses
A toddler has 2-3 times more
synapses than an adult
What happens as you grow?

29. • Your Nervous System is
your body’s control center.
• Your nerves are made of
special cells.
• Your nervous system keeps
your balance.
• Thousands of nerve cells
die each day
• There are around 47
miles of nerves in
your body.
• One nerve cell may be
connected to 1000
more.
• Your nerve impulses
can travel up to 390
feet per second.
Cont...