The skull base forms the floor of the cranial cavity and separates the brain from facial structures. It is composed of five bones: ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, and paired temporal and frontal bones. The anterior skull base is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal bone laterally, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone in the midline, and the lesser sphenoid wing posteriorly. The middle skull base is formed mainly by the sphenoid bone and the temporal bone anterior to the petrous ridge. The posterior skull base is formed by the occipital bone and parts of the temporal and sphenoid bones. Infections and tumors originating from the deep facial spaces can
Cranium is the skeleton of the head.
Neurocranium is the bony case of the brain and meninges. It is formed by a series of eight bones:
Unpaired: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Occipital
Paired : Temporal, Parietal
Ethmoid bone relatively minor contribution
The cranial cavity contains the brain and its meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses
The bones that take part in formation of cranial cavity are frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and ethmoid
1-Vault of the Skull
2-Base of the Skull
Cranium is the skeleton of the head.
Neurocranium is the bony case of the brain and meninges. It is formed by a series of eight bones:
Unpaired: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Occipital
Paired : Temporal, Parietal
Ethmoid bone relatively minor contribution
The cranial cavity contains the brain and its meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses
The bones that take part in formation of cranial cavity are frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and ethmoid
1-Vault of the Skull
2-Base of the Skull
The framework of the nose consists of bone and cartilage. Two small nasal bones and extensions of the maxillae form the bridge of the nose, which is the bony portion. The remainder of the framework is cartilage and is the flexible portion. Connective tissue and skin cover the framework.
Air enters the nasal cavity from the outside through two openings: the nostrils or external nares. The openings from the nasal cavity into the pharynx are the internal nares. Nose hairs at the entrance to the nose trap large inhaled particles.
Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in the frontal, maxilae, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. These sinuses, which have the same names as the bones in which they are located, surround the nasal cavity and open into it. They function to reduce the weight of the skull, to produce mucus, and to influence voice quality by acting as resonating chambers.
The framework of the nose consists of bone and cartilage. Two small nasal bones and extensions of the maxillae form the bridge of the nose, which is the bony portion. The remainder of the framework is cartilage and is the flexible portion. Connective tissue and skin cover the framework.
Air enters the nasal cavity from the outside through two openings: the nostrils or external nares. The openings from the nasal cavity into the pharynx are the internal nares. Nose hairs at the entrance to the nose trap large inhaled particles.
Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in the frontal, maxilae, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. These sinuses, which have the same names as the bones in which they are located, surround the nasal cavity and open into it. They function to reduce the weight of the skull, to produce mucus, and to influence voice quality by acting as resonating chambers.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. • The skull base forms the floor of the cranial
cavity that separates brain from facial
structures and suprahyoid neck.
• The skull base is composed of five bones: (1)
ethmoid, (2) sphenoid, (3) occipital, (4) paired
temporal, and (5) paired frontal bones.
3.
4.
5. Anterior skull base
• It is formed by:
• The orbital plates of the frontal bone laterally
• The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and
the crista galli in midline
• Posteriorly by the lesser sphenoid wing and
the anterior part of the greater wing of
sphenoid
6. • The frontal and ethmoid sinuses , nasal cavity
and the orbits are just inferior to the ACF.
• The frontal lobes and meninges are just
superior to the ACF.
7. Cribriform plate
• It forms the roof of the nasal cavity and
contains numerous small foramina that
transmits the olfactory folia from the nasal
mucosa of the olfactory bulb
8.
9. Fovea ethmoidalis
• Part of frontal bone that separates the
ethmoidal cells from anterior cranial fossa
• It also medially connects with the lateral
lamella of cribriform plate.
10.
11. Lateral lamella
• It connects the CP with the fovea ethmoidalis.
• Height difference between the CP and FE was
classified by KEROS classification.
• The site where the anterior ethmoid artery
enters the anterior cranial fossa (lateral lamella
of the cribriform plate) is the site of common
bony injuries and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) leaks.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. Middle skull base
• Formed mainly by:
• 1)The sphenoid bone
• 2)The temporal bone anterior to the petrous
ridge.
17. Sphenoid bone
• 3 compartments:
– Basisphenoid:
• Dorsum sella, posterior clinoids, sella turcica, tuberculum sella, sphenoid
sinus
• Fused to clivus in adult
– Greater wing of sphenoid
• Medial two-thirds and anterior wall of the middle cranial fossa floor
– Lesser wing of sphenoid
• Medial and superior aspects of the anterior wall of the middle cranial fossa
and the anterior clinoids
• Superior and medial edges of the superior orbital fissure
18. • The sphenoid bone articulates with cribriform
plate throug the planum sphenoidale.
• Posterior to planum sphenoidale is the sella
tursica.
• Anterior clinoid process is an anatomical land
mark that separates the SOF from the optic
canal.
36. Pterygoid canal
• Runs through the base of
the pterygoid process to
the back wall of
pterygopalatine fossa.
• Contain: Nerve, Artery,
Vein of the pterygoid
canal.
• Nerve= Vidian
Nerve(Greater P N+
Deep P N)
37.
38.
39. Foramen Lacerum
• A triangular opening located in the middle
cranial fossa anterior to the petrous apex.
• It measures about 9mm in length & 7mm in
breadth
40. • F lacerum is filled with connective tissue and
transmits the small meningeal branches of
ascending pharyngeal artery and the emissary
vein from the cavernous sinus.
• The internal carotid artery passes along its
superior surface but doesn't traverse it.
41.
42. Foramen ovale
• Oval shaped opening in the middle cranial
fossa located at hte posterior base of the
greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
43.
44. Contents
• Mandibular div of trigeminal nerve
• Accessory meningeal artery
• Lesser petrosal nerve
• Emissery veins
45. Foramen rotundum
• Located in the middle cranial fossa
inferomedial to the superior orbital fissure at
the base of greater wing of sphenoid
• It transmits maxillary maxillary nerve branch
V2 of trigeminal nerve.
46.
47. Foramen spinosum
• Located in the posteromedial part of the
greater wing of sphenoid bone posterolateral
to the foramen ovale.
49. Sella tursica
• . The sella turcica is a depression in the
superior surface of the body of sphenoid bone
for pituitary gland. It is bordered anteriorly by
tuberculum sellae and posteriorly by dorsum
sellae. Floor of the sella is formed by the
sphenoid sinus. The roof of the sella turcica is
formed by a fold of dura called diaphragma
sellae, which is pierced by the pituitary stalk.
50.
51. Cavernous sinus (CS)
• The CS extends from the orbital apex and
superior orbital fissure anteriorly to the
Meckel’s cave.
• The CS connects the superior and inferior
ophthalmic veins, pterygoid plexus, and
Sylvian vein to superior and inferior petrosal
sinuses.
52. • The internal carotid artery (ICA) is the medial
most structure inside the CS.
• Cranial nerves III and IV and the first and
second divisions of the cranial nerve V (from
superior to inferior) are located in the lateral
dural wall of the CS.
• Cranial nerve VI courses in the central part of
the CS inferolateral to the ICA.
53.
54. Posterior skull base
• Formed mainly by:
• 1)The occipital bone
• 2)Parts of the temporal and sphenoid bone
55.
56. Carotid canal
• Passage in the petrous temporal bone and
transmits Internal carotid artery and the
sympathetic plexus.
• Its inferior opening is called carotid foramen
and its situated anterior to the jugular fossa
and medial to the tympanic plate.
• Canal is initially directed superiorly ,then turns
anteromedially to reach upto petrous apex.
57.
58.
59. Jugular formen
• The jugular foramen is seen at the posterior
end of petro-occipital suture. Anteriorly the
caroticojugular spine separates the jugular
foramen from the inferior carotid opening..
60. • Fibrous or bony septum divides jugular foramen into
anteromedial pars nervosa and posterolateral pars
vascularis.
• Pars nervosa is smaller and more consistent in size, and
transmits cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
with its tympanic branch (Jacobson nerve) and the
inferior petrosal sinus.
• The pars vascularis is larger and more variable in size,
transmitting the internal jugular vein, cranial nerve X
(vagus nerve) with its auricular branch (Arnold nerve),
cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve), and the posterior
meningeal artery.
61. • The right jugular foramen is larger than the left
in 75% of the population.
• When the roof of the jugular bulb is seen above
the level of floor of internal auditory canal, it is
called a high-riding jugular bulb, which is more
common on the right side.
• This is a dangerous variant and compromises
the exposure during translabyrinthine surgery
62.
63. Hypoglossal canal
• Located anteromedial to the jugular foramen
• Content; Hypoglossal nerve
• Hypoglossal canal lies in close proximity to the
jugular foramen
• Along the medial aspect, an osseous bony bar
called the jugular tubercle separates the jugular
foramen from the hypoglossal canal.
66. Relation of skull base to the deep
facial spaces
• The deep facial spaces are in close contact
with the base skull.
• Infections and tumours of these spaces often
extend up to the skull base.
• Para pharyngeal, masticator, carotid, and
retropharyngeal spaces are seen in close
contact with the skull base along their
cephalad aspect.
67. Parapharyngeal space
• Parapharyngeal space extends caudally to the
submandibular space and cranially abuts the
base skull. It contains fat within, which acts as
a medium for infection. Tumors can easily
traverse across the fat within the
parapharyngeal space.
68. Masticator space
• Masticator space connects the mandible to
the skull base. Odontogenic infections and
oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma can
tract along masticator space to the base skull.
Intracranial extension of the tumor can occur
via third division of trigeminal nerve,
mandibular nerve (perineural spread) through
the foramen ovale.
69. Carotid space
• Vascular lesions such as jugular vein
thrombosis and neural tumors such as
schwanoma, neurofibroma, and
paraganglioma are seen in the carotid space.
These lesions usually spread longitudinally
along the length of the neck with subsequent
extension into the jugular foramina in the skull
base.