The spinal cord extends from the brainstem down the back and is protected by the vertebrae. It has gray matter in an H-shape surrounded by white matter. The spinal cord conducts sensory signals to the brain and motor signals from the brain. It also mediates spinal reflexes through circuits in the gray matter without brain involvement. These reflexes provide quick responses to stimuli for protective functions. The internal organization allows sensory input to travel to the brain or mediate reflexes, and motor output from the brain or spinal cord to control muscles and organs.

1. THESPINALCORD
ANDSPINAL NERVES
By Gagandeep Kaur

2. Introduction
 The spinal cord and spinal nerves contribute to homeostasis
by providing quick, reflexive responses to many stimuli.
 The spinal cord is the pathway for sensory input to the brain
and motor output from the brain.

3. Structure

4. External
Anatomy of
SpinalCord
 The spinal cord, although roughly cylindrical, is flattened
slightly anteriorly and posteriorly.
 In adults, it extends from the medulla oblongata, the
inferior part of the brain, to the superior border of the
second lumbar vertebra.
 In newborn infants, it extends to the third or fourth lumbar
vertebra.
 During early childhood, both the spinal cord and the
vertebral column grow longer as part of overall body
growth.

5. Contd……….
 Elongation of the spinal cord stops around age 4 or 5, but
growth of the vertebral column continues. Thus, the spinal
cord does not extend the entire length of the adult vertebral
column.
 Thus, the spinal cord does not extend the entire length of the
adult vertebral column.The length of the adult spinal cord
ranges from 42 to 45 cm (16–18 in.).
 Its diameter is about 2 cm (0.75 in.) in the mid thoracic region,
somewhat larger in the lower cervical and mid lumbar
regions, and smallest at the inferior tip.

6.  When the spinal cord is viewed externally, two conspicuous
enlargements can be seen. The superior enlargement, the
cervical enlargement, extends from the fourth cervical
vertebra to the first thoracic vertebra.
 Nerves to and from the upper limbs arise from the cervical
enlargement. The inferior enlargement, called the lumbar
enlargement, extends from the ninth to the twelfth
thoracic vertebra.
 Nerves to and from the lower limbs arise from the lumbar
enlargement.

7.  Inferior to the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord
terminates as a tapering, conical structure called the conus
medullaris, which ends at the level of the intervertebral disc
between the first and second lumbar vertebrae in adults.
 Arising from the conus medullaris is the filum terminale, an
extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly and blends
with the arachnoid mater and dura mater and anchors the
spinal cord to the coccyx.

8. Transverse
section of
spinal cord

9. Internal
Anatomy of
theSpinal
Cord
 A freshly dissected section of the spinal cord reveals regions
of white matter that surround an inner core of gray matter.
 The white matter of the spinal cord consists primarily of
bundles of myelinated axons of neurons.
 Two grooves penetrate the white matter of the spinal cord
and divide it into right and left sides. The anterior median
fissure is a wide groove on the anterior (ventral) side. The
posterior median sulcus is a narrow furrow on the posterior
(dorsal) side.
 The gray matter of the spinal cord is shaped like the letter H
or a butterfly; it consists of dendrites and cell bodies of
neurons, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia.

10.  The gray commissure forms the crossbar of the H. In the
center of the gray commissure is a small space called the
central canal; it extends the entire length of the spinal
cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
 At its superior end, the central canal is continuous with the
fourth ventricle (a space that contains cerebrospinal fluid) in
the medulla oblongata of the brain.
 Anterior to the gray commissure is the anterior (ventral)
white commissure, which connects the white matter of the
right and left sides of the spinal cord.

11. Reflex action

12. Spinal
reflexes.
These consist of three elements:
 sensory neurones
 connector neurones in the spinal cord
 lower motor neurones

13. A reflex action is an immediate motor response to a sensory stimulus.
Many connector and motor neurones may be stimulated by afferent impulses from
a small area of skin, e.g. the pain impulses initiated by touching a very hot surface
with the finger are transmitted to the spinal cord by sensory nerves.
These stimulate many connector and lower motor neurones in the cord
which results in the contraction of many skeletal muscles of the hand, arm and
shoulder, and the removal of the finger.

14. Contd….
❖ Reflex action takes place very quickly, in fact, the motor
response may have occurred simultaneously with the
perception of the pain in the cerebrum.
❖ Reflexes of this type are invariably protective but they
can on occasion be inhibited. For example, if it is a
precious plate that is very hot when lifted every effort
will be made to overcome the pain to prevent dropping
it!

15. The internal organization of the spinal cord allows sensory
input and motor output to be processed by the spinal cord in
the following way:
 Sensory receptors detect a sensory stimulus.
 Sensory neurons convey this sensory input in the form of
nerve impulses along their axons, which extend from sensory
receptors into the spinal nerve and then into the posterior
root.
 From the posterior root, axons of sensory neurons may
proceed along three possible paths. [see next 3 steps]
 Axons of sensory neurons may extend into the white
matter of the spinal cord and ascend to the brain as part of a
sensorytract.

16. Contd….
 Axons of sensory neurons may enter the posterior gray
horn and synapse with interneurons whose axons extend
into the white matter of the spinal cord and then ascend
to the brain as part of a sensory tract.
 Axons of sensory neurons may enter the posterior
gray horn and synapse with interneurons that in turn
synapse with somatic motor neurons that are involved in
spinal reflex pathways.

17. Contd…
 Motor output from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles
involves somatic motor neurons of the anterior gray horn.
 Many somatic motor neurons are regulated by the brain.
Axons from higher brain centers form motor tracts that
descend from the brain into the white matter of the spinal
cord.
 There they synapse with somatic motor neurons either
directly or indirectly by first synapsing with interneurons
that in turn synapse with somatic motor neurons.

18.  When activated, somatic motor neurons convey motor output
in the form of nerve impulses along their axons, which
sequentially pass through the anterior gray horn and anterior
root to enter the spinal nerve. From the spinal nerve, axons of
somatic motor neurons extend to skeletal muscles of the
body.
 Motor output from the spinal cord to cardiac muscle, smooth
muscle, and glands involves autonomic motor neurons of the
lateral gray horn. When activated, autonomic motor neurons
convey motor output in the form of nerve impulses along their
axons, which sequentially pass through the lateral gray horn,
anterior gray horn, and anterior root to enter the spinal nerve.

19.  From the spinal nerve, axons of autonomic motor neurons
from the spinal cord synapse with another group of
autonomic motor neurons located in the peripheral nervous
system (PNS). The axons of this second group of autonomic
motor neurons in turn synapse with cardiac muscle, smooth
muscle, and glands.

20. Learning
without
wisdom is of
no use.
Thank you….