Nervous system
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This document provides an overview of the human nervous system. It discusses the main components, including neurons, the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to receptors and effectors. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Overall, the nervous system regulates bodily functions, coordinates organ systems, and allows organisms to respond to their environment.
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)2
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system, specifically focusing on the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. It describes the cranial and sacral portions of the parasympathetic division and what structures each innervates. It then discusses the synthesis and destruction of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine, as well as the different types of receptors for each neurotransmitter and their functions.
Autonomic nervous system
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It begins with an introduction and then discusses key topics such as the divisions of the ANS (sympathetic and parasympathetic), their structures and functions. Specifically, it compares the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in terms of their preganglionic fibers, effects, and neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and norepinephrine). It also discusses central control of the ANS and examples of dual innervation. In summary, the document is a comprehensive review of the autonomic nervous system that examines its divisions, pathways, neurotransmitters and functions.
Organisation Of Cns
The document discusses the organization and structure of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. It then discusses various structures that provide protection and support to the central nervous system like the skull, spinal column, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier. The document goes on to describe specific regions and structures within the brain in detail.
Neural Control and Coordination
The human neural system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord for information processing and control, while the PNS comprises nerves associated with the CNS. Nerve fibers of the PNS are afferent (transmit impulses to the CNS) and efferent (transmit impulses from the CNS). The PNS is further divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. Neurons are the basic structural and functional units, composed of a cell body, dendrites, and axon. Impulses are generated and conducted along neurons when the membrane becomes permeable to ions, then restored to its
Peripheral and autonomic nervous system of vertebrates
Central nervous system: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and memory. Some reflex movements can occur via spinal cord pathways without the participation of brain structures. The spinal cord is connected to a section of the brain called the brainstem and runs through the spinal canal.
Peripheral Nervous System: Nerve fibers that exit the brainstem and spinal cord become part of the peripheral nervous system. Cranial nerves exit the brainstem and function as peripheral nervous system mediators of many functions, including eye movements, facial strength and sensation, hearing, and taste.
The autonomic nervous system: The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system comprises two antagonistic sets of nerves, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The hypothalamus is the key brain site for central control of the autonomic nervous system, and the paraventricular nucleus is the key hypothalamic site for this control.
Divisions of Nervous System:
The vertebrate nervous system has three divisions:
(i) A central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Its function is to receive the stimulus from the receptors and transmit its response to the effectors. Thus, it coordinates all the functions of the body.
(ii) A peripheral nervous system consisting of cranial and spinal nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord respectively. It forms a connecting link between the receptors, central nervous system (CNS) and effectors.
(iii) An autonomic nervous system made of two ganglionated sympathetic nerves, ganglia in the head and viscera, and their connecting nerves. The autonomic nervous system is often regarded as a part of the peripheral nervous system because the two are connected. But all the three divisions of the nervous system are connected intimately both structurally and functionally.
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The brain has three main parts - the brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebrum. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls involuntary functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The largest part, the cerebrum, is divided into four lobes that control functions like conscious thought, sensory processing, vision, and sound. The spinal cord extends from the brain through the backbone and links the brain to the peripheral nervous system, handling reflex actions.
Nervous system and sense organs
The document discusses the nervous system and sense organs. It begins by describing the basic functions and components of the nervous system, including neurons, action potentials, and synapses. It then provides details on the types of neurons, glial cells, and how the resting membrane potential and action potentials work. The document also discusses the evolution of nervous systems in invertebrates and vertebrates. It concludes by describing the peripheral nervous system and different types of sense organs.
Autonomic Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the central nervous system to the limbs and organs, serving as a communication relay between the brain and extremities. It is subdivided into the efferent and afferent divisions. The efferent division carries signals from the brain and spinal cord to peripheral tissues using somatic and autonomic neurons. The autonomic nervous system regulates vital functions through preganglionic and postganglionic neurons that release acetylcholine or norepinephrine. The parasympathetic and sympathetic systems generally have opposing effects on target organs.
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The human neural system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord for information processing and control, while the PNS comprises nerves associated with the CNS. Nerve fibers of the PNS are afferent (transmit impulses to the CNS) and efferent (transmit impulses from the CNS). The PNS is further divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. Neurons are the basic structural and functional units, composed of a cell body, dendrites, and axon. Impulses are generated and conducted along neurons when the membrane becomes permeable to ions, then restored to its
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Peripheral Nervous System: Nerve fibers that exit the brainstem and spinal cord become part of the peripheral nervous system. Cranial nerves exit the brainstem and function as peripheral nervous system mediators of many functions, including eye movements, facial strength and sensation, hearing, and taste.
The autonomic nervous system: The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system comprises two antagonistic sets of nerves, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The hypothalamus is the key brain site for central control of the autonomic nervous system, and the paraventricular nucleus is the key hypothalamic site for this control.
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The vertebrate nervous system has three divisions:
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(ii) A peripheral nervous system consisting of cranial and spinal nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord respectively. It forms a connecting link between the receptors, central nervous system (CNS) and effectors.
(iii) An autonomic nervous system made of two ganglionated sympathetic nerves, ganglia in the head and viscera, and their connecting nerves. The autonomic nervous system is often regarded as a part of the peripheral nervous system because the two are connected. But all the three divisions of the nervous system are connected intimately both structurally and functionally.
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The document discusses the nervous system and sense organs. It begins by describing the basic functions and components of the nervous system, including neurons, action potentials, and synapses. It then provides details on the types of neurons, glial cells, and how the resting membrane potential and action potentials work. The document also discusses the evolution of nervous systems in invertebrates and vertebrates. It concludes by describing the peripheral nervous system and different types of sense organs.
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The nervous system is composed of neurons that transmit signals throughout the body via electrical and chemical signals. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes all other neurons. Sensory neurons collect information and transmit it to the central nervous system, while motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to tissues. The brain controls homeostasis and interprets sensory information. It is composed of regions like the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The peripheral nervous system includes sensory receptors, motor neurons, and the autonomic nervous system. Neurons transmit signals via action potentials generated by ion flow across membranes. Neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons. Sensory systems allow the detection of stimuli
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The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is responsible for the fight or flight response and increases heart rate and metabolism. The parasympathetic division is responsible for rest and digest functions and decreases heart rate and increases digestive functions. Both divisions contain two neurons, with the preganglionic neuron in the CNS and postganglionic neuron in peripheral ganglia. The autonomic nervous system controls functions of the heart, smooth muscles and glands.
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Ans
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system activates the body's fight or flight response through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine. It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and suppresses digestive functions. The parasympathetic system calms the body and focuses on rest and digestion through the release of acetylcholine. It decreases heart rate and increases activity in the gastrointestinal tract. Both systems generally have opposing effects on target organs through different neurotransmitters and receptor types.
ORGANSATION & FUNCTIONS OF ANS
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates the heart, smooth muscles, glands and viscera and is divided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The parasympathetic system participates in tissue building and the sympathetic system enables responses to stress. Both systems have efferent neurons that travel from the CNS to effector organs via a two-neuron chain, with preganglionic neurons synapsing in ganglia and postganglionic neurons innervating the organs. The sympathetic system originates in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord and parasympathetic system originates in the cranial and sacral regions. The sympathetic system prepares the body for fight or flight while the parasympathetic
Autonomic nervous system and visceral reflexes
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary body functions and homeostasis. It has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for physical activity and stress while the parasympathetic system calms functions at rest. The ANS has preganglionic neurons in the CNS and postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia. It acts through visceral reflexes and uses neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and norepinephrine to regulate organs.
Anatomy of autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system controls internal organs and glands. It has both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division uses norepinephrine and epinephrine to activate the fight or flight response. The parasympathetic uses acetylcholine for rest and digest functions. Both have preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. The autonomic nervous system regulates vital involuntary functions like heart rate, breathing, digestion and pupillary response.
Vegetative (autonomic) system
The document summarizes the vegetative (autonomic) nervous system. It describes that the system controls organs like respiration, circulation, reproduction and excretion. It is separated into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system is mainly concerned with trophic functions and increases processes like respiration and cardiac activity. The parasympathetic system has a protective role like pupil constriction and inhibiting cardiac activity. The systems have antagonistic interactions in organs with double innervation.
Autonomic nervous system (ans)
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division, also called the thoracolumbar outflow, supplies smooth muscles, blood vessels, heart, lungs, glands, and gastrointestinal organs. It consists of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers and is arranged in three ganglia groups: paravertebral/sympathetic chain ganglia, prevertebral/collateral ganglia, and terminal/peripheral ganglia. The sympathetic chain ganglia are arranged segmentally along the vertebral column and are divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral ganglia. Preganglionic fibers originate in the
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PHYSIOLOGY OF IMPULSE TRANSMISSION IN INSECTS SSNAIK TNAU
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The document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion. It describes the ANS as having two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system activates the body during stress through pathways involving the hypothalamus, amygdala and periaqueductal grey matter. The parasympathetic system calms the body during rest. The enteric nervous system is also described as the "second brain" that helps control gastrointestinal functions.
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This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It states that the ANS has components in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, and is considered part of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system. The ANS controls automatic body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system is activated in stressful situations, while the parasympathetic system acts during rest. The document goes on to describe the origins, pathways, neurotransmitters, and basic characteristics of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
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The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS connects them to sensory receptors and effector organs. Neurons are the basic functional units and transmit electrical signals through axons and dendrites. Communication occurs at synapses between neurons. The brain is divided into regions that control functions like breathing, movement coordination, homeostasis, and cognition. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
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The document discusses the physiological basis of behavior and provides details about the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes the structure and function of neurons, different parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It also explains neurotransmitters and hormones produced by glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and pancreas and how they regulate bodily functions.
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The brain and the spinal cord are the central nervous system, and they represent the main organs of the nervous system.
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The document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses and is active during stress. It stimulates organs like the heart. The parasympathetic system calms the body and is active at rest. It stimulates organs like the stomach and intestines. The document outlines the pathways, neurotransmitters, and roles of each division in regulating various organs and body systems.
Biological basis of behavior (new)
The document provides information about the structure and function of neurons and the nervous system. It defines the main parts of a neuron including the soma, dendrites, axon and terminal buttons. It describes how neurons communicate via action potentials and neurotransmitters at synapses. Sensory, motor and interneurons are discussed. The main divisions and structures of the central nervous system are outlined including the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. The functions of key structures like the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, thalamus and hypothalamus are summarized.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It discusses the divisions of the ANS including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Key points covered include the anatomical organization of the ANS from the central nervous system to peripheral ganglia. The roles and effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on various organs are described. Neurotransmitters, receptors, and reflexes of the ANS are also summarized.
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The human neural system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord for information processing and control. The PNS comprises nerves throughout the body connected to the CNS. The neural system uses neurons to transmit signals through the body via electrical and chemical synapses. Within the CNS, the brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum for higher functions and the limbic system for emotions. The hindbrain controls vital functions like breathing and regulates motor and sensory signals.
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The nervous system is the body's control center and communication network. It is composed of neurons and neuroglial cells and is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Neurons transmit electrochemical signals to coordinate senses, thoughts, movement, and organ function, while neuroglial cells provide support and protection. The central nervous system processes information and the peripheral nervous system connects it to the rest of the body.
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The nervous system is the body's control center and communication network. It is composed of neurons and neuroglial cells and is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Neurons transmit electrochemical signals to coordinate senses, thoughts, movement, and organ function, while neuroglial cells provide support and protection. The central nervous system processes information and the peripheral nervous system connects it to the rest of the body.
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This document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes nerves connecting the CNS to other parts of the body. It describes the types of cells in the nervous system including neurons and neuroglia. Key topics like nerve conduction, synapses, neurotransmitters and the autonomic nervous system are summarized. The regeneration potential of the PNS is also briefly covered.
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Nervous system
- 1. GUIDED BY- PRESENTED BY- Dr. ARVIND SHUKLA SONIYA BARCHE
- 2. INTRODUCTION NEURON CELL HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PHERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCLUSION REFERENCES
- 3. INTRODUCTION THE SYSTEM WHICH RECEIVES THE STIMULUS, TRANSMITS IT TO THE OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY& THE CORRESPONDING EFFECTS ARE SHOWN, ARE CALLED NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT CONSTITUTES ABOUT 2.4% OF TOTAL BODY WEIGHT. IT LINKS THE VARIOUS ORGANS & SYSTEM,CO- ORDINATES ALL THEIR ACTIVITIES & ENSURES THE INTEGRITY OF THE ORGANISM. THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGY ,DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM CALLED NEUROLOGY.
- 4. NEURON CELL STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF N.S.,HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS ABOUT 100 BILLION NEURONS.FULLY FORMED NEURON NEVER DIVIDE. NEURON IS COMPOSED OF MAINLY CYTON & PROCESS OF NEURON. THE REGION WHERE THE AXON OF ONE NEURON JOINS WITH THE DENDRITES OF ANOTHER NEURON IS CALLED AS SYNAPSE. DEPENDING UPON THE NO. OF PROCESSES THE NEURONS ARE UNIPOLAR,BIPOLAR,MULTIPOLAR.
- 5. NEURON CELL
- 6. NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHARAL AUTONOMIC CENTRAL N.S. N.S. N.S. SYMPA- PARASYM- SPINAL CRANIAL SPINAL BRAIN THETIC PATHETIC CORD NERVES NERVES N.S. N.S.
- 7. BRAIN- IT IS UPPER & BROADER PART LYING IN THE HEAD. IN ADULTS,IT WEIGHTS ABOUT 1400gm & HAS 100BILLION NEURON. THE BRAIN IS COVERED BY THREE MEMBRANOUS COVERING (OUTER DURA MATER,MIDDLE ARACHNOID,INNER PEA MATER) CALLED MENINGES. THE BRAIN FORMS ABOUT 98% OF THE WEIGHT OF WHOLE C.N.S.IT IS MADE UP OF FOLLOWING 3 PARTS- FORE BRAIN- CEREBRUM,DIENCEPHELON,OLFACTORY LOBE MID BRAIN - CEREBRAL PEDUCLE,CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA HINDBRAIN - CEREBELLUM,PONS,MEDULLA OBLONGATA
- 10. SPINAL CORD LIKE BRAIN,SPINAL CORD IS ALSO SURROUNDED BY MENINGES THE SPACE BETWEEN THESE MEMBRANE IS FILLED WITH CEREBROSPINAL FLUID THE LENGTH OF SPINAL CORD IN HUMAN MALES IS 45 CM AND IN FEMALE 43 CM THE SPINAL CORD IS CONSIST OF CENTRAL CANAL SURROUNDED BY A CENTRAL CORE OF GARY MATTER.
- 11. Peripheral nervous system is formed of nerves extending between the central nervous system & receptor or effectors organs, having 2 types of nerves- Cranial nerves – 12 pairs, originating from brain& terminate at various effectors organ. spinal nerves –there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves which arise from the spinal cord.
- 13. AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM IT IS A SELF GOVERNING NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT HAS BOTH SENSORY & MOTOR NERVES.IT DISTINGUISHED INTO 2 SYSTEM- SYMPAHTATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- 15. FUNCTION IT REGULATES &CONTROLES THE VARIOUS ACTIVITIES OF THE ORGAN & FINALLY THE ORGANISM AS A WHOLE.FOR EX:SENSE OF VISION ,HEARING,MUSCULAR CONTRACTION ,HEART BEAT. IT REGULATES THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE BODY BY COORDINATING THE WORKING OF THE VARIOUS GLANDS & TISSUES OF BODY. HELPS THE ORGANISM TO REACT TO THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES. STORES THE MEMORY OF THE PAST & PRESENT EXPERIENCES. PRODUCE SENSATION LIKE VISION,HEARING,TASTE,SMELL PLASURE & PAIN WITH HELP OF SENSE ORGANS ATTACHED TO THEM.
- 16. CONCLUSION IN A COMPLEX ORGANISM THE NERVOUS SYSTEN PLAYS THE LEADING ROLE IN REGULATING ALL THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES & IN AFFECTING THE CONNECTIONS OF THE ORGANISM WITH THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. IT ALSO LINKS THE VARIOUS ORGAN & SYSTEM, COORDINATES ALL THEIR ACTIVITIES & ENSURES THE INTEGRITY OF THE ORGANISM. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF NERVOUS & THE GLIAL CELL. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS CONSIST OF THREE PARTS:-C.N.S.,P.N.S.,A.N.S..
- 17. REFERENCES GUYTON,A.C. & HALL,J.E.,2000 A TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GANONG,H. 2003,REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY