The document summarizes kidney function and chronic kidney disease. It discusses how the kidneys filter waste from the blood and produce important hormones. Chronic kidney disease is a progressive loss of renal function over time that can be caused by conditions like diabetes or hypertension. Symptoms of worsening kidney function are nonspecific but may include fatigue. Dialysis is needed when the kidneys fail completely, which works to remove waste but cannot replace all kidney functions.

1. Kidney Problems and Dialysis
Made
by:Redmond
Lim

2. Picture of a kidney…and where it is
located…

3. Kidneys..
• The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs that
lie on either side of the spine in the lower middle of
the back. Each kidney weighs about ¼ pound and
contains approximately one million filtering units
called nephrons. Each nephron is made of a
glomerulus and a tubule. The glomerulus is a
miniature filtering or sieving device while the
tubule is a tiny tube like structure attached to the
glomerulus.

4. Words…
Nephrons
- filtering units
Glomerulus
-a miniature filtering or sieving device
Tubule
-a tiny tube like structure attached to the glomerulus.
Kidney is also called renal.

5. Knowing the KIDNEY
How do our kidneys work?
We can live quite well with only one kidney and
some people live a healthy life even though born
with one missing. But while bones can break,
muscles can waste away and the brain can sleep
without risk to life, if both of your kidneys fail, as
happens in end stage kidney failure, bone, muscle
or brain can not carry on. Without any kidney
function our body dies. Kidney function is essential
for life!

6. What can your kidneys do?
• Healthy kidneys act like a filter to make sure the right
amount of wastes and fluids are removed, they keep
the proper balance of salts and acids in the body, and
produce hormones. Each day your kidneys process
around 200 litres of blood, with around 1 to 2 litres of
waste leaving the body as urine. Our kidneys make
three important hormones, erythropoietin, renin and
active vitamin D. Erythropoietin stimulates the
production of red blood cells, renin is involved in the
control of blood pressure and active vitamin D controls
calcium uptake and helps make strong bones.

8. Common Kidney Diseases
• Diabetes - thought to cause about half of all cases
• Hypertension (high blood pressure) - thought to cause about one quarter of all cases
• Inflammation of the kidney (glomerulonephritis)
• Malaria
• Long-term exposure to lead, solvents and fuels
• Systemic lupus erythematosus - body's own immune system attacks the kidneys
• Polycystic kidney disease - inherited
• Physical injury, such as a heavy blow to the kidney
• Kidney infection (pyelonephritis)
• Jaundice
• Over consumption of some medications
• Unborn baby does not normally developing kidneys
• Yellow fever
• Written by Christian Nordqvist
Copyright: Medical News Today

9. CKD
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known
as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss
in renal function over a period of months or years. The
symptoms of worsening kidney function are unspecific,
and might include feeling generally unwell and
experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney
disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of
people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such
as those with high blood pressure or diabetesand
those with a blood relative with chronic kidney
disease. Chronic kidney disease may also be
identified when it leads to one of its recognized
complications, such as cardiovascular
disease, anemia or pericarditis.[1]

10. Common symptoms or signs of CKD
• The best way to determine whether a person is suffering from CKD is to
create a checklist of its symptoms and signs. If most of the symptoms in
the list are experienced by a person suspected of CKD, then there is a huge
possibility that he or she has really developed chronic kidney disease.
• As the functioning of the kidney decreases, the common symptoms of CKD
subsequently emerge. These symptoms include increased blood pressure
levels caused by the overproduction of vasoactive hormones, increase in
uric levels and rapid accumulation of potassium in the human
bloodstream.
• Increasing blood pressure levels usually lead to hypertension or congestive
heart failure. Meanwhile, accumulated urea in the body causes uremia, a
medical condition wherein a person becomes lethargic and the fibrous sac
in his or her heart becomes inflamed and sore. Lastly, accumulated
potassium in the bloodstream, also known as hyperkalemia, could make a
person experience fatal episodes of cardiac arrhythmias.

11. Treatment for Chronic Kidney Diseases
• People who undergo therapy for CKD usually aim to control the
progressive decrease in their kidney function. The main focus of
such therapies is to control the patient’s blood pressure levels and
to treat the original causes of the patient’s disease. Substances
used for the therapy of this disease usually include angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitors or substances that are antagonistic to
angiotensin II receptor.
• These are the most important information you should know about
CKD. If you want to prevent yourself from experiencing this fatal
disease, you should take care of your kidneys and make sure that
they are functioning at their optimal levels. You can take good care
of your kidneys by adopting a healthy diet, quitting smoking and
regulating your alcohol intakes. Once you have done these
important management tips, you would become less vulnerable to
chronic kidney disease.

12. • Anemia - People with chronic kidney disease are
usually affected by anemia (90% of them). When
levels of EPO (erythropoietin), which is produced
by the kidneys, are low, anemia can develop. EPO
makes the body produce red blood cells. When
your red blood cell count is low you have
anemia. Chronic kidney failure patients who have
anemia are usually given an ESA (erythropoiesis-
stimulating agent) injection. A study found that
Ferumoxytol, a novel intravenous form of iron that
permits rapid administration of large doses, is
effective for treating iron deficiency in chronic
kidney disease (CKD) patients on dialysis.

13. Dialysis

14. Kidney Dialysis
• This kidney dialysis procedure is performed 3 times a
week with the help of adialysis technician. What this
procedure does is remove the waste products of the
body’s normal metabolism from the blood stream. The
kidneys’ remove waste products from the blood twenty
four hours a day seven days a week. In other words it
does this process slowly and continuously. So when a
kidney dialysis procedure is performed on a patient it is
completed in about 3 to 4 hours. Because of the rapid
cleaning of the blood the patient can suffer from side
effects such as nausea and headaches. Either a dialysis
nurse ordialysis technician will help you through this

15. • Dialysis alone does not effectively remove all
the waste from the body, and in between
treatments toxins and waste products
continue to build in the body. One way to
assist the body in between dialysis
appointments is to eat a physician approved
renal diet. A dialysis diet will limit the waste
produced, maintain a balance of electrolytes,
minerals, and fluid in patients who are on
dialysis.

16. How The Kidney Dialysis Procedure Is
Performed
• The patient will be prepped for their treatment by having their
AV shunt accessed by a nurse. Usually at this point the
dialysis technician will take over to observe the patient and
machine during the procedure. The patient may need
medicine for nausea during the procedure, so the technician
and nurse communicate frequently during the dialysis
treatment.
• Most patients will have what is called an arterio/venous shunt
in one of their arms. What this does is allow for a large bore
needle to be inserted into this shunt for the dialysis procedure.
The blood will then be pulled through the dialysis machine
and cleansed before being returned to the body.
• For those with end stage renal disease the kidney dialysis
procedure is literally a life preserving action.

17. The End….
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!!