Renal disease

1. RENAL SYSTEM
DISEASES
.

2. Diagram of renal/urinary system

3. .
 The urinary system (or renal system) works as your body’s filtration
system. When your urinary system removes toxins and wastes from
your body, it comes out as pee (urine). To be able to pee, your body
must pass this waste through a series of organs, ducts and tubes. If
there’s a problem at any step in this process, it can affect if you’re
able to pee normally.

4. .
The main organs in your urinary system are:
 Two kidneys (blood-filtering organs).
 Two ureters (ducts that connect your kidneys to your bladder)
 A bladder (an organ that holds your pee).
 A urethra (a tube connected to your bladder that allows pee to leave
your body).

5. Functions of renal system
Remove waste products and medicines from the
body.
Balance the body's fluids.
Balance a variety of electrolytes.
Release hormones to control blood pressure.
Release a hormone to control red blood cell
production. i.e the erythropoetin hormone
Help with bone health by controlling calcium and
phosphorus

6. Kidney diagram

7. .

8.  The kidneys filter unwanted substances from the blood and produce
urine to excrete them.
 There are 3 main steps of urine formation: Glomerular filtration,
Reabsorption Secretion.
 These processes ensure that only waste and excess water are
removed from the body.

9. .
 As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water
and solutes from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration
membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation
process.
 The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through
a process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
 Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products.
 Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine,
ammonia, and uric acid.
 Ions such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are
alsoexcreted.

10. 1. ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE
 Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly
become unable to filter waste products from your blood.
When your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous
levels of wastes may accumulate, and your blood's chemical
makeup may get out of balance.

11. .
 Acute kidney failure — also called acute renal failure or acute kidney
injury — develops rapidly, usually in less than a few days. Acute
kidney failure is most common in people who are already
hospitalized, particularly in critically ill people who need intensive
care.
 Acute kidney failure can be fatal and requires intensive treatment.
However, acute kidney failure may be reversible. If you're otherwise
in good health, you may recover normal or nearly normal kidney
function.

12. Causes
Acute kidney failure can occur when:
 You have a condition that slows blood flow to your kidneys (pre-renal
causes)
 You experience direct damage to your kidneys (renal causes)
 Your kidneys' urine drainage tubes (ureters) become blocked and
wastes can't leave your body through your urine(post-renal)

13. Pre renal causes.
Impaired blood flow to the kidneys
Diseases and conditions that may slow blood flow to the kidneys and
lead to kidney injury include:
 Blood or fluid loss
 Blood pressure medications
 Heart attack
 Heart disease
 Infection
 Liver failure
 Use of aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium
(Aleve, others) or related drugs
 Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
 Severe burns
 Severe dehydration

14. Renal causes
 Damage to the kidneys
 These diseases, conditions and agents may damage the kidneys and
lead to acute kidney failure:
 Blood clots in the veins and arteries in and around the kidneys
 Cholesterol deposits that block blood flow in the kidneys
 Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-loe-nuh-FRY-tis), inflammation of the
tiny filters in the kidneys (glomeruli)
 Hemolytic uremic syndrome, a condition that results from premature
destruction of red blood cells

15. Post-renal causes
Urine blockage in the kidneys
Diseases and conditions that block the passage of urine out of the body
(urinary obstructions) and can lead to acute kidney injury include:
 Bladder cancer
 Blood clots in the urinary tract
 Cervical cancer
 Colon cancer
 Enlarged prostate
 Kidney stones
 Nerve damage involving the nerves that control the bladder
 Prostate cancer

16. Stages of Acute kidney failure
 Onset phase/Initial : Kidney injury occurs.
 Oliguric (anuric) phase: Urine output decreases from renal tubule
damage low urine or no urine at all.
 Diuretic phase: The kidneys try to heal and urine output increases,
but tubule scarring and damage occur.
 Recovery phase: Tubular edema resolves and renal function
improves.

17. Chronic renal failure
 Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, involves a
gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess
fluids from your blood, which are then removed in your urine.
 Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the
progression of kidney damage, usually by controlling the cause. But,
even controlling the cause might not keep kidney damage from
progressing. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage
kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a
kidney transplant.

18. Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney
damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of
fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is,
loss of kidney function can cause:
 Nausea &Vomiting
 Loss of appetite
 Fatigue and weakness
 Sleep problems
 Urinating more or less
 Decreased mental sharpness
 Muscle cramps
 Swelling of feet and ankles
 Dry, itchy skin
 High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control
 Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs (pleural effusion)
 Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the
heart(pericardial effusion)

19. .
 Chronic kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs
kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several
months or years.Diseases and conditions that cause chronic kidney
disease include:
 Type 1 or type 2 diabetes
 High blood pressure
 Glomerulonephritis - an inflammation of the kidney's filtering units
(glomeruli)
 Interstitial nephritis -an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and
surrounding structures
 Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases
 Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as
enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers
 Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis

20. Risk factors
factors that can increase your risk of chronic kidney disease include:
 Diabetes
 High blood pressure
 Heart (cardiovascular) disease
 Smoking
 Obesity
 Being Black, Native American or Asian American
 Family history of kidney disease
 Abnormal kidney structure
 Older age
 Frequent use of medications that can damage the kidneys

21. Prevention
 Follow instructions on over-the-counter medications.
 Maintain a healthy weight.
 stop smoking.
 Manage your medical conditions with your doctor's help.

22. Management.
 Hemodialysis, process where by a machine filters wastes, salts
and fluid from your blood when your kidneys are no longer healthy
enough to do this work adequately.
 During hemodialysis, your blood goes through a filter, called a
dialyzer, outside your body. A dialyzer is sometimes called an
“artificial kidney.”

23. Process of hemodialysis

24. Hemodialysis access sites

25. Peritoneal dialysis

26. .
 Peritoneal dialysis is a way to remove waste products from the blood.
It's a treatment for kidney failure, a condition where the kidneys can't
filter blood well enough any longer.
 During peritoneal dialysis, a cleansing fluid flows through a tube into
part of the stomach area, also called the abdomen. The inner lining of
the abdomen, known as the peritoneum, acts as a filter and removes
wastes from blood. After a set amount of time, the fluid with the
filtered waste flows out of the abdomen and is thrown away.

27. Kidney transplant
 A kidney transplant is a surgery to place a healthy kidney from a
living or deceased donor into a person whose kidneys no longer
function properly.
 Kidney transplants are done to help people with chronic kidney
disease or end-stage renal (kidney) failure. When your kidneys can
no longer filter waste properly, you’ll need either dialysis (which uses
a machine to remove waste from your bloodstream) or a kidney
transplant.

28. Kidney stones
 Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis)
are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your
kidneys.
 Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain
supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney
stones. Kidney stones can affect any part of your urinary tract — from
your kidneys to your bladder. Often, stones form when the urine
becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick
together.

29. Causes
Kidney stones form when your urine contains more crystal-forming
substances — such as calcium, oxalate and uric acid — than the fluid
in your urine can dilute. At the same time, your urine may lack
substances that prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an
ideal environment for kidney stones to form.

30. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
If a kidney stone becomes lodged in the ureters, it may block the flow
of urine and cause the kidney to swell and the ureter to spasm, which
can be very painful. At that point, you may experience these
symptoms:
 Severe, sharp pain in the side and back, below the ribs
 Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin
 Pain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity
 Pain or burning sensation while urinating

31. Treatment
 Rehydration
 Lithotripsy
 shockwave

32. glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation and damage to the filtering
part of the kidneys (glomerulus). It can come on quickly or over
a longer period of time. Toxins, metabolic wastes and excess
fluid are not properly filtered into the urine. Instead, they build
up in the body causing swelling and fatigue.

33. SYMPTOMS
Glomerulonephritis signs and symptoms may include:
 Pink or cola-colored urine from red blood cells in your urine
(hematuria).
 Foamy or bubbly urine due to excess protein in the urine
(proteinuria).
 High blood pressure (hypertension).
 Fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face, hands, feet
and abdomen.
 Urinating less than usual.
 Nausea and vomiting.
 Muscle cramps.
 Fatigue.

34. CAUSES
 Infections from bacteria and viruses
 Autoimmune
 Inflammation of the blood vessels at the glomeruli
 Scaring of the glomeruli
Treatment.
Treat the underlying condition