BIOGRAPHY OF FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH, AS AN EDUCATOR AND RESEARCHER, INFLUENCED FAYE ANDELLAH IN THE DEVELOPMENT HER OWN MODEL OF
NURSING, ABDELLAH’S TYPOLOGY OF 21 NURSING PROBLEMS, ASSUMPTION, CONCEPT, STEPS TO IDENTIFY THE CLIENT’S PROBLEM, 11 NURSING SKILLS, USE OF 21 PROBLEMS IN THE NURSING PROCESS AND LIMITATIONS
Virginia henderson's theory of nursingMandeep Gill
Virginia Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1897, the fifth of eight children in her family. During the World War 1, Henderson developed an interest in nursing. So in 1918 she entered the Army school of Nursing in Washington D.C. Henderson graduated in 1921 and accepted a position as a staff nurse with the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service in New York. After 2 years, in 1923, she started teaching nursing at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia. She has enjoyed a long career as an author and researcher. She is known as, “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing” & “The 20th century Florence Nightingale."
The Betty Neuman theory - Easy to understand ,The Neuman Systems ModelChithraValsan
Nursing Theory is defined as " A creative and rigorous structuring of Ideas, that project Tentative, Purposeful, and Systematic view of Phenomena." Aims of Nursing theories including to Describe, Predict, and Explain the Phenomenon of Nursing (Chinn and Jacobs, 1978).Main categories of Nursing theories are Grand Theory, Middle Range Theory, and Practice level Theory.
Florence nightingale’s environment theoryShrooti Shah
The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the environment- all the external conditions and forces that influence the life and development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through control of the environment.
"Nursing is based on an art and science that mould the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs." – Abdellah
Virginia henderson's theory of nursingMandeep Gill
Virginia Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1897, the fifth of eight children in her family. During the World War 1, Henderson developed an interest in nursing. So in 1918 she entered the Army school of Nursing in Washington D.C. Henderson graduated in 1921 and accepted a position as a staff nurse with the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service in New York. After 2 years, in 1923, she started teaching nursing at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia. She has enjoyed a long career as an author and researcher. She is known as, “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing” & “The 20th century Florence Nightingale."
The Betty Neuman theory - Easy to understand ,The Neuman Systems ModelChithraValsan
Nursing Theory is defined as " A creative and rigorous structuring of Ideas, that project Tentative, Purposeful, and Systematic view of Phenomena." Aims of Nursing theories including to Describe, Predict, and Explain the Phenomenon of Nursing (Chinn and Jacobs, 1978).Main categories of Nursing theories are Grand Theory, Middle Range Theory, and Practice level Theory.
Florence nightingale’s environment theoryShrooti Shah
The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the environment- all the external conditions and forces that influence the life and development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through control of the environment.
"Nursing is based on an art and science that mould the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs." – Abdellah
According to Faye Glenn Abdellah's theory, “Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.”
Running head GRAND THEORIST REPORT 17GR.docxcowinhelen
Running head: GRAND THEORIST REPORT 1
7
GRAND THEORIST REPORT
Grand Theorist Report
Grand Canyon University: NUR 502
April 24, 2018
Grand Theorist Report
There are many grand nursing theories that have helped to set the foundation for the nursing profession. Faye Abdellah was one of the first pioneers for shaping nursing as a profession using her framework for Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing. Abdellah’s theory is easy to apply to nursing practice in a healthcare institution because her framework is readable and clear (McEwen & Wills, 2014). In addition, another rationale for implementing her theory into practice at a healthcare institution is the fact that it clearly addresses the four metaparadigms—person, environment, health, and nursing. In this paper, we will discuss the theorist Faye Abdellah, her theory on Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing, and how this theory can be integrated into practice at a healthcare institution.
Description of Theorist
Faye Abdellah was born in New York City on March 13, 1919. Abdellah decided at a very young age she wanted to pursue a career in nursing. She received her original certification in nursing from Fitkin Memorial Hospital. She continued her study of nursing at Columbia University getting her BA in Nursing along with her doctorate degree, which focused on psychology and education (Dewey, 2016).
Abdellah was highly influential in the profession of nursing. She was the Chief Nursing Officer and Deputy United States Surgeon General until 1993, and she was ranked as a Rear Admiral. She retired in 2000 from her last position as Dean of the Graduate School of Nursing at the Uniform Services University of Health Sciences (McEwen & Wills, 2014). As a whole, throughout her career Abdellah received many academic honors for her achievements in nursing. Her main focus was to reshape nursing as a profession by encouraging nurses to look past a physical illness or diagnosis and see “patients as people with a complex of emotional and psychological needs” (Dewey, 2016, n.p.). Clearly, this concept of looking at patients as more complex beings significantly helped to influence and shape her Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing.
Category of Theory
Abdellah’s Patient Centered Approaches to Nursing is considered a grand nursing theory that is based on human needs. She believed that patients should be seen as ‘people’ who have individual unique needs that require personalized care from nurses. Furthermore, Abdellah developed her theory based on how she practiced while providing care to patients—which is what helps to make the theory highly applicable. McEwen & Wills (2014) further explain that Abdellah’s theory is applicable not only in the hospital setting, but also in the community setting.
Assumptions Underlying the Theory
Abdellah’s original theory did not have any stated assumptions; however, as time passed she did add the following six assumptions related to: 1) change ...
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this is descrive you that this ppt is making very simple way and i hope this will help you to understand lightky about nursing theories
MALARIA
It is an infectious disease of humans caused by parasitis protozoans belonging to the genus plasmodium.
It is endemic in most parts of India and other tropical countries.
As per WHO, malaria causes one death every minute globally and about 40,000 annual deaths in India.
The disease is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.
Four species of protozoa plasmodium can cause malaria which are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae.
INTRODUCTION
These are the drugs which are used for the treatment, prophylaxis and prevention of relapses of malaria.
The treatment of malaria is available since 17 century. During those times, the bark of Cinchona tree was used in the crude form.
Later in 1820, quinine was isolated from the bark.
Since 1920, quinine and other drugs are commercially available in the market
OBJECTIVES IN USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
The various objectives are:
To prevent clinical attack of malaria.
To treat clinical attack of malaria.
To completely eradicate the parasite from the patient’s body.
To cut down human to mosquito transmission.
THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION
1. CAUSAL PROPHYLACTICS: (Destroy parasite in liver cells and prevent invasion of erythrocytes)
e.g. primaquine, pyrimethamine
2.BLOOD SCHIZONTOCIDES SUPPRESIVES (destroy parasites in the RBC and terminate clinical attacks of malaria): e.g. chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, halofantrine, pyrimethamine
3. TISSUE SCHIZONTOCIDES used to prevent relapse: act vivax and P. ovale that produce replapses. E.g. primaquine
4. GAMETOCIDAL DRUGS: primaquine, chloroquine, quinine.
1. CHLOROQUINE
It acts as erythrocytic schizontocide against all species of plasmodia.
The parasite disappears from peripheral blood in 1-3 days. It control the clinical attacks of malaria within 1-2 days.
It doesn’t have any gametocidal activity.
It is bitter in taste, so patient should be advised ‘not to chew the tablet’ it is used for the treatment of malaria during pregnancy: no teratogenic effects have been reported.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Its gets concentrated in the infected RBCs and then is actively taken up by the susceptible plasmodia.
The chloroquine binds to the heme and forms chloroquine heme complex.
Complex inhibits the formation of hemozoin and also damages the Plasmodium memberane
PHARMACOKINETICS
It is well absorbed orally.
50% of the drug is plasma protein bound, gets concentrated in liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, skin and leukocytes.
The plasma half life is 3-10 days, whereas the terminal half life is 1-2 months. On prolonged use, it gets accumulated selectively in the retina and causes ocular toxicity.
It is partially metabolized in liver and slowly excreted in urine.
INDICATIONS ADVERSE EFFECTS
Clinical drug of choice for malaria.
Extraintestinal amoebiasis.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Infectious mononucleosis.
Mil
These are synthetic antimicrobial having a quinolones structure.
These are active against most of the gram negative bacteria.
In 1960s the first membered of this group, Nalidixic acid, was introduced .
Flouroquinolones have:
High potency
Expanded antimicrobial spectrum
Better tissue penetration
Good tolerability profile
Very low resistance development
1. NALIDIXIC ACID
It was the first member in quinolones. It was active against gram negative bacteria. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase. It is bacterial in nature.
It is given orally. It attains good concentration in gut, lumen, hence useful in diarrhea.
NALIDIXIC ACID CONTD…
It is most commonly seen in children. And causes neurological toxicity present as headache, drowsiness and vertigo and contraindicated in infants and G6PD deficient patients.
It is given in a dose of 0.5-1g TDS/QID
2. FLUOROQUINOLONES
Fluoroquinolones are quinolones antimicrobials having one or more fluorine substituitions.
The first generation fluoroquinolones have one fluoro substitution and were developed in 1980s.
The second generation fluoroquinolones have additional fluoroquinolones have additional fluoro substitution, which extended the antimicrobial activity and were developed in 1990s.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
The fluoroquinolones inhibits the enzyme DNA gyrase in Gram-negative micro-organism and topoisomerase IV in gram positive micro-organism. This lead to the bactericidal effects of fluoroquinolones.
RESISTANCE
The resistance to fluoroquinolones develops when the bacteria produce a DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV which have reduced affinity for fluoroquinolones or the bacteria produce efflux pumps across bacterial memberane which shunt out the fluoroquinolones from the bacterial cells.
CLASSIFICATION
FIRST GENERATION FLOUROQUINOLONES :
Norfloxacin
Ofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Pefloxacin
SECOND GENERATION FLUOROQUINOLONES:
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Lomefloxacin
Gemifloxacin
Sparfloxacin
Prulifloxacin
PHARMACOKINETICS
These are given both by oral and intravenous route.
These have good absorption, when given empty stomach and food delays the absorption. These drugs have good tissue penetrability.
These are excreted in urine by glomerular filtration as well as tubular secretion.
INDICATIONS
Bacterial gastroenteritis
Typhoid fever
UTI
Gonorrhoea
Chancroid
Bone, Soft tissue and gynaecological infections
Respiratory infections
Tuberculosis
Gram negative septicemia and meningitis
Conjuctivitis
COMMON ADVERSE EFFECTS
GI SYSTEM: Nausea, vomiting, bad taste and anorexia
CNS: Headache, anxiety, insomnia, restlessness and impairment of concentrations.
Skin: Rash, photosensitivity
Contraindicated in pregnancy.
They should be used in caution in children as a few cases of joint pain and swelling have been reported and a risk of cartilage damage is suspended.
FIRST GENERATION FLUROQUINOLONES
SECOND GENERATION FLUROQUINOLONES
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Antacids decrease the absorption
INTRODUCTION
Sulfonamides were the first effective, synthetic antibacterial agents to be used systemically in man.
They were introduced by Domagk in 1935 and in the next few years several of them were synthesized and widely used. Currently their role in therapeutics is limited because of their toxicity, development of resistance availability of safer drugs.
CLASSIFICATION
Short acting: Sulfisoxazole, Sulfadiazine
Intermediate acting: Sulfamethoxazole
Long-acting: Sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfadoxine
Poorly absorbed: Sulfasalazine
Topical: Sulfacetamide, mefedine
Silver sulfadiazine.
ANTIBACTERIAL SPECTRUM
It is wide spectrum antibiotic.
It inhibits many gram positive and some gram negative bacteria including streptococci, H. influenza, Norcardia, E. coli, proteus, V. cholerae, some stains of staphylococci, gonococci, memingococci and pneumococci.
They are also effective against Chlamydia, plasmodium falciparum and toxoplasma gondii.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
PABA (Para-aminobenzoic acid)
Folic acid synthesis
DIHYDROFOLIC ACID
Bacteria synthesize their own folic acid from PABA with the help of the enzyme folic acid synthetase. Sulfonamides are structurally similar to PABA and competitively inhibiting the enzymes folic acid synthetase.
They inhibit the enzyme folic acid synthase so folic acid is not synthesized (which is essential bacterial growth).
PHARMACOKINETICS
Sulfonamides are well absorbed, extensively bound to plasma proteins and are well distributed to all tissues.
They are metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine.
They can cross placental barriers.
COMMON USES
SYSTEMIC USES : sulfamethoxazole is used in combination with cotrimoxazolein many bacterial infections.
It is the drug of choice in pneumocystitis in AIDS patient.
Treatment of nocardiosis, toxoplasmosis, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
TOPICAL USES: ocular sulfacetamide sodium is used in trachoma/inclusion conjuctivitis.
Topical silver sulfadiazine is used for preventing infection on burn surfaces.
Mefinide is active in the presence of pus and against pseudomonas, clostridia which are not inhibited by topical sulfonamides.
USES
Because of the development of resistance and availability of better antimicrobials, which are more effective and less toxic, these are not commonly used now except in a few cases:
UTI
NOCARDIOSIS
TOXOPLASMOSIS
TRACHOMA AND INCLUSION CONJUCTIVITIS
MALARIA
TOPICAL
ULCERATIVE COLLITIS
Contraindication & Precautions: Children younger than 2yrs, Pregnant and breast feeding mother, Renal and hepatic diseases, Hypersensitivity to sulphonamides drug.
Adverse effect: Fever, Rash, Nausea/vomiting, Aplastic Anemia.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Sulphonamides can increasing the blood thinning effect of warfarin, possibly leading to abnormal bleeding.
Increases blood level of potassium may occur when Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim is combined with ACE inhibitors.
Su
INTRODUCTION
Erythromycin is the first member of group, and was isolated from a strain of Streptomyces erythreus in 1952.
Rest drugs are semi-synthetic derivatives of erythromycin known as newer macrolides
Some other drugs are dirithromycin, oleandomycin and troleandomycin.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Macrolide antibiotics are bacteriostatic agents and inhibit the protein synthesis by binding reversibly to 50s ribosomal subunit of sensitive microorganism and interfere with translocation step in the protein synthesis.
Gram positive bacteria's are 100 times more sensitive than gram negative bacteria's by these drugs.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
It is bacteriostatic at low concentration & bactericidal at high concentration
Bactericidal property depends on the concentration, organism concerned and its rate of multiplication
ANTI MICROBIAL SPECTRUM
It is narrow spectrum antibiotic. These antibiotics are more active against gram positive cocci and inactive against most of the aerobic and enteric gram negative bacilli.
In addition, Campylobacter, Legionella, Branhamella catarrhalis, G. vaginalis and Mycoplasma (which are not affected by pencillin are also highly susceptible to erythromycin)
ANTI MICROBIAL SPECTRUM
Moderately sensitive to H. influenza, B. pertussis, C. trachomatis, N. meningitidis and Rickettsiae
Ineffective against Enterobacteriaceae, other gram negative bacilli.
ERYTHROMYCIN
This drug is acid labile, given as enteric coated tablets. Poorly absorbed when given empty stomach and has poor tissue penetration.
DOSE: 250-500mg QID with half life of 1.5 hrs
Indications: a drug of choice in atypical pneumonia, whooping cough and cancroids and as an alternative to penicillin in streptococcal pharyngitis, tonsillitis, mastoiditis.
SIDE EFFECTS: Epigastric distress causing nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Allergic reactions such as fever and skin eruption.
CLARITHROMYCIN
These drugs are acid stable, good absorption occurs when given empty stomach and has good tissue penetration.
Dose: 250-500mg BD with half life of 3-6 hrs at low dose and 3-9 hrs at high dose.
Indications: upper and lower RTI, sinusitis, otitis media, atypical pneumonia, skin infections. And H. pylori infection and first line drug in combination regimens in AIDS infection
Side effects: same as erythromycin but better gastric tolerance, reversible hearing loss at high doses.
AZYTHROMYCIN
These drugs are acid stable, good absorption occurs when given empty stomach and has good tissue penetration
Dose: 500mg OD with half life >50 hrs.
Indications: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis media pneumonias, chronic bronchitis. In the prophylaxis and treatment of AIDS infections.
Side effects: nausea vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.
ROXITHROMYCIN
These drugs are acid stable, good absorption occurs when given empty stomach and has good tissue penetration
DOSE: 150mg BD with half life of 12 hrs.
Indications: alternative to erythromycin for respiratory, skin
INTRODUCTION
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used mainly in the treatment of aerobic gram-negative bacilli infections, although they are also effective against other bacteria including Staphylococci and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
They are often used in combination with other antibiotics.
Streptomycin – 1944
Actinomycetes – Streptomyces griseus
Bactericidal antibiotics which is interfere with protein synthesis
Used to treat aerobic Gram –ve bacteria
Exhibit ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
MECHANISM OF ACTION
These drugs inhibit protein synthesis in the bacteria, there permeability is increased and cell contents leak out and death of cell occurs. These drugs leave bactericidal action.
CLINICAL USES
Gram –ve bacillary infection – Septicaemia, pelvic & abdominal sepsis
Bacterial endocarditis – enterococcal, streptococcal or staphylococcal infection of heart valves
Pneumonias, Tuberculosis
Tularemia
Plague, Brucellosis
Topical – Neomycin, Framycetin:- Infections of conjunctiva or external ear and also used it before surgery.
COMMON INDICATIONS OF AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Gram negative bacillary infections particularly septicemia, meningitis, UTI’s renal, pelvic and abdominal sepsis.
Bacterial endocarditis: usually gentamicin is preferred as a part of regimen.
Other infections such as tuberculosis, plague, brucellosis etc.
Topical uses: neomycin, framycetin and sisomicin are used for various topical infections.
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
The renal function should be regularly monitored.
Patients should be regularly enquired about any side effects.
Patients should be warned for not driving or operating the machinery.
Patient should be advised to take plenty of water during the course.
Monitor the sign and symptoms of hearing loss.
7-aminocephalosporanic acid has been modified by addition of different side chains to create a whole family of cephalosporin antibiotics.
these have been conventionally divided into 5 generations
Mechanism of action
All cephalosporins are bactericidal.
As penicillin it also inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell wall and causing rapid cell lysis.
Inhibition of transpeptidation (Transpeptidase enzymes then cross-link the chains to provide strength to the cell wall and enable the bacterium to resist osmotic lysis)
Imperfect cell wall
Osmotic drive
Activation of autolysin enzymes
Lysis of bacteria
BACTERICIDAL
CLASSIFICATION
Based on
antimicrobial spectrum
Chronological sequence of development
Divided into generations.
First-generation agents
Cephalexin (O)
Cefadroxil (O)
Cefazolin (i.m, i.v)
Cefalothin (withdrawn)
Exhibit good activity against gram-positive bacteria but modest activity against gram negative organisms.
Most gram-positive cocci
Strepto,
Pneumo,
Methicillin sens. Staph. are susceptible to first-generation cephalosporins
Modest activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae & Proteus mirabilis
Second-generation agents
Cefaclor (O)
Ceforanide
Cefuroxime (i.m , i.v)
Cefoprozil
Exhibit somewhat increased activity against gram negative organisms,
but much less active than third generation agents.
Less active against gram positive cocci & bacilli compared to first gen. drugs.
Use declined
Clinically replaced by 3rd & 4th generation drugs .
Third-generation agents
Cefotaxime
Ceftriaxone
Cefdinir
Cefibuten
Cefpodoxime
Ceftizoxime
Ceftazidime
Cefoperazone (withdrawn)
Highly augmented activity against gram-negative organisms
Less active than first generation agents against gram positive cocci & anaerobes.
All are highly resistant to β-lactamases from gram negative bacteria.
Some inhibit psuedomonas as well; ceftazidime, cefoperazone(withdrawn)
Some members of this group have enhanced ability to cross the blood-brain barrier eg. Ceftriaxone and are effective in treating meningitis caused by pneumococci, meningococci, H. influenzae and susceptible gram negative rods.
Fourth-generation agents
Cefpirome (im/iv)
Cefepime (iv)
Cefozopran (im)
Highly active against G –ve organisms
Similar to third gen drugs for g +ve bacteria
The fourth generation drugs comparable to third generation but more resistant to hydrolysis by β-lactamases.
Effective against bacterial infections resistant to earlier drugs
Fifth-generation agents
Ceftobiprole
Ceftaroline
Active against, g +ve cocci especially MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) It's tougher to treat than most strains of staphylococcus aureus -- or staph -- because it's resistant to some commonly used antibiotics.
penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae and enterococci
Adverse reactions
Pain after im injection
Thrombophlebitis of injected vein.
Diarrhoea more common with
oral Ceferadine
P/E Cefoperazone (Banned)
DEFINITION CHEMOTHERAPY & ANTIBIOTICS
CHEMOTHERAPY: Chemotherapy is the treatment of infections by substances which destroy or suppress bacteria and other microorganism. The substances / Agents used may natural synthetic or semi – synthetic in nature.
ANTIBIOTICS: An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by microorganism which prevents the growth of other microorganism or kills the other microorganism. These are natural substances
CHEMOTHERAPY
It is a method of therapy of infectious disease and cancer with chemical agents – chemotherapeutic medicines
ANTIBIOTICS CLASSIFIED AS:
According to the mode of action on Bacteria:
According to the type of Bacteria:
According to the effectiveness against microorganism:
According to the mode of action on Bacteria:
Bacteriostatic: These antibiotics inhibit the growth & multiplication of Bacteria. Eg. Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Sulphonamides, Dapsone, Erythromycin, Clindamycin.
Bactericidal: These antibiotics destroy or kill all the Bacteria in the process of multiplication. Eg. Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporin, Fluoroquinolones, Rifampicin, Metronidazole etc.
According to the type of Bacteria:
Gram Positive: Some Antibiotics are effective mainly against Gram Positive Bacteria Eg. Penicillin.
Gram Negative: Some Antibiotics are effective mainly against Gram Negative Bacteria Eg. Streptomycin.
According to the effectiveness against microorganism:
Broad Spectrum: The Antibiotics which acts against wide range of microorganisms. Eg. Tetracycline.
Narrow Spectrum: These Antibiotics are useful against limited microorganisms. Eg. Erythromycin
Toxic Effects: Gastrointestinal irritation, Nausea, Vomiting and diarrhea may occur when given by mouth.
Skin sensitivity may develop with Penicillin or streptomycin causing rashes.
Serious toxic effect may occur due to streptomycin on the vestibular & auditory nerve causing vertigo & deafness
Drug Resistance: Many bacteria soon develops resistance to particular drug after a period of treatment, so that the bacteria will not respond to the same drug for example tubercle bacillus develops resistance to streptomycin quickly.
Super infection: The antibiotics given by mouth kill the normal bacteria inhibiting the alimentary canal and permits the over growth of other insensitive organisms which can cause serious complications. Eg. Fungus cause thrush which may go to the lungs with fatal results.
Hypersensitivity Reaction: Chemotherapeutic agents can cause Hypersensitivity reactions from mild rashes to serve anaphylactic shock. Eg. Penicillin & Sulphonamides.
Vitamin Deficiency: Alteration in vitamin formation and absorption from the bowel take place . So there is deficiency of Vitamin B complex and Vitamin K.
Anemia: In susceptible persons chloramphenicol may produce Aplastic anemia or agranulocytosis. (Action must be taken through proper history about previous drug reaction before administering penicillin sulphonamide and cephalosporin
definition of hydronephrosis,
causes and types of hydronephrosis
pathophysiology of hydronephrosis
clinical manifestation and diagnostic test for hydronephrosis
management
Nursing assessment and assessment of eyeNEHA BHARTI
examination of eye, Examination by ophthalmoscope,
assessment of the functions of eye, . PUPILLARY RESPONSE, FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION, test for Focusing power, confrontation test, Colour sense test and visual acuity testing procedure etc
elimination, bowel elimination, physiology of elimination, process of bowel eliminaton factor impaired bowel, factors improve bowel elimination, alteration in bowel elimination, maintenance of bowel motility, assessment of bowel elimination, characteristics of feces, type of feces, methods for maintain the bowel elimination:- enemas, rectal suppositories and colostomies, types of colostomies, colostomy care
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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2. INTRODUCTION:-
Faye Glenn Abdellah
was one of the most
influential nursing
theorist and public
health scientists. It is
extremely rare to find
someone who has
dedicated all her life to
the advancement of
the nursing profession
and accomplish this
feat with so much
distinction and merit.
3. BIOGRAPGY:-
Faye Glenn Abdellah was born on March 13,
1919, in New York city.
EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS:-
In 1942, Abdellah earned a nursing diploma
from Fitkin Memorial Hospital’s School of
Nursing New Jersey (now Ann may school of
Nursing).
She received her B.Sc degree in 1945, a
Master of Arts degree in 1947 and Doctor of
Education in Teacher’s College, Columbia
University.
In 1947 she also took Master of Arts Degree
in Physiology.
4. AS AN EDUCATOR AND
RESEARCHER:-
Abdellah went on to become a nursing
instructor and researcher and helped
transform the focus of the profession from
disease centered to patient centered. She
explained the role of nurses to include care of
families and the elderly.
She worked in many setting. She had been a
staff nurse, a head nurse, a faculty member at
Yale University and at Columbia University, a
public health nurse, a researcher and an
author of more than 147 articles and books.
She was selected as Deputy Surgeon
General in 1982.
SHE RETIRED IN 1989.
5. WHAT HAS INFLUENCED FAYE ANDELLAH IN
THE DEVELOPMENT HER OWN MODEL OF
NURSING:-
1937:- She wanted to be a nurse on
the day she saw Hindenburg explode.
1949:- She spent 40 years in Public
Health Service where she first became
involved in research, being assigned to
perform studies to improve nursing
practices.
1960:- she was influenced by the desire
to promote client – centered
comprehensive nursing care.
6. ABDELLAH’S TYPOLOGY OF
21 NURSING PROBLEMS:-
BASIC TO ALL PATIENTS:-
1.To maintain good hygiene and physical
comfort
2.To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest,
and sleep
3.To promote safety through prevention of
accident, injury, or other trauma and through the
prevention of the spread of infection
4.To maintain good mechanics and prevent and
correct deformity.
7. CONTD…..
SUSTENAL CARE NEEDS:-
5.Facilitate the maintenance of a supply
of oxygen to all body cell
6.To facilitate the maintenance of
nutrition of all body cells
7.To facilitate the maintenance of
elimination.
8.To facilitate the maintenance of fluid
and electrolyte balance.
8. CONTD….
9.To recognize the physiological
responses of the body to dieses
condition- pathological, physiological,
and compensatory.
10.To facilitate the maintenance of
regulatory mechanisms and functions.
11.To facilitate the maintenance of
sensory function.
9. CONTD…
REMEDIAL CARE NEEDS:-
12.To identify and accept positive and
negative expressions, feelings and
reactions.
13.To identify and accept
interrelatedness of emotions and
organic illness.
14.To facilitate the maintenance of
effective verbal and non verbal
communication.
15.To promote the development of
10. CONTD…
16.To facilitate progress toward
achievement of personal spiritual
goals.
17.To create and/ or maintain a
therapeutic environment.
18.To facilitate awareness of self as an
individual with varying physical,
emotional, and developmental needs.
11. CONTD….
RESTORATIVE CARE NEEDS:-
19.To accept the optimum possible
goals in the light of limitations, physical
and emotional.
20.To use community resources as an
aid in resolving problems arising from
illness.
21.To understand the role of social
problems as influencing factors in the
cause of illness
12. ASSUMPTION:-
The language of Abdellah’s framework is
readable and clear.
Consistent with the decade in which she
was writing, she uses the term ‘she’ for
nurses, ‘he’ for doctors and patients.
Assumptions are related to
Change and anticipated change that
affect nursing;
The need to appropriate the
interconnectedness of social enterprises
and social problem;
13. CONTD..
The impact of problems such as
poverty, racism, pollution, education
and so forth on health care delivery;
Correct identification of nursing
problems influences the judgment in
selecting the next step in solving the
client nursing problems
15. MAN/PERSON:-
Abdellah describes people as
having physical, emotional,
and sociological needs. These
needs may overt, consisting of
largely physical needs, or
covert, such as emotional,
sociological and interpersonal
needs – which are often
missed and perceived
incorrectly
The individuals (and families)
are the recipients of nursing,
and health, or achieving of it,
is the purpose of nursing
services.
16. HEALTH:-
In patient – centered
approaches to nursing,
Abdellah describes health
as a state mutually
exclusive of illness.
Although Abdellah does
not give a definition of
health, she speaks to
‘total health needs’ and ‘a
healthy state of mind and
body’ in her description of
nursing as a
comprehensive services.
17. ENVIRONMENT/SOCIETY:-
The environment is
implicitly defined by
Abdellah as the
home or community
from which patient
comes.
Society in included in
“planning for optimum
health”.
However, as Abdellah
further delineated her
ideas, the focus of
nursing service is
clearly the individual.
18. NURSING:-
Nursing is a helping profession.
These would mean a comprehensive
nursing service, this would include:
1. Recognizing the nursing problems of
the patient.
2. Deciding the appropriate actions to
take in terms of relevant nursing
principles.
3. Providing continuous care of the
individual’s total health needs.
4. Providing continuous care to relieve
pain and discomfort.
5. Adjusting total nursing care plan to
meet the patient’s individual needs.
19. 6.Helping the individual to
become more self directing
in attaining or maintaining a
healthy state of mind and
body.
7.Instructing nursing
personnel and family to help
the individual.
8.Helping the individual to
adjust to his limitations and
emotional problems.
9.Working with allied health
professional in planning for
optimum health.
20. STEPS TO IDENTIFY THE
CLIENT’S PROBLEM:-
Learn to know the patient
Sort out relevant and significant data
Make generalizations about available
data in relation to similar nursing
problems presented by other patients
Identify the therapeutic plan
Validate the patient's conclusions
about his nursing problems
21. 11 NURSING SKILLS:-
Observation of health status
Skills of communication
Application of knowledge
Teaching of patients and families
Planning and organization of work
Use of resource materials
Use of personnel resources
Problem solving
Direction of work of others
Therapeutic use of the self
Nursing procedure.
22. PURPOSES:-
NURSING PRACTICE:-
Abdellah’s main goal is the
improvement of the nursing
education.
The most important impact
of Abdellah's theory to the
nursing practice is that it
helped transform the focus of
the profession from being
‘disease- centered’ to
‘patient - centered’.
The steps of the nursing
process are assessment,
diagnosis, planning,
implementation and
evaluation.
23. NURSING EDUCATION:-
Professors and educators
realized the importance of client
centered care rather than
focusing on medical
interventions.
Nursing education then slowly
deviated its concentration from
the complex, medical concepts,
into exercising better attention to
the client as the primary
concern.
It’s very strong nurse- centered
orientation- is, on the other
hand, it’s major contribution to
nursing education.
24. NURSING RESEARCH:-
Her theories continue to guide
researchers to focus on the body
of nursing knowledge itself, the
identification of patient problems,
the organization of nursing
interventions, the improvement of
nursing education, and the
structure of the curriculum.
The extensive research done
regarding the patient’s needs and
problems has served as a
foundation for the development of
what is now known as nursing
diagnosis
26. ASSESSMENT PHASE:-
Nursing problems
provide guidelines for
the collection of data.
A principle underlying
the problem solving
approach is that for
each identified
problem, pertinent
data are collected.
The overt or covert
nature of the problems
necessitates a direct
or indirect approach,
respectively.
27. NURSING DIAGNOSIS:-
The results of data
collection would
determine the
client’s specific overt
or covert problems.
These specific
problems would be
grouped under one
or more of the
broader nursing
problems
The step is
consistent with that
involved in nursing
diagnosis.
28. PLANNING PHASE:-
•The statement of nursing problem most
closely resemble goal statements.
•Once the problem has been diagnosed, the
nursing goals have established.
29. IMPLEMENTATION:-
Using the goals as the framework, a
plan is developed and appropriate
nursing interventions are determined.
30. EVALUATION:-
The most appropriate evaluation
would be the nurse progress or lack of
progress toward the achievement of
the stated goals.
31. MASLOW HENDERSON ABDELLAH
Physiological
needs
1. Breathe normally 1. To facilitate the maintenance of
supply of oxygen to all body cells
2. Eat and drink adequately 2. To facilitate the maintenance of
nutrition of all body cells
3. Eliminate by all avenues of
elimination
3. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid
and electrolyte balance
4.Move & maintain desirable
posture
4. To facilitate the maintenance of
elimination
5. Sleep & rest 5. To maintain good body mechanisms
and prevent and correct deformities
6. Select suitable clothing 6.To promote optimal activity: exercise,
rest and sleep
7. Maintain body temp. 7. To facilitate the maintenance of
regulatory mechanisms and functions
8. Keep body clean and well
groomed & protect the
integument
8. To maintain good hygiene and
physical comfort
32. MASLOW HENDERSON ABDELLAH
Safety needs 9. Avoid environmental
dangers & avoid injuring
others
9. To promote safety through the prevention
of accidents, injury, or other trauma and
through the prevention of the spread of
infection.
To facilitate the maintenance of sensory
function.
Belongingness
& love needs
10. Communicate with
others
10. To facilitate the maintenance of effective
verbal ad non verbal communication.
To promote the development of productive
IPR.
11.Worship according to
faith
11. To facilitate progress toward
achievement of personal spiritual goals.
33. MASLOW HENDERSON ABDELLAH
Esteem needs 12.Work at something
providing a sense of
accomplishment.
13.Play or participate in
various forms of
recreation
14.Learn, discover, or
satisfy curiosity.
12.To accept the optimum possible goals
in the light of limitations, physical and
emotional
To recognize the physiological responses
of the body to disease conditions.
13.. To identify and accept positive and
negative expressions, feelings and
reactions.
To identify and accept interrelatedness of
emotions and organic illness.
To create and / or maintain a therapeutic
environment.
14.To facilitate awareness of self as an
individual with varying physical, emotional,
and developmental needs.
To use community resources as an aid in
resolving problems arising from illness. To
understand the role of social problems as
influencing factors in the cause of illness
34. CHARACTERISTICS 1:-
Abdellah’s theory has interrelated the
concepts of health, nursing problems
and problem solving as she attempts
to create a different way of viewing
nursing phenomenon.
CHARACTERISTICS 2:-
Problem solving is an activity that is
inherently logical in nature.
35. CHARACTERISTICS 3:-
Framework seems to focus quite
heavily on nursing practice and
individuals. This somewhat limits the
ability to generalize although the
problem the problem solving approach
is readily generalizable to clients with
specific health needs and specific
nursing problems.
36. CHARACTERISTIC 4:-
One of the most important questions
that arise when considering her work
is the role of client within the
framework.
This question could generate
hypothesis for testing and thus
demonstrates the ability of Abdellah's
work to generate hypothesis for
testing.
37. CHARACTERSTIC 5:-
The results of testing such hypothesis
would contribute to the general body
of nursing knowledge.
CHARACTERSTIC 6:-
Abdellah’s problem solving approach
can easily be used by practitioners to
guide various activities with in their
practice.
This is true when considering nursing
practice that deals with clients who
have specific needs and specific
39. LIMITATIONS:-
The major limitation of Abdellah theory
and the twenty one nursing problems
is their very strong centered
orientation
With the orientation appropriate use
might be the organization of teaching
content for nursing students, the
evaluation of a students, performance
in the clinical area or both.
But in terms of client care there is little
emphasis on what the client is to
40. CONCLUSION:-
Using Abdellah's concepts of health,
nursing problems and problem solving,
the theoretical statement of nursing that
can be derived is the use of the problems
related to health needs of people. From
this framework, 21 nursing problems
were developed.
Abdellah’s theory provides a basis for
determining and organizing nursing care.
The problems also provide a basis for
organizing appropriate nursing
strategies.