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Neonatal acute abdomen. 7th yr
1.
2. One of surgical emergencies in neonates
May include
- Intestinal obstruction
- Necrotising Enterocolitis
- Intussusception
- GI perforation in a newborn
6. Intrinsic developmental defects
Insults acquired in utero, after the formation
of normal bowel
Abnormalities of peristalsis and/or abnormal
intestinal contents.
7. 1. Plain abdominal X-Rays.
Complete high obstruction – no gas in distal
small bowel
Low obstruction – many gas filled loops
(24hrs)
May be non specific – malrotation
8.
9.
10.
11. 2. Contrast enema – differentiates types of low
IO. (meconium plug, HSD)
3. Upper GI series – procedure of choice to
diagnose malrotation
4. Rectal biopsy – HSD (suction biopsy & full
thickness)
12. Diagnose early to prevent clinical
deterioration, aspiration pneumonia, sepsis &
biochem & hematological derangements.
Surgery …… once preliminaries done
- Resuscitation
- NGT
- Baseline labs
- Discuss with parents & consent for OT.
13.
14. 1:1000 live births
Risk factors
– prematurity and low birth weight. 750-1000g
have highest incidence.
- Infant related (perinatal asphyxia, congenital
heart disease. Etc)
- Maternal related (pre-eclampsia, prolonged
PROM, drugs)
15.
16. Inappropriate inflammatory response to an
insult -> injury & disruption of epithelial
barrier -> bacterial translocation ->
activation of host immune system -> release
of cytokines -> global & detrimental immune
response
17. NEC may be
- Focal (isolated) disease : single area of
the bowel is necrotic or perforated
-Multifocal disease : multisegmental
disease with > 50% viable
- NEC totalis : necrosis of at least 75% of
the gut
18. NEC - mucosal disease
that extends well into the
normal intestine
Terminal ileum,
ascending & transverse
colon commonly affected
The disease can occur
anywhere from stomach
to rectum
19. Onset may be sudden or insidious in nature
The clinical course can vary from a slow, indolent
process to one that progresses rapidly to death
in a few hours
Nonspecific findings:
◦ lethargy,
◦ temperature instability,
◦ recurrent apnea,
◦ bradycardia,
◦ hypoglycemia, and
◦ shock
20. More specific GI symptoms:
◦ abdominal distention (70% to 98%),
◦ blood per rectum (79% to 86%),
◦ vomiting (>70%), and
◦ Diarrhoea (4% to 26%).
◦ Gross blood in the stool is present in 25%
◦ occult blood in 22% to 59%.
Rectal bleeding is seldom massive
21. Bowel distension
Pneumatosis intestinalis – intramural gas
Portal vein gas
Pneumoperitoneum
24. STAGE CLINICAL X-RAY TREATMENT
I. SUSPECT
NEC
-Mild
abdominal
distention
-Poor feeding
-Emesis
-Mild ileus -Medical
workup for
sepsis
II. DEFINITE
NEC
-The above plus
-Marked
abdominal
distention
-GI bleeding
-Significant ileus
-Pneumatosis
intestinalis
-PVG
Medical
III. ADVANCED
NEC
-The above plus
-Unstable vital
signs
-Septic shock
Pneumoperitoneum Surgical
25. Nonoperative Therapy is the initial
management
Commence immediately upon suspicion of
the diagnosis of NEC
The goals of medical management
include restoration of tissue perfusion,
control of infection or sepsis
careful observation for evidence of
intestinal gangrene or perforation.
26. NEC without necrosis or perforation –
Treatment is supportive
Keep NPO – Discontinue feeding
Gastric tube - decompression
Commence IVF resuscitation
Commence Antibiotics
Consider Empirical antifungal if clinical
course is prolonged
27. Absolute indication
1. Pneumoperitoneum
Relative indication
2. Clinical deterioration despite adequate therapy
a. Erythema and oedema of abdominal wall
b. Abdominal mass
c. Signs of peritonitis
d. Increasing acidosis
e. Persistent and progressive thrombocytopenia
28.
29. Idiopathic :
- 10days after URTI or GE
- Change from breast to bottle feeds
- Increase in lymphoid tissue mass (Peyers
Patches) – most likely cause
- Seasonal variation, higher in spring &
summer
- Viruses may play a role (rotavirus; associated
with vaccination)
30. Lead Point
- Seen in older children.
- E.g Meckels diverticulum, enlarged LN,
polyps.
- Lead points initiate intussusception on a
mechanical basis
Postoperative
- 2-5days postop, painless, observation, NG
aspiration is done. May self limit.
31. Well nourished/ fat children 3-18months.
Sudden onset ‘colicky’ abdominal pain,
associated vomiting.
‘Red currant jelly’ stool
Dehydration/shock
Palpable mass ‘sausage like’ (may palpate in
rectum – DRE)
Intussusceptum may prolapse out of rectum
32. 1. Abdominal Xray :
- Signs of obstruction
- May see a mass
2. Contrast enema:
- Barium or gas may be used.
3. U/S scan.
35. Resuscitation !!! Massive third space loss
NGT
Antibiotics (Penicillin, Aminoglycoside,
metronidazole)
Resuscitate before contrast enema, and prior
to reduction
Sedation/analgesia. pethidine
Involvement of both large and small intestines occur in 44% of NEC cases
Lab findings- non specific- leucocytosis, thrombocytopenia, metabolic acidosis. AP or left lateral decubitus Xray. PVG- branching radiolucencies over the liver.