This document discusses gender inequality around the world. It provides statistics showing that women on average earn less than men, even when accounting for time off to raise children. Women also have less access to high-paying jobs and face barriers to advancement. Gender roles and expectations vary widely by culture and region, with some areas having greater restrictions on women's participation in public life, education, and politics. Overall, while conditions for women have improved in some places, gender inequality persists worldwide in terms of wages, leadership opportunities, and quality of life factors like health outcomes and risk of poverty.
This document summarizes key ideas from two works: Frank's "The Development of Underdevelopment" and Dos Santos' "The Structure of Dependency". Frank argues that modernization theory, which views underdevelopment as a natural phase, is deficient because it ignores how colonialism altered development paths in the Third World. Underdevelopment was intentionally created through exploiting resources and transferring economic surplus to Western nations. Dos Santos identifies three historical forms of dependency - colonial, financial-industrial, technological-industrial - and how they structurally limit industrial development and reproduce inequality in dependent nations under foreign capital's control.
Welcome to my presentation on dependency theoryOjhor Shrabon
1. Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory argues that underdeveloped countries are kept in a state of underdevelopment due to their economic dependence on developed "metropolis" countries, which extract economic surplus from satellite underdeveloped countries through trade.
2. The theory posits that underdeveloped countries experience the most development when their ties to the metropolis are weakest, such as during wars or economic crises, or due to geographic isolation.
3. Regions with the closest past ties to metropolis countries, through the export of primary commodities, are now the most underdeveloped, while regions that were able to industrialize saw a decline in dependence on the metropolis.
Second wave feminism occurred in the 1960s-1970s and focused on improving women's rights in the workplace such as equal pay, employment opportunities, and freedom from sexual harassment. It also aimed to increase reproductive rights and challenge traditional gender roles that restricted women to domestic duties. Protests and lobbying achieved some successes like equal pay laws, but discrimination persisted and the movement continued pushing for full legal equality and choice over women's lives.
This document provides an introduction to political ideologies by outlining what is ideology and discussing some of the core themes of liberalism and conservatism. It defines ideology as a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organized political action. Liberalism emphasizes individual freedom, reason, justice, and tolerance, viewing each person as equally deserving of rights. Conservatism stresses the importance of tradition, human imperfection, hierarchy and authority in society, and private property as foundations of social order. The document examines some of the key beliefs and values of these two dominant Western ideologies.
Social Stratification: Class, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and SexChristina Sookdeo
Defining social stratification and discussing it's most common divisions such as race, class, gender, ethnicity, and sex. Also looks at the impact each has on education.
This document discusses the concepts of ethnicity and race. It defines ethnicity as being based on cultural similarities and differences within a society, and ethnic groups as sharing certain beliefs, values, customs, and origins. Race is defined as an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis. The document examines how ethnicity and race are socially constructed, and explores related concepts like status, nation, nationality, assimilation, plural societies, multiculturalism, and the roots of ethnic conflict.
Gender roles socialization theory is believed to be based on Social learning theory, Gender socialization is the process by which people learn to behave in a certain way, as dictated by societal beliefs, values, attitudes and examples.The concept of boy code and masculine mystique , Influence of family,“normative male alexithymia”, display of aggression, Gender in advertisement, Women were more likely to be sexualized than men.
Durkheim's classic 1897 work on suicide was groundbreaking as it demonstrated suicide was a sociological phenomenon rather than solely an individual psychological matter. He showed suicide rates in societies remained remarkably stable, implying they were influenced by societal rather than individual factors. Durkheim developed a typology of suicide consisting of egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic types, defined by the degree to which society integrated and regulated individuals. Later positivist critiques found Durkheim overemphasized religion's role and lacked operational definitions, while his reliance on incomplete 19th century statistics limited verification of results.
This document summarizes key ideas from two works: Frank's "The Development of Underdevelopment" and Dos Santos' "The Structure of Dependency". Frank argues that modernization theory, which views underdevelopment as a natural phase, is deficient because it ignores how colonialism altered development paths in the Third World. Underdevelopment was intentionally created through exploiting resources and transferring economic surplus to Western nations. Dos Santos identifies three historical forms of dependency - colonial, financial-industrial, technological-industrial - and how they structurally limit industrial development and reproduce inequality in dependent nations under foreign capital's control.
Welcome to my presentation on dependency theoryOjhor Shrabon
1. Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory argues that underdeveloped countries are kept in a state of underdevelopment due to their economic dependence on developed "metropolis" countries, which extract economic surplus from satellite underdeveloped countries through trade.
2. The theory posits that underdeveloped countries experience the most development when their ties to the metropolis are weakest, such as during wars or economic crises, or due to geographic isolation.
3. Regions with the closest past ties to metropolis countries, through the export of primary commodities, are now the most underdeveloped, while regions that were able to industrialize saw a decline in dependence on the metropolis.
Second wave feminism occurred in the 1960s-1970s and focused on improving women's rights in the workplace such as equal pay, employment opportunities, and freedom from sexual harassment. It also aimed to increase reproductive rights and challenge traditional gender roles that restricted women to domestic duties. Protests and lobbying achieved some successes like equal pay laws, but discrimination persisted and the movement continued pushing for full legal equality and choice over women's lives.
This document provides an introduction to political ideologies by outlining what is ideology and discussing some of the core themes of liberalism and conservatism. It defines ideology as a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organized political action. Liberalism emphasizes individual freedom, reason, justice, and tolerance, viewing each person as equally deserving of rights. Conservatism stresses the importance of tradition, human imperfection, hierarchy and authority in society, and private property as foundations of social order. The document examines some of the key beliefs and values of these two dominant Western ideologies.
Social Stratification: Class, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and SexChristina Sookdeo
Defining social stratification and discussing it's most common divisions such as race, class, gender, ethnicity, and sex. Also looks at the impact each has on education.
This document discusses the concepts of ethnicity and race. It defines ethnicity as being based on cultural similarities and differences within a society, and ethnic groups as sharing certain beliefs, values, customs, and origins. Race is defined as an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis. The document examines how ethnicity and race are socially constructed, and explores related concepts like status, nation, nationality, assimilation, plural societies, multiculturalism, and the roots of ethnic conflict.
Gender roles socialization theory is believed to be based on Social learning theory, Gender socialization is the process by which people learn to behave in a certain way, as dictated by societal beliefs, values, attitudes and examples.The concept of boy code and masculine mystique , Influence of family,“normative male alexithymia”, display of aggression, Gender in advertisement, Women were more likely to be sexualized than men.
Durkheim's classic 1897 work on suicide was groundbreaking as it demonstrated suicide was a sociological phenomenon rather than solely an individual psychological matter. He showed suicide rates in societies remained remarkably stable, implying they were influenced by societal rather than individual factors. Durkheim developed a typology of suicide consisting of egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic types, defined by the degree to which society integrated and regulated individuals. Later positivist critiques found Durkheim overemphasized religion's role and lacked operational definitions, while his reliance on incomplete 19th century statistics limited verification of results.
This document provides an overview of key concepts regarding gender from an anthropological perspective. It discusses how biology and culture influence gender systems, defining terms like gender roles and stratification. For different societies like foragers, horticulturalists, and agriculturalists, it examines how gender roles and stratification vary based on factors like subsistence strategies, descent patterns, and environment. It also addresses how industrialization impacted gender attitudes in Western societies and defines sexual orientation and its biological and cultural influences.
This document discusses the concept of intersectionality, which examines how social identities like gender, race, and class intersect and overlap. It was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw to explain how these identities are linked and can experience compounded discrimination. An intersectional lens is important for feminism to consider how experiences differ based on other social factors beyond just gender. Categories like class, age, sexuality, and more are socially constructed and viewed differently cross-culturally. A truly inclusive feminism must acknowledge these intersecting identities.
The document summarizes the first wave of feminism in the 19th century, which focused mainly on gaining women's right to vote. It discusses key leaders and events like the Seneca Falls Convention led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. While the 19th Amendment granted women's suffrage in 1920, the feminist movement still faced opposition and a lack of support for women's roles outside the home during this period.
The document discusses the history and key concepts of feminism from the 19th century to present day. It covers the three waves of feminism, fighting for women's political, social, and economic rights. It also examines ongoing debates around representations of women in media and their impact, including the objectification of women's bodies and the pressure to conform to narrow beauty ideals. Critics argue this influences women's self-image and reinforces gender inequality, while others believe audiences are more active and resistant to media effects.
This document provides an overview of the history of feminism presented in a 20 minute panel discussion. It summarizes the key events and individuals associated with the development of feminism across three waves. The first wave began in the 1850s and focused on women's suffrage and legal rights, gaining momentum in the late 19th century. Important figures and events included the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, the work of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the passage of women's right to vote in 1920. The second wave emerged in the 1960s focusing on issues like workplace discrimination, reproductive rights, and the personal being political. Figures included Betty Friedan and her book The Feminine Mystique which criticized
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to race and ethnicity including:
1. It defines race as a social construct used to categorize people based on physical attributes and defines ethnicity as shared cultural traditions.
2. It discusses sociological perspectives on racial and ethnic relations including assimilation, ethnic pluralism, and conflict theories.
3. It briefly describes the experiences of major racial and ethnic groups in the United States such as Native Americans, African Americans, and Latinos.
Feminist theory aims to define and advance political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. It seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in areas like education and employment. The history of modern western feminist movements is divided into three waves - the first wave focused on women's suffrage in the late 19th/early 20th century, the second wave promoted legal and social equality starting in the 1960s, and the third wave began in the 1990s as a reaction to perceived failures of the second wave. There are three basic forms of feminism - liberal feminism focuses on individual choice and action, socialist feminism addresses both public and private oppression, and radical feminism seeks to abolish patriarchy through challenging social norms
Feminist theory aims to achieve equality between sexes and address discrimination women face due to factors like class, race, sexuality, age, and impacts of war, poverty and environmental issues. There are several kinds of feminism including liberal feminism which works within existing structures, socialist feminism which emphasizes egalitarian and democratic aspects of socialism and criticizes gender-based labor division, radical feminism which seeks to change systems of male dominance and eradicate patriarchy, and post-modern feminism which argues knowledge has been constructed from a male viewpoint and rejects male-dominated narratives.
Dependency theory views development and underdevelopment as relational between core wealthy nations that dominate the global economic system and poorer peripheral nations. It argues that peripheral nations mainly function to provide cheap labor and raw materials to core nations, with the benefits primarily accruing to the wealthy nations as they grow richer while poorer nations have their resources drained and do not advance economically. Dependency theorists believe underdeveloped nations must break ties with developed nations and pursue internal growth, such as through import substitution industrialization policies, in order to develop.
Chapter 10 Social Class In The United Statesplisasm
This document discusses social class in the United States. It defines social class according to Weber and Marx and discusses the dimensions of social class including property, wealth, income, power, and prestige. It then discusses status inconsistency and consistency. The document also presents sociological models for updating Marx and Weber's views of social class. It examines social class in the auto industry and consequences of social class such as health, family life, education, and crime. The document discusses types of social mobility and interpreting statistics on mobility. It also covers poverty, myths about the poor, who is poor, why people are poor, and the Horatio Alger myth.
The document discusses various theoretical perspectives on feminism. It begins by defining feminism as a movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women. It then outlines several waves and theories of feminism, including radical feminism, liberal feminism, socialist feminism, cultural feminism, and eco-feminism. For each theory, it provides details on their core beliefs and aims, such as challenging patriarchy, promoting legislation for equality, or valuing feminine qualities. The document concludes by discussing feminism's influence on the field of social work.
Dependency theory developed in the late 1950s led by Raul Prebisch to explain why economic growth in wealthy nations did not necessarily lead to growth in poorer countries. It argues that poorer nations are dependent on wealthy nations for resources, markets, and obsolete technology, which prevents self-sustaining development. Wealthy nations also actively maintain this state of dependence through economic, political, and cultural means. Dependency theory aimed to explain the persistent underdevelopment and inequality between nations as an intrinsic result of the patterns of interaction and trade within the global economic system.
Marxist feminism is a subtype of feminist ideology that focuses on dismantling capitalism as a way to liberate women. It believes that economic inequality, dependence, and unhealthy social relations between men and women stem from women's oppression under capitalism. Marxist feminism was developed by Engels and points out that capitalism plays a role in oppressing women, as Marxism sees individuals oppressed by dominant power structures.
Marxism is a socio-political ideology based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that analyzes history through the lens of class struggle. Marxism views capitalism as inherently exploitative and advocates for a socialist system and eventually communism. Gramsci expanded on Marxism through his concept of cultural hegemony, which argues that dominant ideologies are promoted through institutions like the media to maintain the status quo and false consciousness among subordinate classes. Applying Marxist theory to modern media, critics argue media institutions are owned by the ruling class and used to indoctrinate the masses into supporting capitalism.
This document provides an overview of modernization theory. It discusses:
1) The emergence of modernization theory in the late 1940s/1950s as a response to concerns about the spread of communism in developing countries. The theory promoted the adoption of Western capitalist and democratic models of development.
2) Modernization theory viewed developing countries as "traditionally" held back from development due to cultural barriers, and proposed they develop through industrialization and adopting Western values/institutions with assistance from Western countries.
3) Critics argue modernization theory promoted an overly simplistic view that did not account for diversity in development paths or historical/cultural contexts of different societies. The theory was also seen as ethn
The document discusses the deep structures of cultures, which are the most influential social institutions that shape a culture's worldview. It identifies the three main deep structures as family, community (state), and religion. It argues that these deep structures carry a culture's most important beliefs, endure over time, arouse deep feelings, and provide cultural identity. The document then examines how various cultures are influenced by their own histories, focusing on histories of Mexico, Japan, and Islamic civilization.
This document provides an overview of several key feminist theorists and perspectives. It discusses the origins and goals of feminism, as well as the histories and methods of influential feminist thinkers including Dorothy E. Smith, Sandra Harding, and Patricia Hill Collins. Smith focused on examining women's subjective experiences and critiquing the male-dominated structures of academia and the nuclear family. Harding criticized sociological theories as gender-biased and advocated for value-neutral "good science". Collins developed the framework of black feminism to understand the intersecting oppressions of race, gender and class from the standpoint of black women.
The document discusses the history and key concepts of feminist social theory. It describes the three waves of feminism - the first focused on women's suffrage, the second on gender inequality, and the third on issues like sexuality and globalization. The origins of feminism can be traced back to the 17th century in France. Major figures and events that advanced feminism include Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 and the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. There are differing perspectives within feminist theory, including radical, Marxist, liberal, and difference approaches.
Bradford mvsu fall 2012 so 211 ch 10 11 race genderJohn Bradford
The document discusses race, ethnicity, sex, and gender. It defines key terms like race, ethnicity, prejudice and discrimination. Some main points are:
1) Race is not biologically real, as there is more genetic variation within races than between them. However, race is still culturally and socially very real.
2) Prejudice involves cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components like stereotyping, discrimination, and microaggressions.
3) Contact with other groups tends to reduce prejudice when there is equal status, common goals, cooperation, and social norms promoting equality. However, not all contact reduces prejudice.
4) Sex refers to biological differences while gender involves cultural roles and expectations of
This document discusses geographic perspectives in geopolitics. It defines geopolitics as the study of how geographical factors influence state behavior and positions in the international hierarchy. It presents several geographic theories including core-periphery theory, which divides states into powerful core states or less developed periphery states. It also discusses Mackinder's Heartland Theory and Pan-Region concepts. Finally, it analyzes different perspectives in geopolitical thinking, such as environmental possibilism, probabilism, and cognitive behaviorism, and how geography provides both opportunities and constraints for states.
This document provides an overview of key concepts regarding gender from an anthropological perspective. It discusses how biology and culture influence gender systems, defining terms like gender roles and stratification. For different societies like foragers, horticulturalists, and agriculturalists, it examines how gender roles and stratification vary based on factors like subsistence strategies, descent patterns, and environment. It also addresses how industrialization impacted gender attitudes in Western societies and defines sexual orientation and its biological and cultural influences.
This document discusses the concept of intersectionality, which examines how social identities like gender, race, and class intersect and overlap. It was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw to explain how these identities are linked and can experience compounded discrimination. An intersectional lens is important for feminism to consider how experiences differ based on other social factors beyond just gender. Categories like class, age, sexuality, and more are socially constructed and viewed differently cross-culturally. A truly inclusive feminism must acknowledge these intersecting identities.
The document summarizes the first wave of feminism in the 19th century, which focused mainly on gaining women's right to vote. It discusses key leaders and events like the Seneca Falls Convention led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. While the 19th Amendment granted women's suffrage in 1920, the feminist movement still faced opposition and a lack of support for women's roles outside the home during this period.
The document discusses the history and key concepts of feminism from the 19th century to present day. It covers the three waves of feminism, fighting for women's political, social, and economic rights. It also examines ongoing debates around representations of women in media and their impact, including the objectification of women's bodies and the pressure to conform to narrow beauty ideals. Critics argue this influences women's self-image and reinforces gender inequality, while others believe audiences are more active and resistant to media effects.
This document provides an overview of the history of feminism presented in a 20 minute panel discussion. It summarizes the key events and individuals associated with the development of feminism across three waves. The first wave began in the 1850s and focused on women's suffrage and legal rights, gaining momentum in the late 19th century. Important figures and events included the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, the work of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the passage of women's right to vote in 1920. The second wave emerged in the 1960s focusing on issues like workplace discrimination, reproductive rights, and the personal being political. Figures included Betty Friedan and her book The Feminine Mystique which criticized
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to race and ethnicity including:
1. It defines race as a social construct used to categorize people based on physical attributes and defines ethnicity as shared cultural traditions.
2. It discusses sociological perspectives on racial and ethnic relations including assimilation, ethnic pluralism, and conflict theories.
3. It briefly describes the experiences of major racial and ethnic groups in the United States such as Native Americans, African Americans, and Latinos.
Feminist theory aims to define and advance political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. It seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in areas like education and employment. The history of modern western feminist movements is divided into three waves - the first wave focused on women's suffrage in the late 19th/early 20th century, the second wave promoted legal and social equality starting in the 1960s, and the third wave began in the 1990s as a reaction to perceived failures of the second wave. There are three basic forms of feminism - liberal feminism focuses on individual choice and action, socialist feminism addresses both public and private oppression, and radical feminism seeks to abolish patriarchy through challenging social norms
Feminist theory aims to achieve equality between sexes and address discrimination women face due to factors like class, race, sexuality, age, and impacts of war, poverty and environmental issues. There are several kinds of feminism including liberal feminism which works within existing structures, socialist feminism which emphasizes egalitarian and democratic aspects of socialism and criticizes gender-based labor division, radical feminism which seeks to change systems of male dominance and eradicate patriarchy, and post-modern feminism which argues knowledge has been constructed from a male viewpoint and rejects male-dominated narratives.
Dependency theory views development and underdevelopment as relational between core wealthy nations that dominate the global economic system and poorer peripheral nations. It argues that peripheral nations mainly function to provide cheap labor and raw materials to core nations, with the benefits primarily accruing to the wealthy nations as they grow richer while poorer nations have their resources drained and do not advance economically. Dependency theorists believe underdeveloped nations must break ties with developed nations and pursue internal growth, such as through import substitution industrialization policies, in order to develop.
Chapter 10 Social Class In The United Statesplisasm
This document discusses social class in the United States. It defines social class according to Weber and Marx and discusses the dimensions of social class including property, wealth, income, power, and prestige. It then discusses status inconsistency and consistency. The document also presents sociological models for updating Marx and Weber's views of social class. It examines social class in the auto industry and consequences of social class such as health, family life, education, and crime. The document discusses types of social mobility and interpreting statistics on mobility. It also covers poverty, myths about the poor, who is poor, why people are poor, and the Horatio Alger myth.
The document discusses various theoretical perspectives on feminism. It begins by defining feminism as a movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women. It then outlines several waves and theories of feminism, including radical feminism, liberal feminism, socialist feminism, cultural feminism, and eco-feminism. For each theory, it provides details on their core beliefs and aims, such as challenging patriarchy, promoting legislation for equality, or valuing feminine qualities. The document concludes by discussing feminism's influence on the field of social work.
Dependency theory developed in the late 1950s led by Raul Prebisch to explain why economic growth in wealthy nations did not necessarily lead to growth in poorer countries. It argues that poorer nations are dependent on wealthy nations for resources, markets, and obsolete technology, which prevents self-sustaining development. Wealthy nations also actively maintain this state of dependence through economic, political, and cultural means. Dependency theory aimed to explain the persistent underdevelopment and inequality between nations as an intrinsic result of the patterns of interaction and trade within the global economic system.
Marxist feminism is a subtype of feminist ideology that focuses on dismantling capitalism as a way to liberate women. It believes that economic inequality, dependence, and unhealthy social relations between men and women stem from women's oppression under capitalism. Marxist feminism was developed by Engels and points out that capitalism plays a role in oppressing women, as Marxism sees individuals oppressed by dominant power structures.
Marxism is a socio-political ideology based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that analyzes history through the lens of class struggle. Marxism views capitalism as inherently exploitative and advocates for a socialist system and eventually communism. Gramsci expanded on Marxism through his concept of cultural hegemony, which argues that dominant ideologies are promoted through institutions like the media to maintain the status quo and false consciousness among subordinate classes. Applying Marxist theory to modern media, critics argue media institutions are owned by the ruling class and used to indoctrinate the masses into supporting capitalism.
This document provides an overview of modernization theory. It discusses:
1) The emergence of modernization theory in the late 1940s/1950s as a response to concerns about the spread of communism in developing countries. The theory promoted the adoption of Western capitalist and democratic models of development.
2) Modernization theory viewed developing countries as "traditionally" held back from development due to cultural barriers, and proposed they develop through industrialization and adopting Western values/institutions with assistance from Western countries.
3) Critics argue modernization theory promoted an overly simplistic view that did not account for diversity in development paths or historical/cultural contexts of different societies. The theory was also seen as ethn
The document discusses the deep structures of cultures, which are the most influential social institutions that shape a culture's worldview. It identifies the three main deep structures as family, community (state), and religion. It argues that these deep structures carry a culture's most important beliefs, endure over time, arouse deep feelings, and provide cultural identity. The document then examines how various cultures are influenced by their own histories, focusing on histories of Mexico, Japan, and Islamic civilization.
This document provides an overview of several key feminist theorists and perspectives. It discusses the origins and goals of feminism, as well as the histories and methods of influential feminist thinkers including Dorothy E. Smith, Sandra Harding, and Patricia Hill Collins. Smith focused on examining women's subjective experiences and critiquing the male-dominated structures of academia and the nuclear family. Harding criticized sociological theories as gender-biased and advocated for value-neutral "good science". Collins developed the framework of black feminism to understand the intersecting oppressions of race, gender and class from the standpoint of black women.
The document discusses the history and key concepts of feminist social theory. It describes the three waves of feminism - the first focused on women's suffrage, the second on gender inequality, and the third on issues like sexuality and globalization. The origins of feminism can be traced back to the 17th century in France. Major figures and events that advanced feminism include Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 and the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. There are differing perspectives within feminist theory, including radical, Marxist, liberal, and difference approaches.
Bradford mvsu fall 2012 so 211 ch 10 11 race genderJohn Bradford
The document discusses race, ethnicity, sex, and gender. It defines key terms like race, ethnicity, prejudice and discrimination. Some main points are:
1) Race is not biologically real, as there is more genetic variation within races than between them. However, race is still culturally and socially very real.
2) Prejudice involves cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components like stereotyping, discrimination, and microaggressions.
3) Contact with other groups tends to reduce prejudice when there is equal status, common goals, cooperation, and social norms promoting equality. However, not all contact reduces prejudice.
4) Sex refers to biological differences while gender involves cultural roles and expectations of
This document discusses geographic perspectives in geopolitics. It defines geopolitics as the study of how geographical factors influence state behavior and positions in the international hierarchy. It presents several geographic theories including core-periphery theory, which divides states into powerful core states or less developed periphery states. It also discusses Mackinder's Heartland Theory and Pan-Region concepts. Finally, it analyzes different perspectives in geopolitical thinking, such as environmental possibilism, probabilism, and cognitive behaviorism, and how geography provides both opportunities and constraints for states.
Geopolitics is the study of how geographical factors like territory, population, resources, and location influence international politics and relations between states. Key thinkers in geopolitical theory include Alfred Thayer Mahan who argued sea power was essential for trade and power, Halford Mackinder who developed the Heartland Theory that control of the Eurasian core landmass meant control of the world, and Nicholas Spykman who argued control of the rimlands of Europe and Asia was more important than the heartland. Immanuel Wallerstein viewed the global political economy as consisting of core states that exploited peripheral states, with semi-peripheral states acting as buffers between them.
This document appears to be from a chapter in a textbook on political geography. It covers several key concepts in political geography including geopolitics, boundaries and frontiers, politics at the poles, boundary formation, and the geopolitics and world order. It discusses topics like nation-states, sovereignty, imperialism, and decolonization. It also includes figures and applies knowledge questions relating to these geographic and political concepts.
The document discusses changing global superpowers over time. From 1800-1918, the British Empire was the dominant global superpower, controlling 25% of the world's land area at its peak. From 1918-1945 power transitioned between countries as the US and USSR rose. From 1945-1990 it was a bi-polar world dominated by the US and USSR during the Cold War period. Since 1990, the US has been the sole superpower but others like the EU and China are increasingly powerful. The future is predicted to be multi-polar with multiple regional powers.
Human geography 7e lecture_ch05_cultureSusan White
This document provides an overview of key concepts in cultural geography, including culture as a geographical process, cultural complexes, cultural systems, culture and identity, and globalization. It discusses how culture is a shared set of meanings that is always evolving and impacted by globalization. Cultural geography examines the relationship between space, place, landscape, and culture. It also explores concepts like cultural landscapes, folk and popular culture, and how culture shapes and is shaped by place.
This document summarizes key concepts in political geography from a human geography textbook chapter. It discusses different types of states like federal states, unitary states, and nation-states. It also covers geopolitical topics like decolonization, nationalism, and the North/South divide. Examples are given of disputed territories, changing borders in Europe, and colonialism in Africa and South America. Political concepts discussed include self-determination, regionalism, and separatist movements.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of a human geography textbook, including the evolution of modern world systems and increasing globalization. It describes the development of early agricultural societies in hearth areas and mini-systems, and the rise of world empires like Rome that incorporated many mini-systems. It then discusses the core-periphery structure of the modern world system that emerged from European colonialism and industrialization. Transnational corporations have come to play a major role in neocolonialism by concentrating economic control over global trade networks. The chapter also addresses increasing global interconnectedness through commodity chains and issues of environmental sustainability and cultural imperialism in the current era of globalization.
This chapter discusses cultural and ethnic identities and the keys to understanding them. It covers: [1] how families and gender socialization influence identity formation; [2] the processes of acculturation and enculturation when joining new cultural groups; and [3] models of cultural, ethnic, and racial identity development and change over time, including types like assimilated, bicultural, and marginal identities. The chapter concludes with exercises to reflect on one's own cultural identity and practice mindful listening and identity validation skills in intercultural interactions.
This document discusses how gender was depicted in 19th century art. It provides examples of artworks that defined gender roles by showing men in heroic or intellectual scenes while women were often depicted as mothers or in domestic settings. Some female artists challenged this by painting themselves or focusing on female subjects. The nude was also a popular subject and depicted differently based on gender, with male nudes shown as heroic and intellectual while female nudes were often eroticized.
Geopolitic theory & myanmar's strategic locationaungkokotoe
The document discusses geopolitical theories and Myanmar's strategic location. It summarizes key geopolitical theorists like Halford Mackinder, Nicholas Spykman, and Alfred Thayer Mahan. Mackinder proposed the Heartland Theory that whoever controls the Eurasian heartland will control the world. Spykman argued in the Rimland Theory that controlling the rimland surrounding Eurasia is most important. Mahan emphasized the importance of sea power. The document also discusses how a country's size, location, natural resources and population are important natural sources of power in geopolitics. In 3 sentences, it analyzes how Myanmar's strategic location between China, India, and Bangladesh gives it geopolitical significance according to
AHTR Art and Cultural Heritage Looting and DestructionAHTR
A slideshow connected to a lecture on Art and Cultural Heritage Looting and Destruction available at Art History Teaching Resources (http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/), written by Rhonda Reymond.
This document discusses terms related to gender identity and sexual orientation. It defines terms like cisgender, transgender, heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, asexual, and non-binary. It also discusses concepts like gender identity versus biological sex, romantic orientation versus sexual orientation, and umbrella terms. The document notes that gender identity and pronouns are personal, and certain terms should be avoided. It outlines flags used in the LGBTQIA community and closes by discussing challenges faced due to stigma and discrimination.
Queer Art
- Queer art emerged in the late 1960s and 1970s as LGBTQ artists came out of the closet following the Stonewall riots, with concepts of censorship, visibility, and identity central themes
- In the 1980s-1990s, the AIDS crisis politicized queer identity further and the term "queer" was reclaimed from a pejorative to celebrate non-normative identities
- Queer artists have explored LGBTQ experiences through various mediums like photography, performance art, posters, and installations to increase representation and understanding of queer lives.
A slideshow connected to a lecture on twentieth-century artists whose work deals with issues of race and identity available at Art History Teaching Resources (http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/), written by Ellen Caldwell.
The document summarizes the women's suffrage movement in South Africa between 1892 and 1930, which was led by the primarily white, middle-class Women's Enfranchisement Association of the Union. While women gained some political rights, gender roles did not fundamentally change, and male authority in the household persisted. The movement reflected shifts in gender ideology among white South Africans and loosening social controls on women. However, the victory of women's suffrage was also used to undermine the qualified franchise that existed for black men in the Cape. The suffrage movement did not consider extending voting rights to black women. Cultural changes in the early 1900s also saw new gender roles and identities emerge in urban areas through consumption practices and engagement with global
The document discusses the need to reframe concepts of sustainable development, power, leadership, and women's roles to address current global challenges. It argues that sustainable development requires an integral approach that considers ecological, economic, social, cultural, political, and spiritual dimensions. A new concept of power is proposed based on societal threefolding of separate but interdependent spheres of economy, politics, and culture. Associative leadership that harnesses collective intelligence is presented as an alternative to competitive leadership. The role of women needs to be reframed beyond taking on masculine roles, to mobilizing the "true feminine" through approaches like collective dialogue and conflict resolution.
This document discusses gender and politics, including women in political philosophy works by John Stuart Mill, Fredrich Engels, and Shulamith Firestone. It also examines research on political participation and public opinion, specifically on the experiences of women in local government in India, the gender gap in voting behavior globally, gender differences in political knowledge related to descriptive representation of women, and women's representation in legislatures and cabinets in industrial democracies.
This document summarizes theories related to social identification, cultural identity, acculturation, and intergroup relations. Some key points:
1) Social identity theory examines how people perceive themselves and others in terms of in-groups and out-groups, and how this affects self-definition, prejudice, and group-level perceptions.
2) Acculturation involves changes to cultural identity over time and generations as groups adapt to a new culture. It affects psychological and social adaptation.
3) Factors like perceived discrimination, stereotypes, intergroup contact conditions, and the larger sociopolitical context can influence acculturation strategies and outcomes between groups.
This document discusses the concept and global impact of colorism. It begins by defining colorism as discrimination that favors those with lighter skin over darker skin. It then explores the origins of colorism through the miscegenation of slaves and colonial ideology of white superiority. The effects in the Black community are examined, such as the brown paper bag test and comb test that privileged lighter features. The document outlines how colorism exists globally in cultures like Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean by privileging lighter skin and European features. The psychological impacts of colorism are also addressed, such as depression, low self-esteem, and feeling unattractive based on skin color.
This document discusses the concept and global impact of colorism. It begins by defining colorism as discrimination that favors those with lighter skin over darker skin. It then explores the origins of colorism through the miscegenation of slaves and colonial ideology of white superiority. The effects in the Black community are examined, such as the brown paper bag test and comb test that privileged lighter features. The document outlines how colorism exists globally in cultures like Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean by privileging lighter skin and European features. The psychological impacts of colorism are also addressed, such as depression, low self-esteem, and feeling unattractive based on skin color.
This document discusses various forms of discrimination against women globally. It describes discrimination in social roles, labor access and pay, education, freedom of choice, and violence against women in Spain, Africa, and Asia. Women often face barriers in the workplace, lower wages than men for the same work, lack of access to education, inability to choose their own futures or partners, and greater punishments under the law than men in some regions. Cultural propaganda also promotes traditional gender stereotypes.
1) The document discusses the concept of the "feminization of poverty", which refers to women representing a disproportionate percentage of the world's poor.
2) Key causes of the feminization of poverty include lack of income due to lower wages and care responsibilities for women, as well as gender biases in societies and governments that deprive women of opportunities.
3) Single mother households, who have only two-thirds the income of male-headed households, are particularly at high risk of poverty due to lack of resources.
This document discusses discrimination against women globally. It describes several types of discrimination women face, including social (traditional gender roles), labor (access to jobs and equal pay), sexual (as sexual symbols), aesthetic (beauty standards), educational, and freedom to make their own decisions. Specific examples of discrimination against women are provided for Spain, Africa, and Asia. In Spain, domestic violence against women is highlighted. In Africa, women have little autonomy and face harsher punishments under the law. In Asia, sex-selective abortion, focus on women's beauty and domestic roles, and lack of education opportunities discriminate against women.
This document discusses various forms of discrimination against women globally. It outlines different types of discrimination including social, labor, sexual, aesthetic, educational, and freedom of choice. Specific examples of discrimination against women are provided for Spain, Africa, and Asia. In Spain, domestic violence against women is an issue. In Africa, women have little autonomy and face greater punishments for crimes. In many Asian countries, sex-based discrimination has led to millions of "missing girls" and women have less access to education and opportunity. Overall, the document shows how discrimination restricts women's rights and opportunities in many parts of the world.
This document discusses various forms of discrimination against women globally. It outlines discrimination in social roles, labor access and pay, sexuality, aesthetics, education, and personal liberty. Specific examples of discrimination are provided for Spain, Africa, and Asia. In Spain, domestic violence against women is an issue. In Africa, women have little say after marriage and face harsher punishments and lack of school access. In Asia, sex-selective abortion, beauty standards, and control over reproduction perpetuate discrimination.
- Sex and gender are influenced by both biological and social/cultural factors. While biology determines one's sex, gender roles and behaviors are largely learned and can vary significantly across cultures.
- Cultural practices around the world exhibit a wide range in expressions of sexuality, gender roles and relations. Most cultures are dominated by patriarchal systems where men center power. However, alternative genders also exist.
- Political organization ranges from simple band societies to more complex states. Leadership and social control methods vary depending on the type of society, from consensus-based bands to hierarchical states with formalized legal institutions.
This document provides an overview of key terms and history related to African Americans. It discusses the forced migration and enslavement of West Africans in America from 1600-1862. Following emancipation, legalized segregation and discrimination persisted until civil rights reforms in the 1950s-60s. The document also notes current disparities African American children face, such as higher rates of single parenthood and lower educational outcomes. It describes the importance of the black church community and degrees of cultural identification among African Americans.
The document discusses gender issues facing South Asia in the new millennium. It notes that while the region has experienced high economic growth in recent decades, poverty, illiteracy and large populations remain problems. Family structures are traditionally patriarchal and influence social challenges like the declining female to male sex ratio, early marriage, and gender violence. Other issues include high dropout rates among girls in school, child labor, and trafficking exacerbated by globalization's unequal effects. The document calls for a new approach to supporting families based on equality rather than power imbalances between genders.
The document discusses concepts related to global stratification and race. It begins by defining high, middle, and low income countries based on their standards of living and share of global wealth and income. It then examines theories of global stratification like modernization theory and dependency theory. The document explores how race is a social construct used historically to stratify societies and justify discrimination and racism. Different forms of discrimination are defined, from direct institutionalized to indirect forms. The document considers arguments against the existence of race and counterarguments like claims of reverse discrimination. It concludes by examining rationalizations commonly used to justify racism.
As gender issues have become more mainstreamed in scientific research and media reports, confusion associated with the terms sex and gender has decreased. However, the discussion on sex and gender be integrated into our day to day conversations.
This document discusses various forms of violence and exploitation faced by women globally, including:
1) Domestic violence, rape, pornography, prostitution, sex trafficking, female infanticide, honor killings, child marriage, female genital mutilation, and forced sterilization.
2) In many societies, women are seen as property and experience high rates of exploitation, poverty, lack of access to education, and health issues.
3) Issues like child marriage, sex trafficking, and domestic violence stem from patriarchal attitudes, poverty, lack of women's rights, and inadequate legal protections. Addressing the root causes through education, laws, and social change is needed to empower women and girls.
This document provides an overview of civics and citizenship in the United States. It defines key terms like civics, citizen, and government. It describes American ideals of freedom and equality. It also outlines the naturalization process for immigrants to become citizens and discusses the growing diversity of the US population in terms of ethnicity, family structure, geographic distribution, and an aging population.
Gender inequality exists globally and manifests itself in various ways across different continents and regions. In the Middle East, women have fewer inheritance rights than men and require a male guardian. In Africa, women are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. Examples of gender inequality in Ireland include lower representation of women in national government, unequal funding and support for female sports teams locally, and different subject choices in single-sex secondary schools.
Gender inequality exists globally and manifests itself in various ways across different continents and regions. Facts provided about gender inequality include women having less inheritance rights than men in Saudi Arabia, women being disproportionately affected by HIV in Africa, women being raped every 1.5 minutes in the USA, decreasing numbers of women in parliament in Colombia, human trafficking affecting thousands of children in Mexico, women earning less than men for the same work in Europe, and "honor killings" of women in Asia. Nationally in Ireland, there are fewer women represented in government bodies like the Dáil and Seanad, and no female Taoiseach to date. Locally, more focus and resources are given to boys' sports teams and different subject choices
This presentation was inspired by the book Whatmatters where the worlds preeminent Photojournalists and thinkers
depict essential issues of our time. I took and expanded the subject of Lost Girls and "What one person can do" a profile of Edhi foundation
to focus on womens issues.
PIM Webinar conducted by Cheryl Doss (U of Oxford), Agnes Quisumbing (International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)) and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI). More at http://bit.ly/GenderinAgMythsWebinar
The document summarizes key economic, social, and development disparities between the North and South. The North's economy is based on manufacturing and industry, while the South's relies on agriculture and slavery. The North has higher incomes, literacy, education levels, access to resources, and lower birth/death rates. In contrast, the South has a less developed economy, lower literacy and education, less access to shelter, food and healthcare, and higher birth and death rates. Overall, the North has significantly greater economic development and quality of life indicators compared to the South.
Demography:- Is the study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race occupation, and other statistics.
Demography is very important because it involves people, and people make up markets.
The word population is growing at an explosive rate. This population explosion has been of major concern to governments and various groups.
Similar to Neb identity, race, ethnicity, gender & sexuality (20)
Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas between cultures through movement of people, goods, or ideas. There are different types of diffusion including expansion, contagious, hierarchical, and relocation diffusion. Population growth is influenced by birth and death rates and follows a demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as development increases. Rostow's model of development proposes countries progress through five stages from traditional to modernized societies, while dependency theory argues poorer countries remain limited by relationships with wealthier countries.
The document discusses the evolution of cities from ancient times to the present. It describes the five original hearths of urbanization in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley, China, and Mesoamerica. It then covers the growth of urban areas in Greece, Rome, Europe, and other parts of the world throughout history. The document also outlines models of urban development and John Borchert's four-stage model of American metropolitan evolution from the 18th to 20th centuries.
This document defines and describes several models and concepts related to urban geography and urban planning. The Latin America City Model describes poorer conditions farther from the city center, with favelas on the outskirts. The Multiple Nuclei Model describes social groups arranged around nodes of activity. Gentrification is the process where low-income neighborhoods become higher-income and owner-occupied. Central Place Theory addresses optimal locations for services based on market area, range, and thresholds.
Alfred Weber's location theory from 1909 established the foundations of modern location theories. Weber proposed that firms will choose a location to minimize costs, which involves optimizing transportation costs, labor costs, and benefits of agglomeration. His location triangle model illustrates how to find the optimal location to minimize transportation costs of importing raw materials and exporting finished products. While transportation is the most important factor, labor costs and agglomeration economies also influence industrial location. Weber's theory helped explain the concentration of industries in major regions around raw materials and transportation networks before 1950, such as Western Europe's Ruhr Valley, Eastern North America's manufacturing belt, Russia's Urals, and East Asia's industrial centers in China, Japan, and India.
The document summarizes the progression and spread of the Industrial Revolution from its origins in England. It began in the late 18th century with textiles, iron production, and steam power (Phase 1). Phase 2 from 1860-1914 saw developments in steel, chemicals, railroads, and gasoline engines. Post-WWII was Phase 3 with computers, miniaturization, and automation. England's geographic resources like coal and iron ore, as well as political and economic advantages like its banking system, allowed it to take the lead. Innovations like Watt's steam engine and coke smelting of iron then spread across Europe, initially to nearby areas with coal like the Low Countries and Ruhr Valley, then strengthening manufacturing hubs like
This document discusses various topics related to agriculture and economic activities. It begins by classifying economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary. It then discusses different types of agricultural systems such as subsistence farming, shifting agriculture, and commercial agriculture. Specific topics covered include the origins of agriculture, animal domestication, von Thünen's model of agricultural land use, and the various revolutions that have transformed agriculture like the Green Revolution. The document also maps out global patterns of agriculture and discusses the role of transportation, climate, and agribusiness in shaping modern agriculture.
This document defines and describes various terms related to agriculture and farming practices. It discusses systems like shifting cultivation, crop rotation, and ridge tillage that are used to promote soil health. Other terms explained include slash-and-burn agriculture, intensive and extensive subsistence farming, dairy farming, aquaculture, and agribusiness. Important individuals in the development of agricultural theories are also mentioned, such as Thomas Malthus and his theory of population growth.
This document contains a series of questions and explanations about topics in human geography from Chapter 9 of the 10th edition of the textbook "The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography". The questions cover topics such as changes in economic sectors in more and less developed countries, Rostow's model of economic development stages, approaches to development, factors used in calculating development indices, foreign debt, structural adjustment programs, and the role and functions of the World Trade Organization.
The document defines and describes several key concepts related to economic development:
- Economies of agglomeration refer to the benefits firms obtain from locating near each other, related to economies of scale.
- The Human Development Index is a metric created by the UN combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy to measure development levels.
- Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors refer to the portions of an economy involved in extracting raw materials, manufacturing, services, and knowledge/intellectual activities respectively.
- Other terms defined include productivity, value added, sustainable development, economic indicators, import substitution, and Rostow's stages of economic development model.
There are enormous gaps in development between rich and poor countries globally. Wealthy nations have moved to service economies while some poorer states remain subsistence-based. Several metrics are used to measure development, including GNP, GDP, and GNI which measure total output, as well as factors like productivity, infrastructure, and health outcomes. However, these metrics do not account for inequality within countries or informal economies. Development theories offer different perspectives on why disparities exist, with modernization models arguing countries follow similar development paths, while dependency and world systems theories see structural relationships limiting poorer regions' development.
This document provides an overview of political geography concepts related to states, nations, territories, and boundaries. It discusses the rise of the modern nation-state in Europe and the diffusion of this model through colonialism. Key concepts covered include sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the various forces that can bind or divide states. These centripetal and centrifugal forces include ethnic, religious, linguistic, and economic differences that can drive devolutionary movements for cultural or economic independence. The document uses numerous maps and examples to illustrate concepts like landlocked countries, different boundary types, and specific ethnic or regional independence movements around the world.
This document discusses religion and provides information on several key topics:
1. It defines religion and discusses its key characteristics such as beliefs, structures, rituals, impacts, and classifications.
2. It examines the origins and diffusion of major world religions including Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and others. It traces their origins to hearths in South Asia, East Asia, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
3. It explores how religions are manifested in cultural landscapes through sacred sites, pilgrimages, architecture, symbols and impacts on place names and identities.
4. It also addresses the rise of secularism, government impacts on religion, and the role of religion in political
This document contains a chapter from the 10th edition of the textbook "The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography". It provides 10 multiple choice questions about cultural geography concepts along with explanations of the answers. The questions cover topics such as habits versus customs, the differences between popular and folk culture, religious influences on agriculture, and how popular culture spreads across regions through diffusion.
This document discusses several aspects of cultural landscapes and popular culture traits. It begins by explaining how popular culture hearths are established, often starting with an idea or product that spreads through contagious diffusion by companies or individuals. It then discusses concepts like distance decay and time-space compression in relation to how popular culture traits diffuse. The document also examines reterritorialization and syncretism of popular culture and provides examples of foreign foods adapting to American tastes. Finally, it analyzes the cultural landscape and how human activities shape and transform the natural landscape over time through architecture, transportation, and other imprints of culture.
This document discusses different aspects of cultural systems including local culture, popular culture, and cultural landscapes. It provides examples of cultural differences in foods, gestures, marriage customs, and traditions versus customs versus folk culture versus popular culture. Local or folk cultures aim to preserve uniqueness and distinguish themselves while popular culture embraces changing tastes across groups. Material and nonmaterial culture are described, and the roles of place and rural versus urban settings in maintaining local customs are discussed. Commodification and claims of authenticity in local culture are also addressed.
Migration can involve both internal movement within a country and international movement between countries. Key factors that influence migration decisions include economic, political, environmental, and cultural conditions in both origin and destination locations. The distance between locations, intervening opportunities, and social networks affect the direction and extent of migratory flows. Forced migration of refugees occurs when people flee their home country due to persecution, conflict, or disaster.
This document discusses human population distribution and key issues related to demographics. It notes that three quarters of the world's population lives in only 5% of the land area, with two thirds living near oceans or rivers. Major population concentrations exist in East Asia including China, South Asia including India, Europe, and North America's northeast corridor. The document outlines the demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low rates, fueled by improved agriculture and medicine. It analyzes population growth trends, policies, and impacts of aging and disease using population pyramids.
This document outlines several models and concepts related to urban structure and development:
The Latin America City Model theorizes that conditions worsen the farther away from the city center. The Multiple Nuclei Model describes cities arranged around nodes of activity. Gentrification is the process of converting low-income neighborhoods to middle-class owner-occupied areas. Central Place Theory involves placing services where the market area is largest.
This document discusses the origins and development of agriculture. It began as early humans transitioned from hunter-gatherers to deliberately cultivating plants and domesticating animals. Major crop and animal domestication sites included areas in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. Agriculture continues to take different forms around the world based on climate and environment, from intensive rice farming to pastoral nomadism to commercial plantations. The document also examines challenges facing farmers in both developing and developed countries.
Rice production is the most important crop in East, South, and Southeast Asia, with Asian farmers growing 90% of the world's rice, particularly in China and India which account for half of global rice production. Rice is very labor intensive, with seedlings transplanted by hand into flooded paddies for wet rice production, which requires flat land that can be flooded and drained. Meanwhile, broiler chicken production has transformed from small-scale to large-scale industrial operations controlled by major companies like Tyson Foods using factory-like conditions in states like Arkansas.
2. Gender
Gender – “a culture’s
assumptions about
the differences
between men and
women: their
‘characters,’ the
roles they play in
society, what they
represent.”
- Domosh and
Seager
3. • Gender is a social as well as
biological difference.
• Modernization has reduced the
inequalities but has NOT
eliminated them.
• Even in Europe & the US
equality has NOT been
achieved.
• UK, India, Israel, Pakistan &
the Philippines have had
female leaders=the US has not
• Wages & barriers to economic
& social advancement are
found in the political and
corporate realm
4. Gender Inequality
• Women make 80 c. to the Male dollar-even accounting
for time off to raise kids.
• Over her career, the average U.S. woman loses $1.2 m.
to wage inequity.
• Every industrialized nation except US & Australia have
paid parental leave with a guaranteed job upon return
• Women over 65 are twice as likely to be poor as men.
• Women chose jobs closer to home
• Occupational segregation-women have less chance to
advance-take lower paying jobs in more restricted
locations
• Male dominance is a world-wide phenomenon
• In general Western women are better off than elsewhere
5. Female–Male Income Differences
Fig. 9-11: Women’s income is lower than men’s in all countries, but the gender gap is
especially high in parts of the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America.
6. Demography & Health
• On average women live 4
yrs. longer than men
• Core countries-5 to 7 yrs.
Longer
• World Bank=Africa +3 yrs,
South America & Europe,
US + 6 yrs.
• Women less likely to:
– Smoke
– Drink
– Eat too much
– Drive too fast
– Have very high stress
7. Quality of Life-Maternal Mortality Rates
• Western World rate is
5/100,000
• South Asia has highest
maternity mortality
rates=650/100,000
• Reasons:
– Inadequate medical care
– Excessive number of
pregnancies
– Malnutrition
– Lack of adequate birth
control
8. Female Infanticide-India
• India-gender detection tests
often result in aborted
females-the ratio of men to
women in India is
widening.
• Although outlawed-dowry
still exists in India-families
with sons receive payments
from the bride’s parents
• Dowry deaths are common
• Laws against female
infanticide & dowry deaths
exist-but are not being
enforced.
9. Women in India
• Hindu culture attaches
great importance to the
male dominated family.
• Hinduism teaches a
reverence for all life-yet
girls are still forced into
arranged marriages-
disputes over dowries
“Bride Price” often
results in the death of the
young bride.
• Many dowry deaths are
reported as “kitchen
accidents” and never
investigated.
10. Dowry Deaths in India
- murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over a
dowry. Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that lead to
dowry deaths-female infanticide is also tied to the disempowerment of
women
11. China
• China’s traditional attitude
toward women-a burden
• Female infanticide was a
common rural practice-but
after the One Child Policy-it
rose in urban areas as well.
• Abortions in China are legal
after gender identification
tests
• Millions of female infants
die of food depravation,
denial of medical care,
abandonment or murder
12. Informal Economy –private, often home-based activities
such as tailoring, beer brewing, food preparation, or
vegetable gardening.
13. Women in
Subsaharan Africa
- populate much of the rural
areas, as men migrate to cities
for work.
- produce 70% of the region’s
food.
- only a small percentage of
women have legal title to their
land.
14. Family and Social Conditions
• Great contrast in treatment
of boys & girls that puts
females at a physical &
psychological disadvantage
• Many girls have to work 7
or mores hours a day as
children-married off as
early as possible;
– Mauritania 39% girls married
by age 15, 15% had children
– Bangladesh-73% married by
age 15, 21% had 1 child by
age 15
15. Women in Muslim Countries
• Many women in traditional
or fundamentalist Islamic
states live in isolation and
servitude.
• Iran, Afghanistan &
elsewhere women’s rights
have eroded.
• Ayatollah Khomeini’s 1979
Revolution in Iran created a
theocracy
• Taliban took over
Afghanistan in 1997 &
took women out of public
life
16. Education & Opportunity
• Education is the key to
remove gender gap.
• In India, over all illiteracy is
55%, for women it is 65% to
75%
• Progress in education &
literacy lags in South Asia &
Sub-Saharan Africa
• There is also a sharp contrast
between urban & rural areas
• Barriers remain in certain
professions-even in the West
17. Economy & Productivity
• Women in the periphery
produce over ½ the food,
build homes, dig wells, plant
& harvest crops, make
clothes, etc.
• Women in Africa work hard:
– Cultivating corn & staple
crops
– Walk long distances for water
– Gather firewood
– Take care of the children
– Cook the meals
18. Women in the Labor Force
• Core Nations-35% to 39%
of the labor force are
women
• Middle & South America
about 24% to 29% of the
labor force are women
• Sub-Saharan Africa-37%
are women-about 80%
work on plantations.
• Asia about 50% of the
labor force are women-
mostly on farms
19. Politics & Public Life
• US & Canada did not grant
enfranchisement to women
until 1920.
• Several women have been
leaders of their nations-but
no woman has ever ran or
been elected as President of
the US
• US-half of all voters are
women:
– yet only 8/100 Senators are
women
– 2/50 governors are women
– 53/435 House members are
women
20. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
President of Liberia
Elected with a stunning 60 %
of the vote
This Harvard-educated
Grandmother, the first
woman
elected to lead an African
country faces huge
challenges
Nov. 2005 election
21. Race –a categorization of humans based on skin color and
other physical characteristics. Racial categories are social and
political constructions because they are based on ideas that
some biological differences are more important than others.
22. The Human Race
• Technically race is not a
correct term-since we are
all the same race or
species-human.
• Example-all dogs are the
same species-yet great
variation in size, color,
shape, etc.-FAR LESS
VARIETY IN HUMANS.
• Human subspecies exhibit
a difference in gene
frequency-e.g. northern
Europe-blue-eyed
dominant, southern Europe
brown-eyed is dominant
23. Four Basic Human Stocks
• Negroid stock from
African sources
• Australoid stock of
Southeast Asia origins
• Mongoloid stock which
arose in East Asia
• Caucasoid stock from
Southwest Asia &
European sources
• These stocks are based on
skin color, physique,
facial shape and hair style
24. Skin Color
• Skin color is determined by melanin or pigment-dark
skin originated in low latitudes-light skin originated at
high latitudes.
• Melanin is a pigment that protects the inner layers of
skin from damage from ultraviolet rays.
• Darker skin produces more vitamin D.
• Skin color not a reliable indicator of racial relationships-
e.g. Aboriginal Australians & Sub-Saharan Africans are
dark-skinned, but not closely related genetically.
• Why do Tropical South Americans have lighter skin than
Tropical Africans?-Arrival time-South American
indigenous population arrive there between 13,000 to
30,000 years ago-thus not enough time for more melanin
development.
25. Physique & Physical Traits
• Bergmann’s Rule-people in
warmer climates tend to be
more slender-people in cooler
climates tend to be more squat-
this also applies to animals
• Heads-cephalic index-ratio of
width & length of skull-
Europeans—long heads,
Japanese—round heads.
• Noses-warm, moist climates—
short,wide, flat noses; Low
latitudes deserts, high latitude
dry zones—long narrow noses
26. Physique & Physical Traits
• Hair- general tendency;
Asians—straight hair;
Europeans—curly hair,
African—wooly hair.
• Eyes-epicanthic folds-
small piece of overlapping
skin that give the eyelid a
distinctive appearance-the
fold is present in East
Asians, South African San
people and Native
Americans
27. Race as a Social Category
• Race is more difficult to use as a social category due to
increased mixing of races.
• In Africa-darkness of pigmentation is still the basis of
“racial” divisions, to some degree in India-Aryan,
Dravidian.
• Racism-a belief that your race is superior to others-
– Apartheid in South Africa ended in the 1990s
– Racial Segregation in the US not banned-but still de facto
28. On Racism and Colonialism -
“Colonial racism was a major element in that conception of
‘Empire’ which attempted to weld dynastic legitimacy and
national community. It did so by generalizing a principle of
innate, inherited superiority on which its own domestic
position was (however shakily) based on the vastness of
overseas possessions, covertly (or not so covertly) conveying
the idea that if, say, English lords were naturally superior to
other Englishmen, no matter: these other Englishmen were no
less superior to the subjected natives.” - Benedict Anderson
29. • Racial Categories are typically imposed on people
through:
– Residential segregation-(Milwaukee, Detroit)
– Racialized divisions of labor
– Racial categories defined by governments
30. Population in the U.S. by Race, 2000
In 2000, the U.S. Census Bureau allowed Americans to categorize themselves as one
race or more than one race.
31. Estimated
Percentage of U.S.
Population by
Race and
Ethnicity until
2050
In 2000, the U.S.
Census Bureau
calculated race and
Hispanic origin
separately. Estimates
are that by 2050, the
“White, non-Hispanic
population will no
longer be the majority.
32. Residential Segregation
• The “degree to which two or more groups live
separately from one another, in different parts of
the urban environment.”
– Massey and Denton
33. Highest Rate of
Residential
Segregation for
African
Americans:
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
34. Lowest Rate of Residential Segregation for
Hispanics/Latinos: Baltimore for Asians/Pacific Islanders:
Baltimore, Maryland
35. Identities in Neighborhoods change over time:
Invasion and Succession:
new immigrants to a city often move to areas occupied by older
immigrant groups.
36. Sense of Place
• We infuse places with
meaning and feeling, with
memories and emotions.
• Our sense of place becomes
part of our identity and our
identity affects the ways we
define and experience
place.
37. Ethnicity
• Ethnicity –
a constructed
identity that is tied
to a place … it is
often considered
“natural” because it
implies ancient
relations among
people over time.
38. Ethnic Patterns & Processes
• Ethnicity is NOT the same as
race, but it is as important.
• It is culture, NOT race, that
dominates the world’s patterns
today
• Ethnicity is more difficult to
define
– Shared cultural traits
– Common history
– Treasured cultural landscapes
– Perceived threat to language or
religion
39. Ethnic Mosaics
• Ethnic comes from the
Greek word for people or
nation “ethnos”
• Ethnic often used to
describe a neighborhood or
a cuisine.
• Ethnic enclaves are
common in urban areas;
“China Town,” “Little
Italy,” or “Little Mexico.”
• Racial or ethnic identity
often a matter of self “Welcome to
perception. Little Havana”
40. Ethnicities in Chicago
Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European
Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.
41. Cultural Revival & Linkage
• Ethnic dispersal takes place-yet links to the old
neighborhood or homeland remain. This linkage is aided
by modern media & communication.
• African-Americans demonstrated against South African
apartheid.
• Irish-Americans sent money to support the I.R.A. in its
struggle against Britain.
42. Hispanic Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and
in northern cities.
43. African Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in
northern cities.
44. Native Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains,
the southwest, and Alaska.
45. How does a place change when the people who live there
change?
46. Sexuality and Space
Where people
with a shared
identity
cluster, how
do they create
a space for
themselves?
47. Power
Relationships
• Power Relationships
assumptions and
structures about who
is in control, who
has power over
others.
Through power
relationships, people
create places where
they limit the access
of other peoples
Belfast, Northern Ireland
48. How do Power Relationships factor into
How People are Counted?
The U.S. Census undercounts:
- minority populations
- the homeless
The Gross National Income (GNI)
does not count:
- unpaid work of women in the household
- work done by rural women in poorer countries
49. • Ethnic Groups in Los
Angeles
• Barrioization – when
the population of a
neighborhood changes
over largely to
Hispanics.
• cultural landscapes
change to reflect
changing populations
• strife is usually tied to
economic change