The document discusses geopolitical theories and Myanmar's strategic location. It summarizes key geopolitical theorists like Halford Mackinder, Nicholas Spykman, and Alfred Thayer Mahan. Mackinder proposed the Heartland Theory that whoever controls the Eurasian heartland will control the world. Spykman argued in the Rimland Theory that controlling the rimland surrounding Eurasia is most important. Mahan emphasized the importance of sea power. The document also discusses how a country's size, location, natural resources and population are important natural sources of power in geopolitics. In 3 sentences, it analyzes how Myanmar's strategic location between China, India, and Bangladesh gives it geopolitical significance according to
This document discusses the geopolitics of Myanmar. It begins by defining key geopolitical concepts and theories, such as how geopolitics examines the relationship between geography, politics, and international relations. It then discusses important geopolitical theorists like Halford Mackinder and their theories. Specifically, it outlines Mackinder's Heartland Theory. Next, it analyzes factors that influence a state's power, like size, location, natural resources, and population. It concludes by discussing Myanmar's strategic importance due to its location between China and India and control of key ocean chokepoints.
Geopolitics analyzes the relationship between geography and international politics. It studies how physical geography, human geography, and territorial waters influence diplomatic history and the interests of states. Some key factors in geopolitical analysis include the location, topography, size, shape, and demography of states, as well as their policies and actions. Classical geopolitical thinkers like Friedrich Ratzel, Alfred Thayer Mahan, and Halford Mackinder developed influential theories about the relationship between land and sea powers and the strategic importance of controlling key territories.
This document provides an overview of geopolitics, including definitions and perspectives from influential geopolitical theorists. It defines geopolitics as the study of how geographical factors influence politics and international relations. It discusses the work of Friedrich Ratzel, who viewed states as organic organisms that seek to expand, Halford Mackinder, who emphasized the strategic importance of Eurasia, and Nicholas Spykman, who argued that control of the rimland surrounding Eurasia was key to global power rather than the heartland alone.
classical views and summarized theories of geopolitics- Ratzel, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman with criticism and contemporary relevance.
Geopolitical theory examines the relationship between geography, politics, and international relations. Key thinkers in geopolitical theory include:
- Alfred Thayer Mahan (1890) who argued that naval power was essential for trade and that countries with long coastlines and access to key sea lanes would be most powerful.
- Halford Mackinder (1904) who developed the heartland theory that whoever controlled the strategically located heartland region of Eurasia would control the world.
- Nicholas Spykman (1940s) argued that the inner crescent region (Western Europe, Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia) known as the rimland was most important, as it provided access to both sea and
Geopolitics
Theory and Concept
Mapping Study
Myanmar Geographical Factors
Key Characteristics of Geopolitics
Location, Size, Natural Resources, Climate, Population, Demography
Geopolitics is the study of how geographical factors like territory, population, resources, and location influence international politics and relations between states. Key thinkers in geopolitical theory include Alfred Thayer Mahan who argued sea power was essential for trade and power, Halford Mackinder who developed the Heartland Theory that control of the Eurasian core landmass meant control of the world, and Nicholas Spykman who argued control of the rimlands of Europe and Asia was more important than the heartland. Immanuel Wallerstein viewed the global political economy as consisting of core states that exploited peripheral states, with semi-peripheral states acting as buffers between them.
Lesson 2 superpowers and geostrategic theoryJames Foster
Dependency Theory and World Systems Theory help explain shifting global power dynamics. Dependency Theory views poor countries as dependent on rich countries due to trade relationships that maintain underdevelopment. World Systems Theory sees a core-semi-periphery-periphery global structure, allowing for mobility between these zones and their exploitation. Both theories shed light on how former colonial powers project influence over independent states through economic and political means, maintaining control in new forms of neo-colonialism.
This document discusses the geopolitics of Myanmar. It begins by defining key geopolitical concepts and theories, such as how geopolitics examines the relationship between geography, politics, and international relations. It then discusses important geopolitical theorists like Halford Mackinder and their theories. Specifically, it outlines Mackinder's Heartland Theory. Next, it analyzes factors that influence a state's power, like size, location, natural resources, and population. It concludes by discussing Myanmar's strategic importance due to its location between China and India and control of key ocean chokepoints.
Geopolitics analyzes the relationship between geography and international politics. It studies how physical geography, human geography, and territorial waters influence diplomatic history and the interests of states. Some key factors in geopolitical analysis include the location, topography, size, shape, and demography of states, as well as their policies and actions. Classical geopolitical thinkers like Friedrich Ratzel, Alfred Thayer Mahan, and Halford Mackinder developed influential theories about the relationship between land and sea powers and the strategic importance of controlling key territories.
This document provides an overview of geopolitics, including definitions and perspectives from influential geopolitical theorists. It defines geopolitics as the study of how geographical factors influence politics and international relations. It discusses the work of Friedrich Ratzel, who viewed states as organic organisms that seek to expand, Halford Mackinder, who emphasized the strategic importance of Eurasia, and Nicholas Spykman, who argued that control of the rimland surrounding Eurasia was key to global power rather than the heartland alone.
classical views and summarized theories of geopolitics- Ratzel, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman with criticism and contemporary relevance.
Geopolitical theory examines the relationship between geography, politics, and international relations. Key thinkers in geopolitical theory include:
- Alfred Thayer Mahan (1890) who argued that naval power was essential for trade and that countries with long coastlines and access to key sea lanes would be most powerful.
- Halford Mackinder (1904) who developed the heartland theory that whoever controlled the strategically located heartland region of Eurasia would control the world.
- Nicholas Spykman (1940s) argued that the inner crescent region (Western Europe, Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia) known as the rimland was most important, as it provided access to both sea and
Geopolitics
Theory and Concept
Mapping Study
Myanmar Geographical Factors
Key Characteristics of Geopolitics
Location, Size, Natural Resources, Climate, Population, Demography
Geopolitics is the study of how geographical factors like territory, population, resources, and location influence international politics and relations between states. Key thinkers in geopolitical theory include Alfred Thayer Mahan who argued sea power was essential for trade and power, Halford Mackinder who developed the Heartland Theory that control of the Eurasian core landmass meant control of the world, and Nicholas Spykman who argued control of the rimlands of Europe and Asia was more important than the heartland. Immanuel Wallerstein viewed the global political economy as consisting of core states that exploited peripheral states, with semi-peripheral states acting as buffers between them.
Lesson 2 superpowers and geostrategic theoryJames Foster
Dependency Theory and World Systems Theory help explain shifting global power dynamics. Dependency Theory views poor countries as dependent on rich countries due to trade relationships that maintain underdevelopment. World Systems Theory sees a core-semi-periphery-periphery global structure, allowing for mobility between these zones and their exploitation. Both theories shed light on how former colonial powers project influence over independent states through economic and political means, maintaining control in new forms of neo-colonialism.
Geopolitics: Ideas and thoughts behind foreign policy in Eastern EuropeJacques Bazen
This document discusses the history and evolution of geopolitical theory from the 17th century to the present. It covers key thinkers and their theories on maintaining balance of power in Europe, the importance of land and sea powers, and controlling strategic territories. It analyzes how geopolitics influenced world events like the World Wars and Cold War. It also examines 21st century challenges like tensions between Russia and the West over Ukraine, and debates the ongoing relevance of classic geopolitical frameworks.
This document outlines the development of geopolitics theory over 5 stages: 1) The late 19th/early 20th century race for imperial hegemony by theorists like Mackinder, Mahan, and Ratzel; 2) German Geopolitik in the 1920s-30s led by Haushofer to justify German expansionism; 3) American geopolitics in the post-WW2 era emphasizing containment of the Soviet Union; 4) The Cold War period saw both state-centric theories focused on balance of power and universalist theories examining global economic and environmental systems; 5) Post-Cold War theories debated American hegemony, globalization, and clashes of civilizations.
Geopolitics is the study of how geography influences politics and international relations. It examines how factors like territory, population, location of resources, and climate affect power relationships between states. The document provides examples of important geographic features like straits, canals, and land territories that have strategic geopolitical significance due to their role in international trade and military power projection. It also summarizes different historical theories and schools of thought regarding geopolitics and provides brief overviews of the geopolitical interests and concerns of countries like the US, China, and Canada.
The document discusses the relevance of Alfred Thayer Mahan's geopolitical theories in the 21st century. It analyzes Mahan's key tenets on sea power and its importance for national success. Using tools like DIME analysis and comparisons between countries, it evaluates if concepts like control of trade routes and naval strength still apply. While Mahan's ideas retain relevance, the document concludes that land and air transport are improving and may one day rival sea power, lessening the complete validity of Mahan's theories in the modern context.
This document provides summaries of several key thinkers in classical geopolitics, including Friedrich Ratzel, Frederick Jackson Turner, Friedrich Naumann, Rudolf Kjellen, and Halford MacKinder. It discusses their major theories and concepts. Ratzel introduced ideas of states expanding their Lebensraum (living space) and saw Germany needing access to the sea for trade and naval power. Turner's frontier thesis argued the frontier shaped America's character. Naumann proposed a Central Europe bloc dominated by Germany. Kjellen built on Ratzel's work and emphasized German racial and cultural superiority. MacKinder theorized about the geopolitical heartland of Eurasia and periods of land and sea power influencing global control.
Heartland theory
History of Heartland Theory:
Theory of Heartland
1919 modifications
1943 modification and concept of Midland Basin
Why Eastern Europe
Importance
Success and failures
Containment
Criticism
RIMLAND THEORY
THEORY
Spykman’s division of the world
Mackinder vs Spykman
Criticism
the topic of the presentation is the China Factors on Myanmar that focus on the China-Myanmar Relations history and analysis on current challenges among the Burmese.
Contemporary conflicts and geopolitics interestsFaris Kasim
Presentation given to a class of UMN alumni, as one lecture in a prospective class on contemporary global issues.
Please note that images and text used in this powerpoint were taken from the internet but have not been cited in this version.
Strategic important of Myanmar (Burmese)aungkokotoe
This paper is the political science students' thesis paper and write by Burmese. The paper focus on the geopolitics of Myanmar and point out the strategic important factors for Burma between China and India.
Geopolitics and geostrategy dynamics in asia pacific region amidst covid 19Sampe Purba
this presentation showing how the BRI - Belt Road Initiative of PRC is a game changer in Asia Pacific major actors. Renaming of Pacific command to be Indo Pacific command by US reflecting the shifting of center of gravity in the region
The Rimland is a concept championed by Nicholas John Spykman, professor of international relations at Yale University. To him geopolitics is the planning of the security policy of a country in terms of its geographical factors. He described the maritime fringe of a country or continent; in particular the densely populated western, southern, and eastern edges of the Eurasian continent.
Mackinder in 1904 to the Royal Geographical Society that advances his heartland theory
03 the main theories in international relationsfatima d
The document provides an overview of the key theories in International Relations: liberal internationalism, realism, and Marxism. It discusses the origins and assumptions of each theory. Liberal internationalism developed after WWI to explain the causes of the war and promote international cooperation and democracy. However, its failure to prevent WWII led to the rise of realist theories emphasizing state power and self-interest. Realism views the international system as anarchic and states as primarily concerned with survival. Major variants include classical, structural, and offensive realism. Marxist theories examine international politics through the lens of class conflict and economic exploitation between states.
1) Foreign policy refers to a government's strategy for dealing with other nations and can be influenced by both the President and Congress through various actions.
2) The document examines key foreign economic challenges faced by the Carter administration such as inflation, oil shortages, and a declining dollar that impacted U.S. strength at home and abroad.
3) NATO plays a role in foreign policy by undertaking crisis management operations through diplomatic conflict resolution or under a UN mandate, while also encouraging defense industry cooperation among allies.
The document discusses the future of Myanmar and the role of its military. It covers several topics:
1. The history of Myanmar's political system, shifting from parliamentary democracy to military dictatorship to the current transition period.
2. The relationship between the military and political systems in Myanmar and other countries. In Myanmar currently the military still maintains significant political power through reserved positions and control of key ministries.
3. The challenges Myanmar faces in transitioning to a stable democratic system, including issues of legitimacy for the government, militant culture within the military, poverty, and power struggles during the transition period.
4. The roles and influences of the military within Myanmar and other countries,
The document summarizes the territorial disputes over islands and waters in the South China Sea between China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. It discusses China's "nine-dash line" claim over much of the region that was rejected by an international tribunal in 2016 in a case brought by the Philippines. The ruling found that China had violated the Philippines' sovereign rights, and that none of the features China occupied qualified as islands under international law. However, China and its ally Pakistan have rejected the tribunal's ruling.
Present at Symposium on South East Asian Security (SSEAS) : Non-Traditional Security Issues (NTS) -13 Sep 2010- Topic Non-Traditional Security : Trends and Issues
Geopolitik originated as a uniquely German school of geostrategy that developed after German unification in the late 19th century. Key figures who influenced the development of Geopolitik included Otto von Bismarck, Wilhelm II, and later Adolf Hitler. Central concepts of German racial identity and the pursuit of economic dominance of territory demonstrate continuity between the German Empire and Nazi periods. Germany pursued expansionist policies aimed at revising the international system to gain more territory and power, including the concept of Mitteleuropa to dominate Central and Eastern Europe economically under German leadership.
1. The document provides an overview of geopolitical issues related to emerging economies, globalization, and infrastructure development. It discusses topics like the Arab Spring, oil pipelines in the Middle East and Central Asia, the conflict between Greece and Turkey, and economic trends in countries like Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
2. Key infrastructure projects mentioned include gas pipelines between countries, proposed railways to connect the West Bank and Gaza, and investments aimed at linking economies across regions.
3. Geopolitical challenges covered involve territorial disputes, the potential for political instability to impact energy markets, and how infrastructure can influence statehood and economic viability.
This document appears to be from a chapter in a textbook on political geography. It covers several key concepts in political geography including geopolitics, boundaries and frontiers, politics at the poles, boundary formation, and the geopolitics and world order. It discusses topics like nation-states, sovereignty, imperialism, and decolonization. It also includes figures and applies knowledge questions relating to these geographic and political concepts.
Geopolitics: Ideas and thoughts behind foreign policy in Eastern EuropeJacques Bazen
This document discusses the history and evolution of geopolitical theory from the 17th century to the present. It covers key thinkers and their theories on maintaining balance of power in Europe, the importance of land and sea powers, and controlling strategic territories. It analyzes how geopolitics influenced world events like the World Wars and Cold War. It also examines 21st century challenges like tensions between Russia and the West over Ukraine, and debates the ongoing relevance of classic geopolitical frameworks.
This document outlines the development of geopolitics theory over 5 stages: 1) The late 19th/early 20th century race for imperial hegemony by theorists like Mackinder, Mahan, and Ratzel; 2) German Geopolitik in the 1920s-30s led by Haushofer to justify German expansionism; 3) American geopolitics in the post-WW2 era emphasizing containment of the Soviet Union; 4) The Cold War period saw both state-centric theories focused on balance of power and universalist theories examining global economic and environmental systems; 5) Post-Cold War theories debated American hegemony, globalization, and clashes of civilizations.
Geopolitics is the study of how geography influences politics and international relations. It examines how factors like territory, population, location of resources, and climate affect power relationships between states. The document provides examples of important geographic features like straits, canals, and land territories that have strategic geopolitical significance due to their role in international trade and military power projection. It also summarizes different historical theories and schools of thought regarding geopolitics and provides brief overviews of the geopolitical interests and concerns of countries like the US, China, and Canada.
The document discusses the relevance of Alfred Thayer Mahan's geopolitical theories in the 21st century. It analyzes Mahan's key tenets on sea power and its importance for national success. Using tools like DIME analysis and comparisons between countries, it evaluates if concepts like control of trade routes and naval strength still apply. While Mahan's ideas retain relevance, the document concludes that land and air transport are improving and may one day rival sea power, lessening the complete validity of Mahan's theories in the modern context.
This document provides summaries of several key thinkers in classical geopolitics, including Friedrich Ratzel, Frederick Jackson Turner, Friedrich Naumann, Rudolf Kjellen, and Halford MacKinder. It discusses their major theories and concepts. Ratzel introduced ideas of states expanding their Lebensraum (living space) and saw Germany needing access to the sea for trade and naval power. Turner's frontier thesis argued the frontier shaped America's character. Naumann proposed a Central Europe bloc dominated by Germany. Kjellen built on Ratzel's work and emphasized German racial and cultural superiority. MacKinder theorized about the geopolitical heartland of Eurasia and periods of land and sea power influencing global control.
Heartland theory
History of Heartland Theory:
Theory of Heartland
1919 modifications
1943 modification and concept of Midland Basin
Why Eastern Europe
Importance
Success and failures
Containment
Criticism
RIMLAND THEORY
THEORY
Spykman’s division of the world
Mackinder vs Spykman
Criticism
the topic of the presentation is the China Factors on Myanmar that focus on the China-Myanmar Relations history and analysis on current challenges among the Burmese.
Contemporary conflicts and geopolitics interestsFaris Kasim
Presentation given to a class of UMN alumni, as one lecture in a prospective class on contemporary global issues.
Please note that images and text used in this powerpoint were taken from the internet but have not been cited in this version.
Strategic important of Myanmar (Burmese)aungkokotoe
This paper is the political science students' thesis paper and write by Burmese. The paper focus on the geopolitics of Myanmar and point out the strategic important factors for Burma between China and India.
Geopolitics and geostrategy dynamics in asia pacific region amidst covid 19Sampe Purba
this presentation showing how the BRI - Belt Road Initiative of PRC is a game changer in Asia Pacific major actors. Renaming of Pacific command to be Indo Pacific command by US reflecting the shifting of center of gravity in the region
The Rimland is a concept championed by Nicholas John Spykman, professor of international relations at Yale University. To him geopolitics is the planning of the security policy of a country in terms of its geographical factors. He described the maritime fringe of a country or continent; in particular the densely populated western, southern, and eastern edges of the Eurasian continent.
Mackinder in 1904 to the Royal Geographical Society that advances his heartland theory
03 the main theories in international relationsfatima d
The document provides an overview of the key theories in International Relations: liberal internationalism, realism, and Marxism. It discusses the origins and assumptions of each theory. Liberal internationalism developed after WWI to explain the causes of the war and promote international cooperation and democracy. However, its failure to prevent WWII led to the rise of realist theories emphasizing state power and self-interest. Realism views the international system as anarchic and states as primarily concerned with survival. Major variants include classical, structural, and offensive realism. Marxist theories examine international politics through the lens of class conflict and economic exploitation between states.
1) Foreign policy refers to a government's strategy for dealing with other nations and can be influenced by both the President and Congress through various actions.
2) The document examines key foreign economic challenges faced by the Carter administration such as inflation, oil shortages, and a declining dollar that impacted U.S. strength at home and abroad.
3) NATO plays a role in foreign policy by undertaking crisis management operations through diplomatic conflict resolution or under a UN mandate, while also encouraging defense industry cooperation among allies.
The document discusses the future of Myanmar and the role of its military. It covers several topics:
1. The history of Myanmar's political system, shifting from parliamentary democracy to military dictatorship to the current transition period.
2. The relationship between the military and political systems in Myanmar and other countries. In Myanmar currently the military still maintains significant political power through reserved positions and control of key ministries.
3. The challenges Myanmar faces in transitioning to a stable democratic system, including issues of legitimacy for the government, militant culture within the military, poverty, and power struggles during the transition period.
4. The roles and influences of the military within Myanmar and other countries,
The document summarizes the territorial disputes over islands and waters in the South China Sea between China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. It discusses China's "nine-dash line" claim over much of the region that was rejected by an international tribunal in 2016 in a case brought by the Philippines. The ruling found that China had violated the Philippines' sovereign rights, and that none of the features China occupied qualified as islands under international law. However, China and its ally Pakistan have rejected the tribunal's ruling.
Present at Symposium on South East Asian Security (SSEAS) : Non-Traditional Security Issues (NTS) -13 Sep 2010- Topic Non-Traditional Security : Trends and Issues
Geopolitik originated as a uniquely German school of geostrategy that developed after German unification in the late 19th century. Key figures who influenced the development of Geopolitik included Otto von Bismarck, Wilhelm II, and later Adolf Hitler. Central concepts of German racial identity and the pursuit of economic dominance of territory demonstrate continuity between the German Empire and Nazi periods. Germany pursued expansionist policies aimed at revising the international system to gain more territory and power, including the concept of Mitteleuropa to dominate Central and Eastern Europe economically under German leadership.
1. The document provides an overview of geopolitical issues related to emerging economies, globalization, and infrastructure development. It discusses topics like the Arab Spring, oil pipelines in the Middle East and Central Asia, the conflict between Greece and Turkey, and economic trends in countries like Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
2. Key infrastructure projects mentioned include gas pipelines between countries, proposed railways to connect the West Bank and Gaza, and investments aimed at linking economies across regions.
3. Geopolitical challenges covered involve territorial disputes, the potential for political instability to impact energy markets, and how infrastructure can influence statehood and economic viability.
This document appears to be from a chapter in a textbook on political geography. It covers several key concepts in political geography including geopolitics, boundaries and frontiers, politics at the poles, boundary formation, and the geopolitics and world order. It discusses topics like nation-states, sovereignty, imperialism, and decolonization. It also includes figures and applies knowledge questions relating to these geographic and political concepts.
The document discusses changing global superpowers over time. From 1800-1918, the British Empire was the dominant global superpower, controlling 25% of the world's land area at its peak. From 1918-1945 power transitioned between countries as the US and USSR rose. From 1945-1990 it was a bi-polar world dominated by the US and USSR during the Cold War period. Since 1990, the US has been the sole superpower but others like the EU and China are increasingly powerful. The future is predicted to be multi-polar with multiple regional powers.
This document discusses geographic perspectives in geopolitics. It defines geopolitics as the study of how geographical factors influence state behavior and positions in the international hierarchy. It presents several geographic theories including core-periphery theory, which divides states into powerful core states or less developed periphery states. It also discusses Mackinder's Heartland Theory and Pan-Region concepts. Finally, it analyzes different perspectives in geopolitical thinking, such as environmental possibilism, probabilism, and cognitive behaviorism, and how geography provides both opportunities and constraints for states.
With the world’s maritime transport system at the forefront of globalization, the emergence of a new sea lane would have global consequences. The major trading powers of Europe and Asia, particularly Germany and China, are preparing their strategies and capabilities in anticipation of the possible opening of one such new sea lane, the Northern Sea Route (NSR), to regular commercial transit.
Urban Boomerangs: Critical Geopolitics and the ‘Long War’Stephen Graham
This document summarizes Stephen Graham's work on "Urban Boomerangs" and the geopolitical impacts of the "Long War" on urban areas. It discusses (1) how colonial models and security/carceral techniques developed for controlling colonial populations were later brought back and used internally in Western cities, (2) the portrayal of cities as "chaotic, ruined, and repellent" threats in need of security architectures and anticipatory targeting, and (3) how urban surveillance and control technologies initially developed for colonial "Others" are increasingly turned inward on domestic populations.
Natural regions are areas of Earth's surface that are homogenous in terms of conditions that affect human life, such as climate. Climate is the most important factor influencing vegetation, animal life, and human occupation. The world can be divided into natural regions based on similarities in climate, vegetation, animal life, and human activities. There are five major natural regions defined by climate: equatorial, tropical, warm temperate, cool temperate, and polar. Studying natural regions provides a more logical understanding of global patterns than political units.
The document summarizes 16 different tactics used by the Mongol military forces under Genghis Khan. Some of the key tactics included splitting forces into small, scattered groups to avoid being surrounded (#1 Crow Soldiers); using cavalry charges and flanking maneuvers to break enemy formations (#2, #10, #16); employing mounted archers to weaken enemies from a distance before finishing them off in close combat (#3, #13); and dividing forces to stage surprise attacks after feigning retreats (#7, #9). Overall, the Mongol tactics emphasized speed, maneuverability, and exploiting weaknesses in opponents' defenses and formations.
Describe the key concept and process of critical thinking especially shows six level of critical thinking. The purpose of paper is able to summarize and conclude for critical thinking.
Brief History of National League for Democracy (Burmese)aungkokotoe
Describe the brief history and the stand point of National League for Democracy in Myanmar's political History.
This paper is the thesis paper of a student of International relations diploma class in Mandalay University.
This document discusses gender inequality around the world. It provides statistics showing that women on average earn less than men, even when accounting for time off to raise children. Women also have less access to high-paying jobs and face barriers to advancement. Gender roles and expectations vary widely by culture and region, with some areas having greater restrictions on women's participation in public life, education, and politics. Overall, while conditions for women have improved in some places, gender inequality persists worldwide in terms of wages, leadership opportunities, and quality of life factors like health outcomes and risk of poverty.
15. NECS 2016_ Investment opportunities in tourism in NER Mr.Gautam ChinteyFICCINorthEast
Presentation made at 3rd Northeast Connectivity Summit,2016 Investment opportunities in tourism in NER by Mr. Gautam Chintey, Advisor, North East Council
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
ulugbek mirzokhidov mustaqil ishi geosiyosat.pptxUlugbek7
The document provides an overview of geopolitics and summarizes some of the key thinkers in classical geopolitics. It defines geopolitics as the study of how geography influences international politics and relations. It then summarizes the contributions of several influential geopolitical theorists including Friedrich Ratzel's concept of Lebensraum, Alfred Thayer Mahan's emphasis on sea power, and Halford Mackinder's Heartland Theory about the geopolitical advantages of controlling Eurasia.
Geopolitics is the study of how geography influences international politics and relations. It examines factors like location, topography, demography, and natural resources. Classical geopolitical thinkers like Friedrich Ratzel, Alfred Thayer Mahan, and Halford Mackinder developed influential theories. Ratzel viewed states as organic entities that naturally expand. Mahan emphasized the importance of naval power and sea trade. Mackinder proposed the Heartland Theory, where whoever controls the strategically located Heartland region of Eurasia would dominate the world.
This document summarizes the development of geopolitics as an academic field. It discusses several influential early theorists including Friedrich Ratzel who developed the concept of Lebensraum, Rudolf Kjellen who coined the term "geopolitics", and Halford Mackinder who developed the heartland theory. It also discusses the three main schools of geopolitical thought - the sea power school exemplified by Alfred Thayer Mahan, the land power school developed by Mackinder, and the emerging air power school. Later geopoliticians like Karl Haushofer and Nicholas Spykman further refined and challenged earlier theories. Overall it traces the evolution of geopolitics from its roots in political geography to its influence on world
Conceptual development of Heartland and Rimland theories with special referen...ZenicaBarnwal
Rimland and Heartland theories relevance in today's world with a case study of south china sea. With objectives of to provide a brief overview of the Heartland and the Rimland Theory and to highlight their key differences with a perspective of Eurasia.
To discuss relevance of Rimland in the present world with the help of a case study.
Mackinder proposed a geopolitical theory of global power centered on control of the "World Island" of Europe, Asia, and Africa. He defined the "pivot area" or "heartland" of this region as the central axis of political domination, stretching from Germany to China. Whoever controlled this strategic region at the heart of the World Island, in Mackinder's view, would thereby control the entire world.
This is the review of book ' Revenge of Geography' written by Robert D. Kaplan. The book is a really good read for those who are interested to know about Geopolitics and role of Geography as a tool for foreign policy. the book has so many historical examples which are connected to the present and provide predictions for the future. The review is short while book is more intricate, explanatory and entertaining.
1. Several social science disciplines emerged during the Enlightenment period of the 17th-18th centuries, including anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, and psychology.
2. These disciplines were founded on rational and scientific principles rather than religious authority, and asked important questions about human nature, societies, cultures, languages, economies, politics, and behavior.
3. Early scholars in each discipline lacked modern methods of data collection and analysis, but laid the groundwork for systematic study of their respective topics through philosophical inquiry and reasoning.
Historical Context: Emergence of Social Science Disciplinesjessie salvilla
1. Several social science disciplines emerged during the Enlightenment period of the 17th-18th centuries, including anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, and psychology.
2. These disciplines were founded on rational and scientific principles rather than religious authority, and asked important questions about human nature, societies, languages, economies, and politics.
3. Early scholars in each discipline lacked modern methods of data collection and analysis, but laid the philosophical groundwork for the systematic study of these topics.
The document discusses the history and construction of the Panama Canal. It describes how the French initially tried and failed to build the canal in the late 1800s due to tropical diseases. Under President Roosevelt, the US took over the project. Key people involved included Colonel William Gorgas, who helped eradicate tropical diseases, and Colonel George Goethals, the chief engineer who devised a lock system to raise boats through the mountains instead of cutting straight through. The canal was finally completed in 1914 and transformed global trade by providing a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
TOWARDS A GEOPOLITICAL UNDERSTANDING OF ISLAMICJERUSALEM DURING THE A YYOBID ...islamicjerusalem
This document provides a summary and analysis of an academic journal article about the geopolitical significance of Islamic Jerusalem during the Ayyubid period. It discusses three cases where Ayyubid sultans handed over control of the city to Crusaders during times of political disorder. The document reviews relevant geopolitical theories, including Mackinder's Heartland Model and Ratzel's Lebensraum Theory, to provide context for analyzing the Ayyubid foreign policy regarding Jerusalem and its relationship to Egypt and the Levant region. The goal is to understand why Jerusalem was at times deemed "expendable" by Ayyubid rulers facing military or political crises.
The Heartland Theory proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder divided the world into three zones: the Heartland (Eurasia), the Inner Crescent (coastal regions surrounding the Heartland), and the Outer Crescent (remaining landmasses). Mackinder argued that whoever controlled the Heartland would control the world, and predicted power struggles between land and sea powers, with land powers ultimately prevailing. While the theory helped predict World Wars I and II, it oversimplified geopolitics and did not anticipate many later geopolitical developments.
China's Naval Strategy: Strategic Evolution and Emerging Concepts of WarfarePierre Memheld
This document analyzes China's growing naval strategy in relation to its rising national interests and global influence. It discusses how China's strategic thinking has increasingly focused on securing its maritime interests and sea lanes, given its long coastline and dependence on international shipping routes. The document outlines how China's naval strategy is aimed at achieving command of the seas near its coast and expanding the defensive depth of its waters. It explores how concepts like "sea rights" in Chinese strategic thinking relate to asserting sovereignty over disputed territories and protecting expanding national economic interests in global waters. The document examines how China's naval development is driven by its shifting priorities from land to sea as its economy has become more globally oriented.
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GEOPOLITICS
THE GEOGARPHY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
OVERVIEW
• FOUR PILLARS OF POWER
• 1) MILITARY STRENGTH AND THE WILLINGNESS TO USE IT
• – This period of transition from a world dominated by superpowers to a polycentric power
system is marked by significant changes in the nature of warfare. The United States, by far the
world’s strongest traditional military power, has overwhelming strength in tanks, aircraft, naval
fleets, and superbly equipped armed forces. Nevertheless, it failed to attain its political goals in
Iraq and Afghanistan as guerrilla warfare and terrorism has torn those two countries apart. The
lessons learned from America’s military experience in Iraq and Afghanistan are twofold. First, soft
power may yield greater success than warfare, and second, weapons of warfare are radically
changing. In wars against guerillas and terrorists, drones– unmanned aerial vehicles and
unmanned ground vehicles, combined with special strike forces and cyber warfare, have proven
more effective than traditional weapons and massed armed forces.
FOUR PILLARS OF POWER
• 2) The second pillar, economic capacity, is even more important than the military. The United
States, Europe, and Japan have yet to recover fully from the coronavirus pandemic of
2020-2021. This is reflected in the caution which Washington has recently displayed in
responding to political and military crises throughout the world.
• 3) The third pillar is ideological leadership. Americans have taken pride in their ideals, which are a
blend of the principles of freedom of expression and religion, concern for human rights, the
rewards of free enterprise, and the practice of democracy in governance. Since the founding of
the republic, these principles have been widely embraced throughout the world.
• 4) The fourth pillar is political cohesiveness. In the United states the recent stalemate between
the two major parties has been a factor in undermining America’s ability to provide international
leadership.
HIERARCHICAL ORDER OF POWER
• Instead of a world ordered by superpowers, an international
geopolitical system that is emerging is polycentric and polyarchic.
• Polycentric means having more than one center as of development or
control and polyarchic is a from of government in which power is
invested in multiple people.
• 1) The major powers are first-order states with the capacities and
ambitions to expand their influence beyond the region they are
located. The United States, China, the European Union, Russia, and
Japan are major powers.
HIERARCHICAL ORDER OF POWER
• 2) Regional Powers such as Iran, Turkey, Australia, and South Africa
are representative examples of regional powers. While their reach
currently is regional, they have the potential to become major
powers.
• 3) A third order of states has also arisen– those with unique
ideological or cultural capacities to influence their neighbors.
Examples include Cuba and North Korea ...
This document discusses the British school of modern geographical thought. It outlines several key founders and contributors, including Halford Mackinder who formulated the heartland theory of geopolitics. It also discusses Patrick Geddes and his concepts of region and conurbation. Later contributors applied more quantitative and statistical analysis, like Richard Chorley and Peter Haggett who advanced models and theories using new techniques. In conclusion, the document traces how the British school evolved from early environmental determinism to incorporate more nuanced regional and inter-regional analysis, and eventually quantitative and positivist approaches.
This document discusses human habitat and geography. It describes four spheres that make up Earth's surface: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Geography is defined as the study of Earth and its relationship to life, land, sea, air, and how plants, animals, and humans are distributed and relate to each other. The document outlines geography as a natural science, social science, and part of the humanities. It also discusses subfields of geography like climatology, biogeography, geomorphology, and mathematical geography.
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2. Branches of oceanography
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Eurasian Geopolitics and Emerging Trends of Naval Aviation in Indian Oceancherie22579
This document discusses the strategic importance of the Eurasian region and Indian Ocean, which are seen as a single area of geopolitical interest in the 21st century. It notes that naval aviation capabilities are becoming an increasingly influential factor in the geopolitical competition in the region. The emergence of naval aviation has changed approaches to projecting political and military influence over sea. While classical theorists like Mahan and Mackinder saw the Eurasian landmass and Indian Ocean as separate, today they are viewed as a combined region due to factors like increased trade, population growth, and energy flows. The document examines emerging trends in naval aviation and their implications for regional stability, with a focus on the strategic competition unfolding in the Indian Ocean.
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2. The Term “Geopolitics”
Relation between Politics and Territory.
Comprises the art and practice of
analyzing , prescribing, forecasting
and the using of political power over a
given territory.
3. Geopolitics
Geopolitics is the study of the effects of
geography (both human and physical) on
international politics and international
relation.
Geopolitics = Geography + Politics
Geopolitics is Macro-politics as widely
and broadly.
Political Geography is Micro-politics that
have study as detail of Geographical
Ingredients.
4. Geopolitics traditionally studies the links
between political power and geographic
space, and examines strategic prescriptions
based on the relative importance of land
power and sea power in world history.
5. The Most Famous Geopolitics
Theorist.
Alfred Thayar Mahan - Sea Power Nation
Sir Halford Mackinder – Heartland Theory
Nicholas Spyman – Rimland Theory
Friedrich Ratzel – Political Geography
Samuel Huntington – Clash of Civilization
9. Typical Characteristics of Geopolitics are -
- Location, (Esp; Strategic Location)
- Size,
- Climate,
- Topography (Study of the surface
shape and feature of the Earth.)
- Demography (Study of Human
Population) and
- Natural Resources.
10. There is the Two Types of Boundaries.
1. Natural Boundary
2. Artificial Boundary
13. • Major Region
North America
Latin America
Asia Pacific
Western, Central and Eastern
Europe
Middle East
Africa
14. Determination of International
Boundaries.
3 Stages of Boundary Determination.
1. Definition of the Boundary
2. Delimitation of the Boundary and
3. Demarcation of the Boundary.
15. Definition of the Boundary
အၾကမ္ု ဖ်င္ု နယနိမိတ္သ တ္မွတ္္ု ခင္ု
Delimination of the Boundary
ေုု မပံုု ုင္ု စာခ် ်ဳပစာတ္မ္ု ေုပၚတတ္င္
နယနိမိတ္သ တ္မွတ္္ု ခင္ု
Demarcation of the Boundary
ေုု မ ပင္ေုပၚတတ္င္ နယနိမိတ္သ တ္မွတ္္ု ခင္ု
17. Continuous Zone - "infringement of its customs,
fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations
within its territory or territorial sea".
exclusive economic zone, including fishing, mining,
oil exploration, and any pollution of those
resources.
18.
19. Three Concepts of Power
1. Land Power
2. Sea Power
3. Air Power
20. Land Power
Sea Power
Air Power
Heartland
Theory
Rimland
Theory
Mackinder
Spyman
Mahan
Technological Advantage
29. Wide
Middle
Small
Size
1. Pro-rupted Shape
2. Fragmented Shape
3. Perforated Shape
4. Compacted Shape
5. Elongated Shape
Shape
I. Open
II. Close
III. Island
30. Geographical size and location are the
natural sources of power recognized
first by international relation theorists.
A large geographic expanse gives a state
automatic power.
For Example,
1. Russia 5. India
2. China 6. Canada
3. USA 7. Brazil
4. Australia
31. Long Borders
May be weakness
Must be defended
An expensive
Often problem task
32. Natural Resources
- 2nd Source of Natural Power
Controlling a large geographic
expanse is not a positive ingredient
of power unless that expanse
contains natural resources.
Petroleum-exporting states
- Kuwait, Qatar, UAE
which are geographically small.
33. States need oil and are ready to pay
dearly for it, and will even go to war
when access to it is denied.
Since 2006, Russia has used that power
potential , cutting off natural gas
supplies to Ukraine and hence slowing
supplies to Europe, which gets one-
quarter of its gas through Ukraine.
34. The absence of natural resources does
not mean that a state has no power
potential .
However, Japan is not rich in natural
resources, but it has parlayed other
elements of power so as to make itself
an economic powerhouse.
35. Population is a third natural source of power.
- China (1.3 Billion)
- India (1.2 Billion)
- USA (307 million)
Automatically give power potential and often great
power.
States with small, highly educated, skilled
populations can fill large Economic Power.
Such as
- Switzerland
- Norway
- Austria and Singapore.
States with large but relative poor population, such as
Ethiopia (with 79 million people but GNP of only $800
per capital), can exercise less power.
36. Two Debate
Mackinder and Spyman
Mahan
Location
Base on Land
Base on Sea
37. Two different views about the
importance of geography in
international relations emerged at the
turn of the century within the realist
tradition.
In the late 1890, the naval officer and
historian Alfred Mahan (1840-1914)
wrote of the importance of controlling
the sea.
The state that controls the ocean routes
controls the world.
38. In 1904, the British geographer Sir
Halford Mackinder (1861-1947)
countered the Mahan’s View.
To Mackinder,
The State that had the most power was
the one that controlled the Eurasian
geographic “Heartland”.
39. Russia’s lack of easy access to the sea
and its resultant inability to wield naval
power have been viewed as persistent
weaknesses in that country’s power
potential.
40. Sir Halford John
Mackinder (15 February
1861 – 6 March 1947)
was an English
geographer and Director
of the London School of
Economics
who is regarded as one
of the founding fathers
of both geopolitics and
geo-strategy.
41. Heartland Theory
Who rules Eastern Europe commands
the Heartland of Eurasia.
Who rules the Heartland commands the
World Island of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Who rules the World Island commands
the World.
42. World Island or Core = Heartland = Eurasia + Africa
Periphery = Americas, the British & Oceania
Heartland (Pivot Area) – Central Europe, Ukraine, Western
Russian
43. Mackinder’s Theory –
Very influential during the two World
wars and the Cold War for Germany
and Russia.
Weakness; But many geographers came
to see as it’s over-reliance on
Environmental and technological
Determination.
44.
45. Nicholas John Spykman (1893–
1943) was a Dutch-American
geo-strategist.
A Sterling Professor of
International Relations, teaching
as part of the Institute for
International Studies at Yale
University, one of his prime
concerns was making his
students geographically
literate—geopolitics was
impossible without geographic
understanding.
He was married to the children's
novelist E. C. Spykman.
He died of cancer at the age of
49.
46. Rimland Theory
Who controls the rimland rules Eurasia;
Who rules Eurasia controls the destinies
of the world.
47. Alfred Thayer Mahan (September
27, 1840 – December 1, 1914) was
a United States Navy flag officer,
geostrategist, and historian, who
has been called "the most
important American strategist of
the nineteenth century.“
His concept of
"sea power" was based on the idea
that countries with greater naval
power will have greater worldwide
impact; it was most famously
presented in The Influence of Sea
Power Upon History, 1660–1783
(1890).
48. The concept had an enormous influence
in shaping the strategic thought of
navies across the world, especially in the
United States, Germany, Japan and
Britain, ultimately causing a European
naval arms race in the 1890s, which
included the United States.
His ideas still permeate the U.S. Navy
Doctrine.
50. Mahan believed that
national greatness was associated with the
sea, with its commercial usage in peace and its
control in war.
His goal was to discover the laws of history
that determined who controlled the seas.
His theoretical framework came from
an emphasis on strategic locations (such as
chokepoints, canals), as well as quantifiable
levels of fighting power in a fleet
51. The primary mission of
a navy was to secure the command of the sea.
This not only permitted the maintenance of sea
communications for one's own ships while denying
their use to the enemy but also, if necessary, provided
the means for close supervision of neutral trade.
This control of the sea could not be achieved by
destruction of commerce but only by destroying or
neutralizing the enemy fleet.
This called for concentration of naval forces
composed of capital ships, not unduly large but
numerous, well manned with crews thoroughly
trained, and operating under the principle that the
best defense is an aggressive offense.
52.
53.
54. Friedrich Ratzel’s Political
Geography
Analysis on the importance of
mobility and the move from sea
to rail transport.
But he failed to predict the
revolutionary impact of air
power.
55.
56. Control of Key Oceanic Choke
Points
The Straits of Malacca
Gibraltar
Hormuz
Dardanelles
The Persian Gulf
Suez
Panama Canals
- is viewed as a positive indicator of
Power potential.
65. Myanmar China India Bangladesh
Area (sq.km) total: 678,500 s
land: 657,740
water: 20,760
9,561,000 3,287,263 148,393
Population 52.8 Million 1351 Million 1237 Million 154.7 Million
Religion Buddhism Buddhism,
Taoism
Hindu,80.5% Islam, 83%
Government
Types
Communist
State
Federal
Republic
Parliamentary
Democracy
66. Land
boundaries:
total: 5,876 km
border countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China
2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km,
Thailand 1,800 km
Coastline: 1,930 km
Population: 42,909,464 (2005 est.)
Age
structure:
0-14 years: 27.2% (male 5,967,487/female 5,717,795)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male 14,448,887/female 14,641,419)
65 years and over: 5% (male 939,092/female 1,194,784)
(2005 est.)
70. Sino-Burma pipelines refers to planned oil and
natural gas pipelines linking Burma's deep-water port
of Kyaukphyu (Sittwe) in the Bay of Bengal with
Kunming in Yunnan province of China.
In December 2005, Petro China signed a deal with
Burma's Government to purchase natural gas over a
30 year period.
The oil pipeline will have a capacity of 12 million tons
of crude oil per year. It would diversify China's crude
oil imports routes from the Middle East and Africa,
and avoid traffic through the Strait of Malacca
71. The second problem
is that 80 % of China’s
imported oil goes
through the Straits of
Malacca
They fear that the
USA or India in the
future could use that
as a chock point and
cut of China’s import
of Oil
72.
73.
74. Geopolitical Role of Dewei deep Sea port
Dawei, located in Southern Myanmar, on the
Andaman coast facing the Indian Ocean – long been a
strategic prize
In Nov 2010, Myanmar Port Authority signed a USD
$8.6 billion deal with Italian-Thai Development
Myanmar’s First Special Economic Zone
A deep sea port stretching 250 sq km (97 sq mile)
industrial estate including a steel mill, fertilizer plant
and a coal fired power station and oil refinery
Japanese Nippon Steel – said to be a potential
investor in the Dawei port project including a coal
fired power plant, an industrial center, oil and gas
pipelines and an eight-lane highway.
75.
76. Geopolitical Role of Dewei deep Sea port
Gateway to Indo-China and potentially the world
biggest industrial estate
Sea and land (railway and road) infrastructure links to
Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam
Myanmar & Thailand – Construction of a 130 km road
from the Dawei port to Thailand – almost complete
10 year project involving Thailand and Myanmar
totaling US$ 8 billion
Thailand’s hope to create a more efficient, less
congested route for its exports to Europe and the
Middle East
Dawei port – 10 times the size of Laem Chabang,
Thailand’s largest port on the Gulf of Thailand
77. Geopolitical Role of Dewei deep Sea port
Dawei Development Project – invigorate the country’s
impoverished economy and revolutionize regional
trade
Pipelines will transport gas from the coast of western
Rakhine state and oil from the Middle East and Africa
across the country to China
Dawei – a “short cut” for crude oil coming into
Southeast Asia from the Middle East
The port project – could create up to 100,000 jobs
78.
79. Myanmar’s Coastline – 1300 Miles
Have the Close position from North to India Ocean
Best the get of Natural Sunlight on this Ocean where
Growth water organism
Sufficient for Food Security at Military and Economic
80. Summary
China Centric
Sino-Burma Pipeline
Dawei Deep Sea port
What taken to National Interest for Myanmar to
use Geopolitics Advantage Between China and
India?