The document summarizes the progression and spread of the Industrial Revolution from its origins in England. It began in the late 18th century with textiles, iron production, and steam power (Phase 1). Phase 2 from 1860-1914 saw developments in steel, chemicals, railroads, and gasoline engines. Post-WWII was Phase 3 with computers, miniaturization, and automation. England's geographic resources like coal and iron ore, as well as political and economic advantages like its banking system, allowed it to take the lead. Innovations like Watt's steam engine and coke smelting of iron then spread across Europe, initially to nearby areas with coal like the Low Countries and Ruhr Valley, then strengthening manufacturing hubs like

2. Industries and
Services
Chapter 12

4. Where did the Industrial Revolution
begin, and how did it Diffuse?

5. 1730s to 1860s First Phase of the Industrial Revolution.
Textiles, Iron Production, Steam Power
1860s to 1914 Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution
Steel, Chemicals, Railroads, Gasoline Engine, and
mass production.
Post WWII Third Phase of the Industrial Revolution
high technology-computerization, miniaturization
and automation
Industrial Revolution:
dramatic innovations in manufacturing, mining,
transportation and communication that results
in rapid changes in society and commerce

6. Flow of Capital into Europe, 1775-Needed flow of capital in
order to fuel the industrial revolution.

7. Textiles
Production:
Liverpool and
Manchester
Iron
Production:
Birmingham
Coal Mining:
Newcastle

8. Why England?
• Geographic Advantages:
– Island-not invaded
– Resources-coal, iron ore,
water power, rivers
• Political Advantages:
– Stable government-
encouraged business
• Cultural Advantages:
– Entrepreneurs willing to
take a risk & inventors. A
monopoly of skilled
workers

9. •Economic Advantages:
–Banking system and
available capital
–The Agricultural
Revolution and Enclosure
Movement -supply of
cheap and abundant
labor.
–A large merchant fleet
was protected by an
efficient navy.
–Mercantilism-colonies
provided sources of raw
materials and markets.

10. James Watt’s improved
steam made steam power
A versatile form of energy
for mining, iron production,
transportation and even,
the milling of flour and
brewing of beer.

11. • Abraham Darby ‘s coking
process, which baked the
impurities from coal,
gradually replaced scarce
charcoal as the fuel for
iron production.
• Pictured at right are
some of the original
coking ovens in
Northumberland,
England.

12. The Iron Bridge, the
world’s first bridge
built of iron

13. Transportation-Railroads

14. The first Railroad in England opened in 1825 and by 1830 Manchester and Lancaster were
connected by rail

15. Diffusion to Mainland Europe
• Early 1800s innovations
diffused to mainland
Europe-Low Countries &
Germany
– Location criteria-proximity
to coal fields
– Connection to a water port
• Latter Diffusion in late
1800s innovations
– Location criteria-access to
railroads strengthened
Paris and London as
manufacturing centers

16. Over 50% of goods entering Europe arrive at two ports in the Netherlands

17. Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution

18. Diffusion to Mainland Europe
• A belt of coal fields stretch
along southern edge of North
European Plain-northern
France, Netherlands, German
Ruhr, western Bohemia &
Silesia
• Rotterdam, Netherlands-
located on the Rhine-connects
Ruhr Valley to the sea-most
important port of Europe
• Paris-luxury items-jewelry,
perfume, fashions plus
metallurgy and chemicals-
LeHavre major port connects
Paris with the sea

19. Diffusion of
Industrial
Revolution

21. The Paris Basin is the Industrial base of France. Rouen (above)
is at the head of navigation point on the Seine River.