NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES ARE USEFUL FOR FINDING DEFECTS LIKE CRACKS,POROSITY,FLAWS,BLOWHOLES IN MATERIALS WITHOUT DESTRUCTING COMPONENT. IT IS ALSO USEFUL FOR TAKING DECISIONS RELATED TO QUALITY OF MATERIAL OR PRODUCT. Non destructive testing includes study and testing of components by various methods such as dye penetration test, eddy current test, magnetic particle test, ndt, radiography test, ultrasonic test.
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES ARE USEFUL FOR FINDING DEFECTS LIKE CRACKS,POROSITY,FLAWS,BLOWHOLES IN MATERIALS WITHOUT DESTRUCTING COMPONENT. IT IS ALSO USEFUL FOR TAKING DECISIONS RELATED TO QUALITY OF MATERIAL OR PRODUCT. Non destructive testing includes study and testing of components by various methods such as dye penetration test, eddy current test, magnetic particle test, ndt, radiography test, ultrasonic test.
Introduction to NDT and Visual Inspection Hareesh K
This presentation will gives you basic idea about Non destructive testing and brief detail about Visual Inspection Technique.This topic is included in UG level Mechanical Engineering Syllabus by all top Indian Universities
NDT-Nondestructive testing is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or system. In other words, when the inspection or test is completed the part can still be used.
Acoustic Emission (AE) refers to the generation of transient elastic waves produced by a sudden redistribution of stress in a material. When a structure is subjected to an external stimulus (change in pressure, load, or temperature), localized sources trigger the release of energy, in the form of stress waves, which propagate to the surface and are recorded by sensors. With the right equipment and setup, motions on the order of picometers (10 -12 m) can be identified. Sources of AE vary from natural events like earthquakes and rockbursts to the initiation and growth of cracks, slip and dislocation movements, melting, twinning, and phase transformations in metals. In composites, matrix cracking and fiber breakage and debonding contribute to acoustic emissions. AE’s have also been measured and recorded in polymers, wood, and concrete, among other materials.
The discovery of X-rays and the phenomenon of radioactivity and their application to the examination of objects provided the starting point for the advancement of industrial radiography. This technique is one of the most widely used for the detection of internal defects such as voids and porosity. Planar defects can also be detected by radiography with some proper orientation. Radiography is also suitable for detecting changes in material composition, thickness measurements and locating unwanted or defective components hidden from view in an assembled part.
Introduction to NDT and Visual Inspection Hareesh K
This presentation will gives you basic idea about Non destructive testing and brief detail about Visual Inspection Technique.This topic is included in UG level Mechanical Engineering Syllabus by all top Indian Universities
NDT-Nondestructive testing is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or system. In other words, when the inspection or test is completed the part can still be used.
Acoustic Emission (AE) refers to the generation of transient elastic waves produced by a sudden redistribution of stress in a material. When a structure is subjected to an external stimulus (change in pressure, load, or temperature), localized sources trigger the release of energy, in the form of stress waves, which propagate to the surface and are recorded by sensors. With the right equipment and setup, motions on the order of picometers (10 -12 m) can be identified. Sources of AE vary from natural events like earthquakes and rockbursts to the initiation and growth of cracks, slip and dislocation movements, melting, twinning, and phase transformations in metals. In composites, matrix cracking and fiber breakage and debonding contribute to acoustic emissions. AE’s have also been measured and recorded in polymers, wood, and concrete, among other materials.
The discovery of X-rays and the phenomenon of radioactivity and their application to the examination of objects provided the starting point for the advancement of industrial radiography. This technique is one of the most widely used for the detection of internal defects such as voids and porosity. Planar defects can also be detected by radiography with some proper orientation. Radiography is also suitable for detecting changes in material composition, thickness measurements and locating unwanted or defective components hidden from view in an assembled part.
A brief overview of the processes involved in nanolithography & nanopatterning. It mainly discusses the steps, mechanism & instrumentation of the electron beam lithography in detail. It also gives a small view on other technologies as well.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
4. Radiography
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4
Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays
to view the internal structure of an object.
To create the image, a beam of X-rays, a form of
electromagnetic radiation, is produced by an X-ray
generator and is projected toward the object.
5. Radiography
The radiation used in radiography testing is a
higher energy (shorter wavelength) version of
the electromagnetic waves that we
see as visible light. The radiation can come
from an X-ray generator or a radioactive
source.
High Electrical Potential
Electrons
-+
X-ray Generator
or Radioactive
Source Creates
Radiation
Exposure Recording Device
Radiation
Penetrate
the Sample
6. Radiographic Testing (RT)
16-Oct-18SUKESH O P/ APME/JECC
6
Industrial radiography is a method of non-
destructive testing where many types of manufactured
components can be examined to verify the internal
structure and integrity of the specimen.
Industrial Radiography can be performed utilizing
either X-rays or gamma rays. Both are forms of
electromagnetic radiation.
Radiographic Testing (RT) – This method of
weld testing makes use of X-rays, produced by an X-
ray tube, or gamma rays, produced by a radioactive
isotope. The basic principle of radiographic inspection
of welds is the same as that for medical radiography.
7. Principles of Radiography
Top view of developed film
X-ray film
The part is placed between the radiation
source and a piece of film. The part will stop
some of the radiation. Thicker and more
dense area will stop more of the radiation.
= more exposure
= less exposure
The film darkness (density)
will vary with the amount of
radiation reaching the film
through the test object.
8. General Principles of Radiography
• The energy of the radiation affects its penetrating power.
Higher energy radiation can penetrate thicker and more
dense materials.
• The radiation energy and/or exposure time must be
controlled to properly image the region of interest.
Thin Walled Area
Low Energy Radiation High energy Radiation
10. Benefits of Radiographic Testing
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10
Can inspect assembled components
Minimum surface preparation required
Detects both surface and subsurface defects
Provides a permanent record of the inspection
Verify internal flaws on complex structures
Isolate and inspect internal components
Automatically detect and measure internal flaws
Measure dimensions and angles within the sample without
sectioning
Sensitive to changes in thickness, corrosion, flaws and
material density changes
11. IDL 2001
Radiography has
sensitivity limitations
when detecting
cracks.
X-rays “see” a crack as a thickness variation and the larger the
variation, the easier the crack is to detect.
Optimum
Angle
Flaw Orientation
= easy to
detect
= not easy
to detect
When the path of the x-rays is not parallel to a crack, the thickness variation is
less and the crack may not be visible.
12. IDL 2001
0o 10o 20o
Since the angle between the radiation beam and a crack or other
linear defect is so critical, the orientation of defect must be well
known if radiography is going to be used to perform the
inspection.
Flaw Orientation (cont.)
13. Radiation Sources
Two of the most commonly used sources of radiation in
industrial radiography are x-ray generators and gamma ray
sources. Industrial radiography is often subdivided into “X-
ray Radiography” or “Gamma Radiography”, depending on
the source of radiation used.
14. Gamma Radiography
•Gamma rays are produced by
a radioisotope.
•A radioisotope has an
unstable nuclei that does not
have enough binding energy
to hold the nucleus together.
•The spontaneous breakdown
of an atomic nucleus resulting
in the release of energy and
matter is known as radioactive
decay.
15. Gamma Radiography (cont.)
•Most of the radioactive
material used in industrial
radiography is artificially
produced.
•This is done by subjecting
stable material to a source of
neutrons in a special nuclear
reactor. This process is called
activation.
16. Gamma Radiography (cont.)
Unlike X-rays, which are produced by
a machine, gamma rays cannot be
turned off. Radioisotopes used for
gamma radiography are
encapsulated to prevent leakage of
the material.
The radioactive “capsule” is
attached to a cable to form what is
often called a “pigtail.”
The pigtail has a special connector
at the other end that attaches to a
drive cable.
17. Gamma Radiography (cont.)
A device called a “camera” is used to store, transport and
expose the pigtail containing the radioactive material. The
camera contains shielding material which reduces the
radiographer’s exposure to radiation during use.
18. Gamma Radiography (cont.)
A hose-like device called
a guide tube is connected
to a threaded hole called
an “exit port” in the
camera.
The radioactive material
will leave and return to
the camera through this
opening when performing
an exposure!
19. Gamma Radiography (cont.)
A “drive cable” is connected to the
other end of the camera. This cable,
controlled by the radiographer, is
used to force the radioactive
material out into the guide tube
where the gamma rays will pass
through the specimen and expose
the recording device.
20. X-ray Radiography
Unlike gamma rays, x-rays are produced by an X-ray
generator system. These systems typically include an X-ray tube
head, a high voltage generator, and a control console.
21. X-ray Radiography (cont.)
• X-rays are produced by establishing a very high voltage
between two electrodes, called the anode and cathode.
• To prevent arcing, the anode and cathode are located inside
a vacuum tube, which is protected by a metal housing.
22. X-ray Radiography (cont.)
• The cathode contains a small filament
much the same as in a light bulb.
• Current is passed through the filament
which heats it. The heat causes
electrons to be stripped off.
• The high voltage causes these “free”
electrons to be pulled toward a target
material (usually made of tungsten)
located in the anode.
• The electrons impact against the
target. This impact causes an energy
exchange which causes x-rays to be
created.
High Electrical Potential
Electrons
-+
X-ray Generator
or Radioactive
Source Creates
Radiation
Exposure Recording Device
Radiation
Penetrate
the Sample
23. X ray source
16-Oct-18SUKESH O P/ APME/JECC
23
The energy required for this process is provided from
the generator , which is connected to an electrical circuit
system. A rectifier is also provided in the electrical
system, to convert the electrical energy from the
generator into the direct current(DC), which is being the
adequate form to be applied to the X-ray tube.
The quality and the quantity of the X-ray generation
are usually controlled by adjusting the electrical
parameters(such as voltage applied to the tube or
current flows through the tube) and exposure
time(usually a fraction of a second)
24. Production of x-rays
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24
Normally X-rays, are produced when fast moving
electrons are suddenly brought to rest by colliding
with matter.
During collision, the accelerated electrons therefore
lose their kinetic energy very rapidly at the surface
of the metal plate and energy conversion
consequently occurs. The kinetic energy of the
accelerated electrons ca be converted in 3 ways.
25. Production of x-rays
16-Oct-18SUKESH O P/ APME/JECC
25
1. A very small fraction I.E., less than 1% is converted
into X-radiation. The conversion factor f can be
estimated by an approximate empirical relation
f= 1.1×10-9 ZV
Where,
Z- atomic number of the target
V-energy of electron in volts
26. Production of x-rays
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26
2. Approx. 99% of energy of electrons is converted into
heat by increasing the thermal vibrations of the atoms
of the target, the temperature of which may
consequently rise considerably.
3. Some of electrons have sufficient energy to eject
orbital electrons from the atoms of the target material
which are ionized. The secondary electrons produced
in this way, may escape from the surface of the target
and subsequently be recaptured by it producing
further heat or secondary radiation.
27. High energy X-ray source or HEX
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27
High energy X-ray source or HEX rays are very
hard X-rays whose energy value is 1 MeV or more,
which is about one order of magnititude higher than
convectional X-rays.
This high energy X-rays are generally used when
examining thicker sections . Also, by using high
energy X-rays, the possibilities of large distance to
thickness ratios with correspondingly low
geometrical distortion, short production times and
high production rate can be achieved.
28. Benefits of HEX-rays
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28
High energy X-ray source has small focal spot size
which reduces the amount of high angle scattered
X-rays reaching the film, thus resulting in
radiographswith good contrast.
It has excellent penetrameter sensitivity and good
resolution.
29. Properties of X-Ray and Gamma ray
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29
They are invisible and travels at the speed of the light.
They propagate in a straight line and pass through
space without transference of matter,
They are not affected by electric and magnetic fields.
They are capable of ionizing gases and also changes
the electrical properties of solids and liquids.
They are capable of blackening photographic film
They exhibit wave properties and are reflected,
refracted, diffracted & polarized.