Poster prepared by Gizaw Desta, Menelik Getaneh and Amare Tsigie at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
This document establishes minimum standards for sedimentation tanks used at construction dewatering sites that discharge wastewater to the King County sanitary sewer system. It summarizes literature on sedimentation tank design principles and reviews two common portable sedimentation tank models. Minimum standards are selected for hydraulic retention time (1.5 hours), overflow rate (800-3,000 gallons per day per square foot), aspect ratio (3:1 to 5:1 length to width), and maximum sediment accumulation (18.75-37.5% of tank height). Tanks meeting these criteria along with proper monitoring of sediment levels are deemed the minimum treatment required for construction dewatering wastewater containing settleable solids.
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Tushar Dholakia
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM in Chambal Command, Rajasthan - Er. C.M. Tejawat, F.I.E., P. Eng., B.E. (Ag.), M.Sc. (Land Drainage Engineering) Deputy Director (Monitoring), CAD Chambal, Kota (Raj.)
The document discusses the design of surface drainage systems for agricultural areas. It covers estimating design surface runoff using methods like the Rational Method, considerations for layout of drainage networks including topography and minimizing costs, hydraulic design of surface drains using principles from open channel design, and provides an example problem to calculate design discharge capacities. Key aspects include sizing drains to carry peak runoff from drainage areas, using recurrence intervals to determine design storms, and factors that influence runoff generation from rainfall.
Real Time Downhole Flow Measurement SensorsSurajit Haldar
1. The document describes using a new coiled tubing real-time flow (CTRF) tool to measure bottom-hole parameters during an acid stimulation treatment of an open-hole horizontal water injector well in the Arab-D formation in Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia.
2. The CTRF tool directly measures fluid velocity and direction using heat transfer sensors, providing real-time data on flow distribution between zones to help optimize stimulation.
3. During the field operation, the CTRF tool was calibrated and used along with distributed temperature surveys (DTS) to identify high-flow zones for diversion and evaluate the treatment effectiveness. The intervention successfully improved well injectivity.
This document contains eight questions related to groundwater development and management. The questions cover topics such as remote sensing applications for groundwater assessment, equations relating freshwater outflow and interface length in confined and unconfined aquifers, seismic refraction methods, water balance equations, calculating drawdown and well yield, sieve analysis to determine aquifer material properties, and partial differential equations governing groundwater flow. Diagrams and detailed calculations are required to solve some of the problems.
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides instructions and guidelines for conducting sediment transport measurements in rivers, including suspended sediment and bed material sampling. It describes various types of sampling equipment used in India such as bottle samplers, depth-integrating samplers, and point-integrating samplers. Detailed operating procedures and safety precautions are provided for different sampling devices. The document also covers sediment analysis methods in the laboratory and quality control practices for field measurements and equipment calibration.
This document establishes minimum standards for sedimentation tanks used at construction dewatering sites that discharge wastewater to the King County sanitary sewer system. It summarizes literature on sedimentation tank design principles and reviews two common portable sedimentation tank models. Minimum standards are selected for hydraulic retention time (1.5 hours), overflow rate (800-3,000 gallons per day per square foot), aspect ratio (3:1 to 5:1 length to width), and maximum sediment accumulation (18.75-37.5% of tank height). Tanks meeting these criteria along with proper monitoring of sediment levels are deemed the minimum treatment required for construction dewatering wastewater containing settleable solids.
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Tushar Dholakia
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM in Chambal Command, Rajasthan - Er. C.M. Tejawat, F.I.E., P. Eng., B.E. (Ag.), M.Sc. (Land Drainage Engineering) Deputy Director (Monitoring), CAD Chambal, Kota (Raj.)
The document discusses the design of surface drainage systems for agricultural areas. It covers estimating design surface runoff using methods like the Rational Method, considerations for layout of drainage networks including topography and minimizing costs, hydraulic design of surface drains using principles from open channel design, and provides an example problem to calculate design discharge capacities. Key aspects include sizing drains to carry peak runoff from drainage areas, using recurrence intervals to determine design storms, and factors that influence runoff generation from rainfall.
Real Time Downhole Flow Measurement SensorsSurajit Haldar
1. The document describes using a new coiled tubing real-time flow (CTRF) tool to measure bottom-hole parameters during an acid stimulation treatment of an open-hole horizontal water injector well in the Arab-D formation in Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia.
2. The CTRF tool directly measures fluid velocity and direction using heat transfer sensors, providing real-time data on flow distribution between zones to help optimize stimulation.
3. During the field operation, the CTRF tool was calibrated and used along with distributed temperature surveys (DTS) to identify high-flow zones for diversion and evaluate the treatment effectiveness. The intervention successfully improved well injectivity.
This document contains eight questions related to groundwater development and management. The questions cover topics such as remote sensing applications for groundwater assessment, equations relating freshwater outflow and interface length in confined and unconfined aquifers, seismic refraction methods, water balance equations, calculating drawdown and well yield, sieve analysis to determine aquifer material properties, and partial differential equations governing groundwater flow. Diagrams and detailed calculations are required to solve some of the problems.
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides instructions and guidelines for conducting sediment transport measurements in rivers, including suspended sediment and bed material sampling. It describes various types of sampling equipment used in India such as bottle samplers, depth-integrating samplers, and point-integrating samplers. Detailed operating procedures and safety precautions are provided for different sampling devices. The document also covers sediment analysis methods in the laboratory and quality control practices for field measurements and equipment calibration.
This document provides guidance on measuring bed load, which is sediment moving along or near the streambed. It discusses bed load measurement frequency, techniques, and common bed load samplers. Specific techniques covered include the single-equal width increment method, multi-equal width increment method, and unequal-width increment method for collecting bed load samples across a cross section. Methods for computing bed load discharge from samples include the total cross-section method, mid-section method, and mean-section method. Common bed load samplers described are pressure difference winch-operated samplers suitable for shallow to medium deep waters, such as the Helley-Smith type sampler.
The document discusses various methods for measuring soil permeability in the field, including pumping tests, percolation tests, slug tests, and infiltrometer tests using single or double rings. Pumping tests involve pumping water from a well and measuring drawdown over time to calculate permeability. Percolation tests passively measure the rate of water infiltration into soil over several hours. Slug tests quickly raise and lower the water level in a well to determine how quickly the water level returns to equilibrium. Single and double ring infiltrometers measure infiltration rates using rings inserted into the soil surface.
Analytical modelling of groundwater wells and well systems: how to get it r...Anton Nikulenkov
Aquifer tests are probably the most widely used methods to obtain hydrogeological properties that are vital for any mine dewatering or environmental impact assessments. Numerous softwares and methods currently exist that provide quick and easy tests interpretation by fitting theoretical and measured drawdown curves. However, misinterpreting a-priory groundwater concepts and not accounting correctly for such factors as skin-effect, well storage or partial penetration may result in hydraulic conductivity errors by several hundred precents. As illustrated by case studies from WA, both numerical and analytical models generally suffer from non-uniqueness that can be overcome by understanding a-priory groundwater concepts and implementing them appropriately into the interpretation algorithms.
The presentation also discusses an analytical approach for well systems design. The methodology is presently incorporated in ANSDIMAT software package that is developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences. The method uses standard and research analytical solutions and it is based on the principle of superposition. Unlike numerical models, the method allows calculating drawdowns inside a pumping well and regional drawdowns, for example, on an open pit contour. A particle tracking component, incorporated into the methodology, provides a practical alternative to numerical models for simplified environmental impact assessments.
The document specifies requirements for a point integrating bottle suspended sediment sampler. The sampler is designed to manually take integrated samples in rivers, canals, and reservoirs. It must have a streamlined body with no protruding parts besides those for taking samples. A wading rod is also specified to hold the sampler at the required sampling depth underwater. Technical specifications include a maximum water velocity and depth of operation, manual operation, and maximum weight.
Water control structures can be either temporary or permanent. Temporary structures are only recommended where inexpensive labor and materials are available, as mechanization has reduced their practicality. Permanent structures use hard materials to dissipate water energy and are required where high velocities must be controlled. Common permanent structure types include drop spillways, chutes, pipe spillways, and culverts. The design of permanent structures must ensure adequate capacity to pass design flows and dissipate water energy without erosion.
Pumping Tests are conducted to examine the aquifer response, under controlled conditions, to the abstraction of water. Hydrogeologists determine the hydraulic characteristics of water-bearing formations, by conducting pumping tests. A pumping test is a practical, reliable method of estimating well performance, well yield, the zone of influence of the well and aquifer characteristics. There is a procedure for conducting pumping tests in wells. This lesson highlights the prevailing methods adopted while conducting pumping tests.
Hydrologic Design of a Percolation TankC. P. Kumar
The document discusses the design of percolation tanks for artificial groundwater recharge. It provides details on:
1. The basic requirements for an effective percolation tank design, including the availability of surface water runoff and suitable hydrogeological conditions.
2. The steps involved in hydrologic design of a percolation tank, which include calculating the tank capacity based on catchment area and rainfall, designing the embankment dimensions, and checking for stability.
3. Design considerations like embankment slopes, spillway sizing, and locating the saturation line for stability. An example design calculation is also provided.
The document discusses screens used in wastewater treatment. It describes screens as devices that remove larger suspended or floating matter from sewage to prevent damage to equipment or interference with treatment units. The document outlines different types of screens and considerations for their design, including velocity through the screen, head loss, and formulas to calculate head loss based on factors like flow velocity and amount of screenings.
Many countries are embarking to rehabilitate its aging sewer & water network where sewer infiltration and water loss can reach 50%. The presentation highlights the strategies to tender and implement efficient rehabilitation program with a preview of trenchless technologies in rehabilitation while highlighting the technical and contractual challenges.
It is the type of a caliper log. A device for measuring the internal diameter of a casing , tubing or open borehole using high frequency acoustic signals
IRJET- Parameters Affecting the Clogging of Recharge Wells in Different Soil ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the parameters affecting the clogging of recharge wells in different soil types. The study examined how total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and water head affect recharge well efficiency over time in sandy soil. Experiments were conducted with a model recharge well system using three water tanks. Results showed that in sandy soil, a change in water head affected efficiency from 20% to 31%, while a change in TSS concentration affected efficiency from 70% to 80%. Higher water head and TSS concentration led to a faster decrease in the flow rate from the well over time. It is recommended to use low TSS concentrations for recharging sandy soil to maintain better long-term flow.
Drainage Engineering (Drainage and design of drainage systems)Latif Hyder Wadho
This document provides information on drainage and the design of drainage systems. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Land drainage and field drainage are the two main types of drainage, with field drainage focusing on removing excess water from the root zone of crops. The main goals of field drainage are to bring soil moisture below saturation to allow for optimal plant growth and to improve soil structure and hydraulic conductivity. The different methods of field drainage include horizontal drainage methods like surface drainage and sub-surface drainage, as well as vertical drainage through tube wells.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
In situ permeability testing in boreholesMartin Preene
This document discusses in-situ hydraulic testing methods for low permeability materials. It defines hydraulic conductivity and permeability, and describes current UK testing practices like packer injection tests. More sophisticated pulse tests and deconvolution analysis methods are presented, which are useful for very low permeability environments. These specialist techniques allow reliable determination of flow models and permeability for applications like nuclear waste repositories.
A presentation on border irrigation system by Mostafijur RahmanMostafijurRahman47
Border irrigation is an old system used in Bangladesh to irrigate crops like wheat. It involves putting a large volume of water in a defined border area at the top of a field to flush it down the slope in a uniform pattern. It works best on larger farms and fields with uniform slopes between 0.05-2%. There are two types - straight borders that run straight down slopes and contour borders that run along elevation contours. The system has advantages like earlier irrigation and less labor than flood irrigation. However, it requires setting up the water distribution across the top of fields and does not work as well on fields with side slopes.
This study was aimed to know the sedimentation rate and the total suspended solid of the estuary in
relation to the implementation of melombo culture practice area. The sedimentation rate was measured using
sediment traps placed in 3 set stations and data were taken for 8 months of two weeks interval. The sediment
traps weremade of PVC pipe, 11.5 cm long and 5 cm diameter and located at 20 cm above the sea bottom.
Sediment samples were firstly soaked in freshwater for approximately 4 hours to remove salt content.
Sedimentation rate was determined as πr
2
h/time length, while Total Suspensi Solid (TSS) followed the formula
of Eaton, et al (1995). Results showed that the sediment trapped in station 1 ranged from 5.6 cm (109.9 cm3
) –
7.7 cm (151.11 cm3
) with an average of 6.61 cm (129.7 cm3
), station 2 from 5.3 cm (104 cm3
) to 8.5 cm (166.8
cm
3
) with an average of 7.18 cm (140.9 cm3
) and station 3 from 3.8 cm (74.6 cm3
) to 7.6 cm (149.2 cm3
) with an
average of 6.8 cm (133.8 cm3
), respectively. Total suspended solids (TSS) ranged from 18.28 to 50.60 with an
average of29.165 (29.59%) for station 1, 27.84 to 47.48 with an average of38.99 (39.56%) for station 2, and
18.28 to 50.60 with an average of 30.405 (30.85%) for station 3, respectively.Based upon the decree of Living
Environment Minister Numbered 51, 2004, for marine biota, the TSS has been above the standard seawater
quality.
1) There are various biological, engineering, temporary and permanent measures that can be used for gully control. Biological methods use vegetation while engineering methods use structures.
2) Permanent structures for gully control include drop spillways, drop inlet spillways, and chute spillways. These structures are designed based on hydrologic, hydraulic, and structural factors.
3) Drop spillways, drop inlet spillways, and chute spillways each have different characteristics regarding things like maximum drop height and ability to provide upstream storage. Temporary gully control structures are used when locally available materials are suitable and can help establish vegetation until permanent structures are implemented.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
DESIGN A HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE USING THE RAINFALL INTENSITY- DURATION- FREQUENC...IAEME Publication
A hydrologic analysis is an essential prerequisite for any project, is used to the evaluation of the watershed area for a stream and is used to determine the design discharge or the amount of runoff the culvert should be designed to convey. In this paper the relationship between the intensity duration-
and frequency of rainfall are used to obtain the value of discharge to design a pipe culvert for Najaf station in Iraq, from the relationship between Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, the values of intensity for 10, 100 years return periods with 15, 30, and 60 min. durations are obtained and discharge values are obtained from multiplied the catchment area for Najaf station by the values of intensity for obtaining.
Well logging involves lowering instrumentation into oil and gas wells to collect data about the surrounding rock formations. A well log records measurements from these instruments and provides information to geologists, geophysicists, drilling engineers, and reservoir engineers. Common logs measure properties like electron density, acoustic travel times, resistivity, and neutron absorption to characterize formations and identify potential reservoirs. Well logs are presented as tracks on a plot against depth to interpret features like formation tops, pore fluid content, and stress orientations deduced from borehole breakouts.
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of delaying furrow irrigation initiation for soybeans in Arkansas. The study found that delaying initiation by 5, 10, or 15 days reduced the average number of irrigation events by 1 each year and reduced total water usage by 2, 4, or 6.6 acre-inches respectively. Yield was consistently reduced only in 2009 with delays, and net returns were reduced only in 2009 as well. Rainfall patterns differed between years, with 2009 receiving much more rain in early growth stages compared to 2008 and 2010, possibly explaining the yield and economic impacts only in 2009. The study concludes that delays can reduce water use with minimal impacts on yield and profits in most years.
Need to replace Furrow Irrigation system by Drip Irrigation system to Improve...ijsrd.com
The Aim of this paper is to replace furrow Irrigation system by Drip irrigation system to improve qualitative parameters of cotton crop at its different physiological stages. (Germination, Initial Vegetative, Flowering, Boll development and Maturity).As we are knowing furrow irrigation system requires more water than drip irrigation system. Our region is affected with drought once in every four year. Cotton crop needs continuous water for duration of 140 to 160 days in between May to October. In month of May and June water table is going down and all Water resources are at its bottom level during season of summer.
This document provides guidance on measuring bed load, which is sediment moving along or near the streambed. It discusses bed load measurement frequency, techniques, and common bed load samplers. Specific techniques covered include the single-equal width increment method, multi-equal width increment method, and unequal-width increment method for collecting bed load samples across a cross section. Methods for computing bed load discharge from samples include the total cross-section method, mid-section method, and mean-section method. Common bed load samplers described are pressure difference winch-operated samplers suitable for shallow to medium deep waters, such as the Helley-Smith type sampler.
The document discusses various methods for measuring soil permeability in the field, including pumping tests, percolation tests, slug tests, and infiltrometer tests using single or double rings. Pumping tests involve pumping water from a well and measuring drawdown over time to calculate permeability. Percolation tests passively measure the rate of water infiltration into soil over several hours. Slug tests quickly raise and lower the water level in a well to determine how quickly the water level returns to equilibrium. Single and double ring infiltrometers measure infiltration rates using rings inserted into the soil surface.
Analytical modelling of groundwater wells and well systems: how to get it r...Anton Nikulenkov
Aquifer tests are probably the most widely used methods to obtain hydrogeological properties that are vital for any mine dewatering or environmental impact assessments. Numerous softwares and methods currently exist that provide quick and easy tests interpretation by fitting theoretical and measured drawdown curves. However, misinterpreting a-priory groundwater concepts and not accounting correctly for such factors as skin-effect, well storage or partial penetration may result in hydraulic conductivity errors by several hundred precents. As illustrated by case studies from WA, both numerical and analytical models generally suffer from non-uniqueness that can be overcome by understanding a-priory groundwater concepts and implementing them appropriately into the interpretation algorithms.
The presentation also discusses an analytical approach for well systems design. The methodology is presently incorporated in ANSDIMAT software package that is developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences. The method uses standard and research analytical solutions and it is based on the principle of superposition. Unlike numerical models, the method allows calculating drawdowns inside a pumping well and regional drawdowns, for example, on an open pit contour. A particle tracking component, incorporated into the methodology, provides a practical alternative to numerical models for simplified environmental impact assessments.
The document specifies requirements for a point integrating bottle suspended sediment sampler. The sampler is designed to manually take integrated samples in rivers, canals, and reservoirs. It must have a streamlined body with no protruding parts besides those for taking samples. A wading rod is also specified to hold the sampler at the required sampling depth underwater. Technical specifications include a maximum water velocity and depth of operation, manual operation, and maximum weight.
Water control structures can be either temporary or permanent. Temporary structures are only recommended where inexpensive labor and materials are available, as mechanization has reduced their practicality. Permanent structures use hard materials to dissipate water energy and are required where high velocities must be controlled. Common permanent structure types include drop spillways, chutes, pipe spillways, and culverts. The design of permanent structures must ensure adequate capacity to pass design flows and dissipate water energy without erosion.
Pumping Tests are conducted to examine the aquifer response, under controlled conditions, to the abstraction of water. Hydrogeologists determine the hydraulic characteristics of water-bearing formations, by conducting pumping tests. A pumping test is a practical, reliable method of estimating well performance, well yield, the zone of influence of the well and aquifer characteristics. There is a procedure for conducting pumping tests in wells. This lesson highlights the prevailing methods adopted while conducting pumping tests.
Hydrologic Design of a Percolation TankC. P. Kumar
The document discusses the design of percolation tanks for artificial groundwater recharge. It provides details on:
1. The basic requirements for an effective percolation tank design, including the availability of surface water runoff and suitable hydrogeological conditions.
2. The steps involved in hydrologic design of a percolation tank, which include calculating the tank capacity based on catchment area and rainfall, designing the embankment dimensions, and checking for stability.
3. Design considerations like embankment slopes, spillway sizing, and locating the saturation line for stability. An example design calculation is also provided.
The document discusses screens used in wastewater treatment. It describes screens as devices that remove larger suspended or floating matter from sewage to prevent damage to equipment or interference with treatment units. The document outlines different types of screens and considerations for their design, including velocity through the screen, head loss, and formulas to calculate head loss based on factors like flow velocity and amount of screenings.
Many countries are embarking to rehabilitate its aging sewer & water network where sewer infiltration and water loss can reach 50%. The presentation highlights the strategies to tender and implement efficient rehabilitation program with a preview of trenchless technologies in rehabilitation while highlighting the technical and contractual challenges.
It is the type of a caliper log. A device for measuring the internal diameter of a casing , tubing or open borehole using high frequency acoustic signals
IRJET- Parameters Affecting the Clogging of Recharge Wells in Different Soil ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the parameters affecting the clogging of recharge wells in different soil types. The study examined how total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and water head affect recharge well efficiency over time in sandy soil. Experiments were conducted with a model recharge well system using three water tanks. Results showed that in sandy soil, a change in water head affected efficiency from 20% to 31%, while a change in TSS concentration affected efficiency from 70% to 80%. Higher water head and TSS concentration led to a faster decrease in the flow rate from the well over time. It is recommended to use low TSS concentrations for recharging sandy soil to maintain better long-term flow.
Drainage Engineering (Drainage and design of drainage systems)Latif Hyder Wadho
This document provides information on drainage and the design of drainage systems. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Land drainage and field drainage are the two main types of drainage, with field drainage focusing on removing excess water from the root zone of crops. The main goals of field drainage are to bring soil moisture below saturation to allow for optimal plant growth and to improve soil structure and hydraulic conductivity. The different methods of field drainage include horizontal drainage methods like surface drainage and sub-surface drainage, as well as vertical drainage through tube wells.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
In situ permeability testing in boreholesMartin Preene
This document discusses in-situ hydraulic testing methods for low permeability materials. It defines hydraulic conductivity and permeability, and describes current UK testing practices like packer injection tests. More sophisticated pulse tests and deconvolution analysis methods are presented, which are useful for very low permeability environments. These specialist techniques allow reliable determination of flow models and permeability for applications like nuclear waste repositories.
A presentation on border irrigation system by Mostafijur RahmanMostafijurRahman47
Border irrigation is an old system used in Bangladesh to irrigate crops like wheat. It involves putting a large volume of water in a defined border area at the top of a field to flush it down the slope in a uniform pattern. It works best on larger farms and fields with uniform slopes between 0.05-2%. There are two types - straight borders that run straight down slopes and contour borders that run along elevation contours. The system has advantages like earlier irrigation and less labor than flood irrigation. However, it requires setting up the water distribution across the top of fields and does not work as well on fields with side slopes.
This study was aimed to know the sedimentation rate and the total suspended solid of the estuary in
relation to the implementation of melombo culture practice area. The sedimentation rate was measured using
sediment traps placed in 3 set stations and data were taken for 8 months of two weeks interval. The sediment
traps weremade of PVC pipe, 11.5 cm long and 5 cm diameter and located at 20 cm above the sea bottom.
Sediment samples were firstly soaked in freshwater for approximately 4 hours to remove salt content.
Sedimentation rate was determined as πr
2
h/time length, while Total Suspensi Solid (TSS) followed the formula
of Eaton, et al (1995). Results showed that the sediment trapped in station 1 ranged from 5.6 cm (109.9 cm3
) –
7.7 cm (151.11 cm3
) with an average of 6.61 cm (129.7 cm3
), station 2 from 5.3 cm (104 cm3
) to 8.5 cm (166.8
cm
3
) with an average of 7.18 cm (140.9 cm3
) and station 3 from 3.8 cm (74.6 cm3
) to 7.6 cm (149.2 cm3
) with an
average of 6.8 cm (133.8 cm3
), respectively. Total suspended solids (TSS) ranged from 18.28 to 50.60 with an
average of29.165 (29.59%) for station 1, 27.84 to 47.48 with an average of38.99 (39.56%) for station 2, and
18.28 to 50.60 with an average of 30.405 (30.85%) for station 3, respectively.Based upon the decree of Living
Environment Minister Numbered 51, 2004, for marine biota, the TSS has been above the standard seawater
quality.
1) There are various biological, engineering, temporary and permanent measures that can be used for gully control. Biological methods use vegetation while engineering methods use structures.
2) Permanent structures for gully control include drop spillways, drop inlet spillways, and chute spillways. These structures are designed based on hydrologic, hydraulic, and structural factors.
3) Drop spillways, drop inlet spillways, and chute spillways each have different characteristics regarding things like maximum drop height and ability to provide upstream storage. Temporary gully control structures are used when locally available materials are suitable and can help establish vegetation until permanent structures are implemented.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
DESIGN A HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE USING THE RAINFALL INTENSITY- DURATION- FREQUENC...IAEME Publication
A hydrologic analysis is an essential prerequisite for any project, is used to the evaluation of the watershed area for a stream and is used to determine the design discharge or the amount of runoff the culvert should be designed to convey. In this paper the relationship between the intensity duration-
and frequency of rainfall are used to obtain the value of discharge to design a pipe culvert for Najaf station in Iraq, from the relationship between Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, the values of intensity for 10, 100 years return periods with 15, 30, and 60 min. durations are obtained and discharge values are obtained from multiplied the catchment area for Najaf station by the values of intensity for obtaining.
Well logging involves lowering instrumentation into oil and gas wells to collect data about the surrounding rock formations. A well log records measurements from these instruments and provides information to geologists, geophysicists, drilling engineers, and reservoir engineers. Common logs measure properties like electron density, acoustic travel times, resistivity, and neutron absorption to characterize formations and identify potential reservoirs. Well logs are presented as tracks on a plot against depth to interpret features like formation tops, pore fluid content, and stress orientations deduced from borehole breakouts.
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of delaying furrow irrigation initiation for soybeans in Arkansas. The study found that delaying initiation by 5, 10, or 15 days reduced the average number of irrigation events by 1 each year and reduced total water usage by 2, 4, or 6.6 acre-inches respectively. Yield was consistently reduced only in 2009 with delays, and net returns were reduced only in 2009 as well. Rainfall patterns differed between years, with 2009 receiving much more rain in early growth stages compared to 2008 and 2010, possibly explaining the yield and economic impacts only in 2009. The study concludes that delays can reduce water use with minimal impacts on yield and profits in most years.
Need to replace Furrow Irrigation system by Drip Irrigation system to Improve...ijsrd.com
The Aim of this paper is to replace furrow Irrigation system by Drip irrigation system to improve qualitative parameters of cotton crop at its different physiological stages. (Germination, Initial Vegetative, Flowering, Boll development and Maturity).As we are knowing furrow irrigation system requires more water than drip irrigation system. Our region is affected with drought once in every four year. Cotton crop needs continuous water for duration of 140 to 160 days in between May to October. In month of May and June water table is going down and all Water resources are at its bottom level during season of summer.
O documento discute os efeitos do déficit hídrico nas plantas, abordando conceitos de estresse, mecanismos de tolerância e adaptação das plantas à seca. Apresenta estudos sobre espécies como milho, berinjela e soja que avaliaram os impactos da falta de água em parâmetros como fotossíntese, crescimento e produtividade. Destaca a importância de se entender esses processos para o manejo agrícola diante das mudanças climáticas.
Este documento describe los principios básicos del riego superficial. Explica que para planificar un proyecto de riego se deben considerar las necesidades de agua de los cultivos, las estadísticas de precipitaciones y el inventario de recursos hídricos. También describe diferentes métodos de riego superficial como el riego por compartimientos y por surcos, e identifica cultivos adecuados para cada método. Además, analiza factores como la pendiente, el tipo de suelo y el caudal disponible que influyen en el diseño de los
Irrigation involves providing artificial water to crops when there is not enough rain, particularly in arid areas. It benefits crop yields and food production but can also cause issues like groundwater pollution, damper climates, and water logging. The main types of irrigation are surface irrigation methods like flood and furrow irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation. Flood irrigation was likely the first method used and involves submerging fields, while furrow irrigation only wets portions of fields between furrows. Sprinkler systems apply water as a spray through pipes while drip irrigation uses a network of pipes and emitters to precisely deliver water to plant roots.
O documento discute os tipos de estresse, eutresse e distresse. Eutresse é o estresse benéfico que motiva o indivíduo, enquanto distresse é o estresse prejudicial que causa danos físicos e mentais. O distresse pode levar a problemas cerebrais, gastrointestinais, cardiovasculares e dermatológicos se não for bem administrado. Técnicas de relaxamento e estilo de vida saudável podem ajudar a lidar melhor com o estresse.
1.surface irrigation and its methods A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1.surface irrigation and its methods A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Pakistan
This document discusses different irrigation methods and designs for surface irrigation systems. The main irrigation methods covered are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip/trickle irrigation, and sub-surface irrigation. Furrow irrigation and border irrigation are described as two common types of surface irrigation systems. The key design parameters for furrow irrigation systems include furrow shape and spacing, selection of initial and cut-back furrow streams, field slope, furrow length, and field widths. Design parameters for border irrigation systems include strip width and length. Evaluation procedures for furrow irrigation systems are also outlined.
The document discusses drip irrigation. It defines drip irrigation as a method that saves water by slowly dripping it to plant roots through a network of valves, pipes, and emitters. The key components of a drip irrigation system are described as the pumping set, filters, mainlines, sub-main lines, laterals, and emitters. Advantages include water savings, promoting plant growth while controlling weeds and pests. Drip irrigation is recommended for fruit, vegetable, and commercial crops.
O documento discute as estratégias de adaptação das plantas ao estresse, incluindo déficit hídrico, salinidade, temperaturas extremas e outros fatores ambientais desfavoráveis. Aborda mecanismos como fechamento de estômatos, aumento da profundidade das raízes, síntese de proteínas de choque térmico e outros processos que permitem às plantas tolerar condições adversas.
O documento discute os efeitos do estresse hídrico nas plantas, causado pela falta ou excesso de água. O estresse hídrico limita a fotossíntese e reduz o transporte de fotoassimilados, levando a diminuição da área foliar, abscisão foliar e crescimento acentuado das raízes. Algumas plantas desenvolvem tolerância ao estresse hídrico por meio de ajuste osmótico e proteínas protetoras.
O documento discute os principais tipos de estresses ambientais em vegetais, incluindo estresse salino, déficit hídrico, anoxia, e choques térmicos. Descreve as respostas fisiológicas das plantas a esses estresses, como fechamento estomático, ajuste osmótico, e tolerância genética. Explica como fatores como salinidade, falta de oxigênio e temperaturas extremas podem prejudicar o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas.
check basin , furrow and border strip methodVidhi Khokhani
This document discusses three types of surface irrigation methods: border strip irrigation, check basin irrigation, and furrow irrigation. For each method, it describes what it is, when it is used, and key design aspects. Border strip irrigation uses long, graded strips separated by bunds to guide water down a field. Check basin irrigation uses rectangular plots surrounded by levees to pond water for crops that require submergence. Furrow irrigation uses small channels between ridges to irrigate row crops. The document provides details on layout, sizing, construction, and maintenance considerations for each method.
Este documento discute a fisiologia do estresse em plantas. Resume os principais tipos de estresse, incluindo déficit hídrico, excesso de água, temperatura, salinidade e congelamento. Explica como as plantas se adaptam e respondem a esses estresses através de mecanismos como fechamento estomático, abscisão foliar e acúmulo de solutos protetores.
26nov16 a low_cost_drip_irrigation_system_for_adoption_in_jhum_areas_in_nagal...IWRS Society
A LOW COST DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR ADOPTION IN JHUM AREAS IN NAGALAND FOR FOOD SECURITY.
National Workshop on‐ Challenges in Irrigation Management for Food Security
El documento trata sobre el riego por melgas. Explica que una melga es una franja de tierra delimitada por bordos paralelos por donde circula el agua de riego. Describe las ventajas del riego por melgas como permitir una mejor distribución del agua en el suelo y lograr eficiencias de aplicación del 60 al 70%. También presenta fórmulas para calcular el gasto de riego unitario, la longitud máxima de la melga y el tiempo de riego.
El documento describe el sistema de riego por aspersión, el cual permite aplicar agua o soluciones de forma asperjada de manera similar a la lluvia. Esto mejora la eficiencia en comparación con otros sistemas de riego. El agua es bombeada a presión a través de cañerías hasta los aspersores, donde es asperjada sobre el suelo. El documento analiza los componentes, ventajas, desventajas y cálculos necesarios para diseñar un sistema de riego por aspersión.
There are various irrigation methods that apply water to crops in different ways. The most common methods are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Surface irrigation involves flooding fields and makes up about 90% of irrigated areas. Sprinkler irrigation applies water under pressure and is used on about 5% of irrigated land. When choosing an irrigation method, factors like water supply, topography, climate, soils, crops, economics, and local traditions must be considered. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method, applying water directly to plant roots and minimizing losses, making it suitable for water-scarce areas.
Irrigation methods are classified into four main types: surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation. Surface irrigation includes gravity-fed methods like flood, basin, border, and furrow irrigation. Water is applied to the soil surface and distributed by gravity. Subsurface irrigation involves applying water below the soil surface using trenches or perforated pipes. Sprinkler irrigation simulates natural rainfall by spraying water into the air through nozzles above the crop. Drip irrigation applies water slowly to the soil surface near plants through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
Chapter 5 methods of irrigation Dr. Thomas Abraham_19-3-14
Similar to Examining advance time of furrow irrigation at Koga Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia mining Advance Time of Furrow Irrigation at Koga Irrigation Scheme,
Development of a New Formula for a Clear Water Scour around GroynesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Effects of different mole spacings on the yield of summer groundnuteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses different irrigation methods and designs. It focuses on surface irrigation methods like furrow and border irrigation. For furrow irrigation, it describes the key design parameters including furrow shape and spacing, selection of initial and cut-back water streams, field slope, and furrow length. It also provides details on how to evaluate an existing furrow irrigation system. For border irrigation, it outlines the design parameters such as strip width and slope, construction of levees, and selection of advance water stream. It emphasizes the importance of field testing to determine optimal design for local conditions.
Presentation to the International Workshop on Mosul Dam held in Stockholm . M...Nasrat Adamo
This document provides details about Mosul Dam in Iraq, including its location, components, operation parameters, and geological factors influencing its safety. It describes problems encountered during reservoir filling, including extensive seepage from the left bank and river section that indicated dissolution of gypsum rock formations. Sinkholes formed in the reservoir area, demonstrating dissolution of gypsum layers. Maintaining the grout curtains beneath the dam to reduce seepage has been an ongoing challenge due to the karst geology with cavities and solution features in the limestone and gypsum bedrock. The formation of sinkholes poses a continued risk to dam safety from the potential for additional sinkholes or erosion channels to develop.
IRJET- Effect of Coir Fiber on the Piping Behaviour of SoilIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the effect of coir fiber on the piping behavior of soil. 1-D piping tests were conducted on unreinforced soil samples from Idukki district in Kerala as well as samples reinforced with varying proportions (0.5%, 0.75%, 1%) and lengths (1.5-6 cm) of coir fiber. The tests measured seepage velocity, piping resistance, and other parameters under different hydraulic heads. Results showed that a fiber content of 1% and length of 4cm was most effective at reducing seepage velocity and improving piping resistance by replacing soil particles and blocking pore spaces. Reinforced samples demonstrated higher resistance to piping initiation and development
Preferential flow occurs even when chemicals are applied offset from tiles, indicating preferential flow in both unsaturated and saturated zones. Applications at the same physical distance from tiles take different times to reach tiles depending on overall drain spacing (relative distance from tile to mid-plane). This affects clean-out times between plots. When changing management like fertilizer rates, drainflow immediately reflects some changes but other effects appear later, as drainflow is a time-averaged indicator integrating soil management over time.
The document summarizes the design of a new water treatment plant to treat up to 12 million gallons of water per day from the Big River in Croc, Louisiana. The proposed design uses multiple treatment processes in sequence, including ozone disinfection, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, biologically active carbon filtration, and clearwell storage before distribution. Process designs were provided for each treatment step, along with expected performance results meeting regulatory requirements for contaminant removal and disinfection credits. Chemical dosing needs and equipment were also specified.
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
design specification and problems of kuraz irrigation schemetamasgenqmokonnin
project work on design specification and design ,construction and management problems of omo kuraz-1 sugar development project irrigation system. omo kuraz irrigation project construction was started since 2004 E,c . its for education purpose only
This document provides information on various irrigation methods and designs, including surface irrigation methods like furrow irrigation and border irrigation, as well as sprinkler irrigation and drip/trickle irrigation. It describes the key design parameters for furrow irrigation systems, such as furrow shape and spacing, selection of advance stream size, and maximum furrow lengths. Evaluation methods for furrow and border irrigation systems are also outlined.
Experimental study on effect of slot level on local scour around bridge piereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental study on effect of slot level on local scour around bridge piereSAT Journals
Abstract Many bridges in the world every year for Failure to consider in the design of hydraulic elements are destroyed. During the spring floods of 1987, 17 bridges in New York and New England were damaged or destroyed by scour. In 1985, 73 bridges were destroyed by floods in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. In the present study investigate effect application a slot , height “D” , width” D/4”in a circular pier ,where “D” is diameter of bridge pier and the size of 6 centimeters under 3 different discharges (values 35 , 40 , 45 Liter per second) and 4 different location of slot in a flume ,length 14 meters ,height 60 and width 60 centimeters. The experimental results show when height of slot is below the stream bed as D, scour depth will be reduced about 20.34% to 39.73% in front of the pier and scour volume approximately 46.84% to 75.74% Keywords: Bridge pier, Slot, Scour, scour depth, scour volume
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
High-precision Ultrasonic Flowmeter for Mining Applications based on Velocity...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flowmeter is widely used in coal mining because of its higher measurement
precision and simple installation without channel project modification. In this paper, a flow
measurement method based on velocity-area is investigated, and a functional flowmeter for
mining applications with higher precision is designed. The two key parameters, the liquid level
and flow velocity are required to be obtained for achieving the proposed method. The proposed
flowmeter is composed of three main functional modules: (1) flow velocity detection module
based on ultrasonic time difference method, (2) liquid level detection module, and (3) mud level
detection module based on ultrasonic pulse echo method. All the measured data are transferred
to the monitoring station for analysis and displayed in real-time through M-BUS. The flowmeter
is designed focusing on mining applications, and has higher benefits for preventing water
disasters in coal mines.
This document discusses scheduling, depth, and methods of irrigation. It covers:
1) Scientific irrigation scheduling uses meteorological, crop, and soil data to calculate water requirements and optimize crop yields.
2) Criteria for scheduling include potential evapotranspiration, cumulative pan evaporation, and the ratio between irrigation water and pan evaporation.
3) Surface irrigation methods include wild flooding, border strip irrigation, check basin irrigation, contour ditch irrigation, and furrow irrigation. These methods vary in land and water requirements.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of roughness and Reynolds number on mean flow velocities in an open channel. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume with four different bed surfaces (smooth, rough with sand strips, continuous rough sand layer, permeable sand bed) and two Reynolds numbers. Laser Doppler anemometry was used to measure streamwise velocities. The results showed that mean velocities collapsed well across different bed surfaces and Reynolds numbers. Maximum velocities generally occurred below the free surface. The location of maximum velocity depended on roughness and Reynolds number. Friction coefficients were also found to depend on both roughness and Reynolds number.
Open channel flow velocity profiles for different reynolds numbers and roughn...eSAT Journals
Abstract A series of laboratory tests were carried out to understand the extent of effect of roughness and Reynolds number on mean velocity in both outer and inner scaling. To this end, four different types of bed surface conditions (impermeable smooth bed, impermeable rough bed, permeable sand bed and impermeable distributed roughness) and two different Reynolds number (Reh = 47,500 and 31,000) were adopted in the study. Sand particles of median diameter of 2.46 mm were used to create the roughness. The results show that the mean velocities collapsed well for different Reynolds number and for all different bed surfaces. The maximum velocity for all flow conditions were observed below some distances from the free surface. The location of maximum velocity is seen to be dependent on both of roughness and Reynolds number. The smooth bed test data agrees well with the standard log law and collapses well in viscous sub layer and overlap region. The extent of collapses is found to be dependent on Reynolds number. Friction coefficient is noted to be dependent on both the Reynolds number and roughness. Key Words: Open channel flow, Reynolds number, Roughness, mean velocity, friction coefficient, log law
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes a test procedure for determining the degree of saturation of granular materials, such as those found in ore leaching and waste storage facilities. A portable testing device applies a controlled water flow to simulate irrigation or rainfall. Testing of samples from a Peruvian gold mine's leach pad found that degree of saturation was generally below 85%, indicating a low susceptibility to static liquefaction. Higher densities and larger particle sizes resulted in lower saturation levels.
This presentation provides with information regarding the processes , methods , applications of Water Treatment and simple design of water treatment filters. It incorporates chlorination, aeration, and other miscellaneous methods for water treatment
Similar to Examining advance time of furrow irrigation at Koga Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia mining Advance Time of Furrow Irrigation at Koga Irrigation Scheme, (20)
By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Holader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By J. Bhattacharya, M.K. Mondal, E. Humphreys, M.H. Rashid, P.L.C. Paul, S.P. Ritu
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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By M. Maniruzzaman, J.C. Bisawas, M.A.I. Khan, G.W. Sarker, S.S. Haque, J.K. Biswas, M.H. Sarker, M.A. Rashid, N.U. Sekhar, A. Nemes, S. Xenarios, J. Deelstra
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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1) The study evaluated the feasibility of growing three rice crops per year in the coastal zones of Bangladesh where fresh water is available year-round.
2) The study tested different establishment dates for aus and aman rice varieties as well as sowing dates for boro rice. It found that growing three rice crops per year is possible and can yield 13.4 to 17.2 tons per hectare per year.
3) The study recommends further evaluating the system over a range of weather conditions and developing ecologically friendly management practices to address potential increases in pests and diseases from triple rice cropping.
By M. Harunur Rashid, Faruk Hossain, Deb Kumar Nath, Parimal Chandra Sarker, AKM Ferdous, Timothy Russel
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By Camelia Dewan, Marie-Charlotte Buisson and Aditi Mukherji
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The document discusses using innovation platforms to improve goat markets and farming systems in Zimbabwe. Key points:
- Innovation platforms bring together farmers, traders, processors, researchers and others to identify challenges and opportunities to improve goat production and marketing.
- Objectives are to improve market efficiency, reduce transaction costs, promote productivity-increasing technologies, and build local innovation capacity.
- Results included dramatically reduced goat mortality rates (from 25% to under 10%), higher prices for farmers, and investments in improved feeding and health practices.
- Other actors like NGOs and the government also increased support like building sale pens and improving veterinary services. The approach transformed the system from crop-focused to more livestock-focused and
By Urs Schulthess, Timothy J. Krupnik, Zia Uddin Ahmed, Andy J. McDonald
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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By Parvesh Kr Chandna, Andy Nelson, Zahirul Khan, Moqbul Hossain, Sohel Rana, Fazlur Rashid, M. Mondal, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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By Parvesh Kumar Chandna, Andy Nelson, Sohel Rana, Marie-Charlotte Buisson, Sam Mohanty, Nazneed Sultana, Deepak Sethi, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Howlader, Timothy J. Krupnik
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By Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman (Wheat Research Centre, BARI)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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By Sanjida P. Ritu, M.K. Mondal, T.P. Tuong, S.U. Talukdar, E. Humphreys
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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By Kazi Ahmed Kabir, S.B. Saha, Manjurul Karim, Craig A. Meisner, Michael J. Phillips
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By S.B. Saha, K.A. Kabir, M.K. Mondal, M. Karim, P.L.C. Paul, M. Phillips, E. Humphreys, T.P. Tuong
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BRAC aims to increase agricultural and aquacultural productivity in coastal Bangladesh through several strategies. These include converting single cropping areas to double or triple cropping, introducing short-duration rice varieties, stress-tolerant crops and fish varieties, and integrating fish/prawn-rice-vegetable systems in ghers. Technologies are disseminated to over 55,000 farmers across 59 upazilas. Hybrid rice varieties yield up to 9.5 tons/hectare. Integrated ghers provide net profits from 172,558-416,975 taka/hectare. Aquaculture in floodplains involves 257 farmers utilizing 73 acres in 2013, yielding an average 795 kg/hect
By Subhra Bikash Bhattacharyya, Tapas Kumar Ghoshal, Jitendra Kumar Sundaray (Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, India)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
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Examining advance time of furrow irrigation at Koga Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia mining Advance Time of Furrow Irrigation at Koga Irrigation Scheme,
1. • The advance time of irrigation was
recorded at different furrow gradients
and discharge rates. Four furrow
gradients (0.5 %, 1 %, 2 %, and 2.5
%) were chosen at different sites. The
furrow discharges were selected out of
the recommended discharge sizes in the
feasibility study. Three discharges (0.3
l/s, 0.6 l/s and 0.8 l/s) were considered.
• Three adjacent furrows of length 90-
110 m are prepared. The central furrow
was used as an experimental furrow
while the two adjacent furrows
receiving equal discharge with the
center furrow were used as buffers.
• Two measuring RBC flumes were placed
at the beginning and end of each center
furrow. The application was terminated
when the stream flow through the
furrow outlet remains at steady flow.
• The travel time of water advancing
through the furrow (advance time) was
recorded at 10 m interval for the whole
furrow length using stopwatch. The
advance time was examined in two
irrigation cycles, first irrigation period
(February) and second irrigation period
(April).
• The advance time vary greatly among the
discharge rates when the furrow length
increases. For longer furrow lengths (90-110m)
the advance time was very slow and become
difficult to establish appropriate irrigation
operation rule and optimize the irrigation
management for the whole scheme. However,
in most of the test sites, the advance time was
more or less similar within 30-40 m furrow
lengths except at 0.3l/s.
• In the 1st irrigation, the respective advance
time to cover 30 and 40 m length was on
average 17-28 min and 28-56 min per furrow
at 0.6 l/s and 16-18 min and 25-30 min at 0.8
l/s discharge rate (Fig. 1).
• In the 2nd irrigation, the advance time to cover
30 and 40 m length became short, ranging
from 14-18 min and 24-32 min per furrow at
0.6 l/s and 14-18 min and 20-28 min per
furrow at 0.8 l/s discharge rate (Fig. 2).
• Therefore the discharge rate that requires
shorter application time is preferable as far as
its erosive capacity is low. It is thus feasible to
suggest 0.6-0.8 l/s application rate for slopes
up to 2-2.5 %.
• The advance time of water to cover 90-110
m furrow length at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 %
field slopes was 213, 173, 150, and 369 min
at 1st irrigation, and 134, 182, 221, and 97
min at 2nd irrigation respectively (Fig. 3).
• The effect of slope results in great variation
of advance time at any point along the
furrow length.
• The inconsistency of advance time against
field slope was due to the irregularity of the
field and non-uniform surface roughness, for
instance, at 2.5% field slope, the advance
time is extremely slow at 1st irrigation.
• Comparing the 1st and 2nd irrigation cycles,
the advance time become shorter when the
field gets smoother as a result of further
tillage operation in the 2nd irrigation cycle.
• The existing operational furrow length at
Koga is extremely long which lead to very
low application efficiency
•With the given furrow length, irrigation
application time per furrow is long and
under such design it is difficult to establish
appropriate irrigation operation rules among
users for the whole scheme.
•The advance time by furrow length graphs
revealed that optimum furrow length at
different sites can only be possible at short
advance or application time.
•In order to maximize application efficiency
and minimize the losses, examining and
determining an optimum furrow length
before the operation of the whole scheme is
essential
•Irregular surfaces significantly affect the
furrow length, optimum discharge, the
application time and then application
efficiency. It implies that land leveling work
needs due attention so as to improve the
overall efficiency of the irrigation scheme.
Gizaw Desta Gessesse1 (desta.gizaw@yahoo.com), Menelik Getaneh1, and Amare Tsigie2
1Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI), 2Adet Agricultural Research Center
Introduction
Results
Furrow irrigation is the recommended
method for the distribution of water to the
fields at Koga irrigation scheme, found in
Western Gojam, Mecha wereda. However,
most surface irrigation systems have
inherent inefficiencies due to deep
percolation on the upper end and runoff at
the lower end of the field. A properly
managed surface system can attain
efficiencies of 60% or better. In a study
conducted by Kassa (2003) at Melka Werer,
with a furrow length of 200 m and different
inflow rates, the maximum attainable
application efficiency is 62 to 64%.
The strategies to improve furrow irrigation
efficiencies is by reducing runoff and deep
percolation losses. These losses depend on
furrow length, furrow gradient, discharge,
and cutoff time which need to be optimized
by irrigators to improve efficiency. This
paper presents the advance time of furrow
irrigation based on field data from Koga
under different discharge rates and furrow
gradients.
Methods
Effect of furrow gradient on advance time
NBDC Science Workshop, 9-10 July, 2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Examining Advance Time of Furrow Irrigation at Koga
Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia
Conclusion and Recommendation
• The average advance time to cover
110 m furrow length at respective
discharge rates of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.8 l/s
range from,
• 195-435 min, 107-370 min, and 90-
300 min during 1st irrigation; and
• 70-380 min, 80-180 min, and 50-213
min during 2nd irrigation cycle.
Effect of discharge on advance time
Acknowledgment
We acknowledge Koga consultancy office for granting the research
0
50
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
Chona (0.5%)
0.3l/s
0.6l/s
0.8l/s
0
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100
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200
250
300
350
400
450
0
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20
30
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50
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Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
Laci 2 (1.0%)
0.3l/s
0.6l/s
0.8l/s
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
Laci 1(2.0%)
0.3l/s
0.6l/s
0.8l/s
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
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100
110
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
Kudmi (2.5%)
0.3l/s
0.6l/s
0.8l/s
Figure 1. Graph of advance time against furrow length,
1st irrigation
0
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350
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
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110
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
Chona (0.5%)
0.3l/s
0.6l/s
0.8l/s
0
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100
150
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350
0
10
20
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Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
Laci 2 (1%)
0.3l/s
0.6l/s
0.8l/s
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 20 40 60 80 100
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
Laci 1(2.0%)
0.3l/s
0.6l/s
0.8l/s
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
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80
90
100
110
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
Kudmi (2.5%)
0.3l/s
0.6l/s
0.8l/s
Figure 2. Graph of advance time against furrow length,
2nd irrigation
0
100
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500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
0.3 l/s
Chona Laci 2
Laci 1 Kudmi
0
100
200
300
400
500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
0.3 l/s
Chona Laci 2
Laci 1 Kudmi
0
100
200
300
400
500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
0.6 l/s
Chona Laci 2
laci 1 Kudmi
0
100
200
300
400
500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
0.6 l/s
Chona Laci 2
laci 1 Kudmi
0
100
200
300
400
500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
0.8 l/s
Chona Laci 2
Laci 1 Kudmi
0
100
200
300
400
500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Advancetime(min)
Furrow length (m)
0.8 l/s
Chona Laci 2
Laci 1 Kudmi
Figure 3. Relationship of advance time and furrow length
at different furrow gradients and discharge rates: 1st
irrigation (left) and 2nd irrigation (right). Chona = 0.5%;
Laci 2= 1%; Laci 1= 2%; and Kudmi=2.5%
References
Kassa and Fekadu (2003). Evaluation of the Performance of Surface
Irrigation Methods in Melka Werer, Middle Awash Valley. Arba Minch
University
This document is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License July 2013