The flowmeter is widely used in coal mining because of its higher measurement
precision and simple installation without channel project modification. In this paper, a flow
measurement method based on velocity-area is investigated, and a functional flowmeter for
mining applications with higher precision is designed. The two key parameters, the liquid level
and flow velocity are required to be obtained for achieving the proposed method. The proposed
flowmeter is composed of three main functional modules: (1) flow velocity detection module
based on ultrasonic time difference method, (2) liquid level detection module, and (3) mud level
detection module based on ultrasonic pulse echo method. All the measured data are transferred
to the monitoring station for analysis and displayed in real-time through M-BUS. The flowmeter
is designed focusing on mining applications, and has higher benefits for preventing water
disasters in coal mines.
Determination of design discharge and environmental flow in micro-hydropower ...Daniel Ngoma
In designing micro hydropower plants capacity, the amount of water flow discharge determination is very essential in estimating the power output for the micro hydropower scheme due to the fact that in recent years there has been an increase in water demand due irrigation activities because of an increase in agriculture activities [1]. From the literature, there are several methods that are used to determine hydro turbine water flow discharge but the most widely used method is the hydrological method which is based on the formulation of flow duration curve or hydrograph for the respective river flow based on site historical and measured hydrological data.
The hydrograph represents the amount of water flow in m3/s that is available for a particular river or stream in percentage from the historical hydrological data which has been computed over a period of more than one year. From the study of Hhaynu River which is a small river in Tanzania, the computed flow results show that, 8% of the time the flow is at 2.3 m3/s while at 50% of the time the river flow was at 1.86 m3/s and at 100% of the time the water flow was at 0.60 m3/s. When determining design discharge for run-of-river schemes, provision have to be considered for environmental flow on which for the Hhaynu River this has been analysed to be 0.2 m3/s (33.3% of river base flow) which resulted to the hydro-turbine development design water flow discharge of 0.4 m3/s from the computed flow duration curve with provision for environmental flow.
The usefulness of developing flow duration curve for rivers is to determine the available water flow in a particular small river and its suitability for micro hydropower development from estimates of the amount of water flow discharge.
Early kick detection and nonlinear behavior of drilling mu…Frank-Michael Jäger
The following test measurements serve the quantification of resolution and achievable sensitivity of parameters of sound velocity and sound absorption in wellbore fluids. More precisely, these studies refer to tools and methods to identify the flow of liquids or gases, preferably hydrocarbons in the well bore in real time during the drilling. The aim is a way to show with the highly sensitive and robust tools for use in the deep ocean can be realized.
Pipeline Monitoring Using Vibroacoustic Sensing – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews pipeline monitoring using vibroacoustic sensing. It discusses how vibroacoustic sensing uses acoustic and vibration sensors along pipelines to detect leaks, impacts, and other issues. A network of these sensors records signals that can identify locations of problems. The document outlines testing procedures used to simulate various events and evaluate the monitoring system's performance at detecting things like leaks, pig tracking, and impacts at different pressures and distances. It also reviews existing pipeline monitoring methods and the proposed use of acoustic waves to remotely monitor pipeline health by detecting abnormal wave propagation patterns from issues like leaks.
Real Time Downhole Flow Measurement SensorsSurajit Haldar
1. The document describes using a new coiled tubing real-time flow (CTRF) tool to measure bottom-hole parameters during an acid stimulation treatment of an open-hole horizontal water injector well in the Arab-D formation in Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia.
2. The CTRF tool directly measures fluid velocity and direction using heat transfer sensors, providing real-time data on flow distribution between zones to help optimize stimulation.
3. During the field operation, the CTRF tool was calibrated and used along with distributed temperature surveys (DTS) to identify high-flow zones for diversion and evaluate the treatment effectiveness. The intervention successfully improved well injectivity.
This document discusses stream gauging techniques used to measure stream discharge. It begins by explaining that stream flow represents the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle and is the most important data for hydrologic studies. It then describes various methods for measuring stream stage including staff gauges, suspended wire gauges, automatic stage recorders, and bubble gauges. Common techniques for directly measuring stream discharge are also summarized, such as area-velocity methods using current meters and floats, as well as moving boat methods. Site selection criteria and types of stage data collected are also briefly outlined.
This document summarizes the third edition of the Water Measurement Manual published by the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation. It discusses the need for reliable water measurement to better manage water resources and extend existing supplies. It provides an overview of the benefits of improved water measurement, such as equitable allocation, reduced conflicts, improved decision making, and conservation. The manual contains guidance on selecting and using various devices to measure flow and aims to support accurate water management.
1) Ultrasonic flow meters use ultrasonic waves to measure the velocity and volumetric flow of liquids and gases through pipes. They work by transmitting ultrasonic waves across the pipe and measuring the time it takes for the waves to travel in the direction of and against the flow.
2) There are two main types of ultrasonic flow meters: clamp-on and in-line. Clamp-on meters attach to the outside of pipes while in-line meters have transducers mounted directly inside the pipe.
3) Ultrasonic flow meters are non-invasive, have high accuracy around 1% of measured flow, require little maintenance as they have no moving parts, but have higher initial costs
Determination of design discharge and environmental flow in micro-hydropower ...Daniel Ngoma
In designing micro hydropower plants capacity, the amount of water flow discharge determination is very essential in estimating the power output for the micro hydropower scheme due to the fact that in recent years there has been an increase in water demand due irrigation activities because of an increase in agriculture activities [1]. From the literature, there are several methods that are used to determine hydro turbine water flow discharge but the most widely used method is the hydrological method which is based on the formulation of flow duration curve or hydrograph for the respective river flow based on site historical and measured hydrological data.
The hydrograph represents the amount of water flow in m3/s that is available for a particular river or stream in percentage from the historical hydrological data which has been computed over a period of more than one year. From the study of Hhaynu River which is a small river in Tanzania, the computed flow results show that, 8% of the time the flow is at 2.3 m3/s while at 50% of the time the river flow was at 1.86 m3/s and at 100% of the time the water flow was at 0.60 m3/s. When determining design discharge for run-of-river schemes, provision have to be considered for environmental flow on which for the Hhaynu River this has been analysed to be 0.2 m3/s (33.3% of river base flow) which resulted to the hydro-turbine development design water flow discharge of 0.4 m3/s from the computed flow duration curve with provision for environmental flow.
The usefulness of developing flow duration curve for rivers is to determine the available water flow in a particular small river and its suitability for micro hydropower development from estimates of the amount of water flow discharge.
Early kick detection and nonlinear behavior of drilling mu…Frank-Michael Jäger
The following test measurements serve the quantification of resolution and achievable sensitivity of parameters of sound velocity and sound absorption in wellbore fluids. More precisely, these studies refer to tools and methods to identify the flow of liquids or gases, preferably hydrocarbons in the well bore in real time during the drilling. The aim is a way to show with the highly sensitive and robust tools for use in the deep ocean can be realized.
Pipeline Monitoring Using Vibroacoustic Sensing – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews pipeline monitoring using vibroacoustic sensing. It discusses how vibroacoustic sensing uses acoustic and vibration sensors along pipelines to detect leaks, impacts, and other issues. A network of these sensors records signals that can identify locations of problems. The document outlines testing procedures used to simulate various events and evaluate the monitoring system's performance at detecting things like leaks, pig tracking, and impacts at different pressures and distances. It also reviews existing pipeline monitoring methods and the proposed use of acoustic waves to remotely monitor pipeline health by detecting abnormal wave propagation patterns from issues like leaks.
Real Time Downhole Flow Measurement SensorsSurajit Haldar
1. The document describes using a new coiled tubing real-time flow (CTRF) tool to measure bottom-hole parameters during an acid stimulation treatment of an open-hole horizontal water injector well in the Arab-D formation in Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia.
2. The CTRF tool directly measures fluid velocity and direction using heat transfer sensors, providing real-time data on flow distribution between zones to help optimize stimulation.
3. During the field operation, the CTRF tool was calibrated and used along with distributed temperature surveys (DTS) to identify high-flow zones for diversion and evaluate the treatment effectiveness. The intervention successfully improved well injectivity.
This document discusses stream gauging techniques used to measure stream discharge. It begins by explaining that stream flow represents the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle and is the most important data for hydrologic studies. It then describes various methods for measuring stream stage including staff gauges, suspended wire gauges, automatic stage recorders, and bubble gauges. Common techniques for directly measuring stream discharge are also summarized, such as area-velocity methods using current meters and floats, as well as moving boat methods. Site selection criteria and types of stage data collected are also briefly outlined.
This document summarizes the third edition of the Water Measurement Manual published by the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation. It discusses the need for reliable water measurement to better manage water resources and extend existing supplies. It provides an overview of the benefits of improved water measurement, such as equitable allocation, reduced conflicts, improved decision making, and conservation. The manual contains guidance on selecting and using various devices to measure flow and aims to support accurate water management.
1) Ultrasonic flow meters use ultrasonic waves to measure the velocity and volumetric flow of liquids and gases through pipes. They work by transmitting ultrasonic waves across the pipe and measuring the time it takes for the waves to travel in the direction of and against the flow.
2) There are two main types of ultrasonic flow meters: clamp-on and in-line. Clamp-on meters attach to the outside of pipes while in-line meters have transducers mounted directly inside the pipe.
3) Ultrasonic flow meters are non-invasive, have high accuracy around 1% of measured flow, require little maintenance as they have no moving parts, but have higher initial costs
The objective is to analyze and propose a methodology to manage with the attenuating effect promoted by carbon dioxide - CO2 on the performance of ultrasonic flow meter in gas flaring applications. Such methodology is based on experiments performed in a wind tunnel with a Reynolds number about 10^4 and concentration of CO2 above 60%. The results indicate that the ultrasonic meter exhibited measurement readings failures, especially in stages of abrupt changes in gas concentration, whose contents were above 5%. It is verified, as well, that the approximation of ultrasonic transducers tends to reduce such measurement failures.
This document discusses methods for measuring stream flow. It describes what a stream and drainage basin are and defines stream flow as surface runoff. Direct stream flow measurement methods include area-velocity, dilution technique, and current meter methods. Indirect methods use hydraulic structures like weirs and the slope-area method. Current meters are commonly used to measure velocity and must be calibrated. The area-velocity method divides the cross section into segments and multiplies width, depth, and velocity to calculate discharge. Dilution techniques use tracers added to the stream. A stage-discharge relationship can also be developed using indirect stage measurement methods.
This document provides guidance on using the area-slope method to estimate stream discharge indirectly when direct measurement is not possible. It describes the principles and steps of the area-slope method, including selecting a study reach, measuring the cross-sectional area and water surface slope, evaluating velocity using Manning's formula, and computing discharge. Guidelines are given for selecting sites, measuring cross-sections and slope, determining roughness coefficients, and performing calculations. The area-slope method provides a rough estimate of discharge but has limitations due to uncertainties in roughness coefficients.
The DXN from Dynasonics is a Portable ultrasonic flow meter capable of measuring liquid flow with multiple technologies, including: Doppler, transit time and liquid thermal flow. Easy to install by clamping transducers onto the outside of the pipe, the meter measures flow using the non-invasive ultrasonic sensors and takes over 100 readings a second. With the industry’s only advanced touch-screen interface featuring job-specific controls this is one portable meter that really can do it all.
1.Ultrasonic Flowmeter is a type of flowmeter that determines the flow velocity of fluid using ultrasonic soundwaves .
2.Ultrasonic Flowmeter works on the principle of Transit Time Difference Method , where we use Ultrasonic Transducers to emit and detect the ultrasonic waves.
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
This document discusses different methods for measuring water flow. It begins by explaining the importance of accurately measuring irrigation water. There are two main categories of flow measurement: direct discharge methods and velocity-area methods. Direct methods include using a bucket and stopwatch to collect and time water. Velocity-area methods multiply the cross-sectional area by average flow velocity, using techniques like floats, current meters, or tracers. Specific structures like weirs, flumes, and orifices are also discussed for measuring flow in open channels or pipes. Common types include rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular weirs as well as Parshall and cut-throat flumes.
This document discusses two methods for synthesizing unit hydrographs for ungauged areas: Snyder's method and the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph method. Snyder's method uses empirical equations relating basin characteristics like length, slope, and storage to calculate the basin lag, peak discharge, and time base of the unit hydrograph. The SCS method uses a standard dimensionless unit hydrograph curve and the basin's time of concentration to develop a triangular unit hydrograph. The document provides an example of applying Snyder's method and develops a 30-minute triangular unit hydrograph using SCS methods for a given watershed area and time of concentration.
Method for determining exhaustion of an electrochemical gas sensorSherry Huang
A method by which an oxygen measuring instrument can test the functionality of the oxygen sensor. Oxygen sensors of the galvanic type operate by consumption of an internal easily oxidizable anode, such as lead or cadmium.
Examination of Total Precipitable Water using MODIS measurements and Comparis...inventionjournals
This document examines the use of MODIS satellite measurements to estimate total precipitable water (TPW) and compares the results to radiosonde and GPS data. TPW was derived from MODIS near-infrared bands using established ratio techniques. Simultaneous TPW measurements from radiosonde and GPS data processing at the Mehrabad station in Iran provided points of comparison. Results showed a high correlation between TPW estimated from MODIS, radiosonde, and GPS data, validating the ability of MODIS measurements to accurately measure atmospheric water vapor content.
The document discusses characterization and measurement of sewage flow. It describes parameters used to characterize sewage such as flow rate, solids, organic matter, nutrients, biological quality, pH and more. Methods of measuring flow rate discussed include differential pressure meters, velocity meters, positive displacement meters, and open channel meters. Specific flow meter types are then defined and explained such as venturi meters, orifice plates, electromagnetic and ultrasonic flow meters, weirs and more. Equations for calculating flow using various meter types are also provided.
This document discusses key concepts in hydrology including hyetographs, hydrographs, unit hydrographs, and instantaneous unit hydrographs. It defines each term and concept and provides examples to illustrate them. Specifically, it defines a hyetograph as a plot of rainfall intensity over time, a hydrograph as a plot of discharge over time, and unit and instantaneous unit hydrographs as tools used to model watershed response to rainfall of different durations. Limitations and uses of unit hydrographs are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of flow meters used to measure flow in pipes and open channels. It begins by explaining why flow measurement is important, such as to quantify water and wastewater flows, facilitate proportionate sampling, and determine treatment plant and chemical dosage sizes. The document then covers basic requirements of flow meters and various technologies, including differential pressure, velocity, positive displacement, and mass flow meters. It also discusses open channel flow measurement using weirs and flumes.
Well hydraulics analyzes the drawdown of groundwater levels due to pumping from wells over time and distance. It is important to understand well hydraulics to design effective pumping strategies that can meet water demand by withdrawing adequate amounts of groundwater from aquifers. Basic assumptions are made about steady versus unsteady flow, and models examine steady radial flow of groundwater to wells pumping from both confined and unconfined aquifers.
Contamination of the marine environment around Fukushima NPPs has occurred through fallout and discharge of contaminated water into the sea. Japanese institutes have been monitoring seawater about 330 meters east of the discharge point and along a 30 km offshore transect. Data from several days show heterogeneous distribution of radionuclides as expected. Concentrations of Cs-137 and I-131 in surface waters 30 km offshore were 3 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than 2005 levels, and up to 3 orders of magnitude higher 330 meters from Fukushima. Modeling shows initial northeast transport of contaminated seawater reaching the 30 km section within 7 to 14 days, while marine dispersion to other Pacific countries will take months or years.
It will guide to about the air sampling process which is essential step before you proceed for any type of research regarding air pollution, pollutants and health effects.
Through the lack of technical instruments for construction and measurement. A small attempt was made by the team to demonstrate the working of Parshall Flume and Discharge measuring Accessories with support for Dr.-Ing Ramesh Kumar Maskey, Kathmandu University (KU) as part of our hydro-power project.
A hydrograph plots the variation of river discharge over time. It has components like the rising limb, peak flow, and recession limb. There are different types of hydrographs including storm hydrographs, which show discharge from precipitation over a short period, and flood hydrographs, which measure river characteristics. A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 unit of effective rainfall uniformly over a watershed. Hydrographs are constructed to analyze a basin's discharge patterns, develop flood forecasts, and extend flood records based on rainfall data.
Well logging involves making continuous measurements in a borehole to characterize rock properties. A caliper log uses tools like mechanical arms or ultrasound to measure the borehole diameter and shape. Caliper logs are useful for making corrections to other logs affected by hole size, assessing lithology and permeability, and selecting locations for well tests and casing.
This document discusses experiments carried out to study the effectiveness of using internal pipe measurements for leak detection in plastic pipes. Acoustic and pressure signals from simulated leaks of varying flow rates were measured using a hydrophone and pressure transducer inside a 4-inch plastic pipe. The results showed that both sensors could detect leaks as small as 2 liters per minute under low pipe flow rates. Increasing the ratio between pipe flow rate and leak flow rate diminished and lowered the frequency of the leak signals. Sensor location and direction relative to the leak were also found to impact the quality of the acquired signal.
Pe 4030 ch 2 sensors and transducers part 2 flow level temp light oct 7, 2016Charlton Inao
This document provides an overview of various liquid flow and level sensors, including:
1) Orifice, turbine, electromagnetic, and ultrasonic flow sensors
2) Float, differential pressure, radar, and ultrasonic level sensors
3) Details on the working principles and applications of technologies like guided-wave radar and gravimetric sensing.
The objectives are to understand common sensor types and how to select sensors based on industrial requirements.
The objective is to analyze and propose a methodology to manage with the attenuating effect promoted by carbon dioxide - CO2 on the performance of ultrasonic flow meter in gas flaring applications. Such methodology is based on experiments performed in a wind tunnel with a Reynolds number about 10^4 and concentration of CO2 above 60%. The results indicate that the ultrasonic meter exhibited measurement readings failures, especially in stages of abrupt changes in gas concentration, whose contents were above 5%. It is verified, as well, that the approximation of ultrasonic transducers tends to reduce such measurement failures.
This document discusses methods for measuring stream flow. It describes what a stream and drainage basin are and defines stream flow as surface runoff. Direct stream flow measurement methods include area-velocity, dilution technique, and current meter methods. Indirect methods use hydraulic structures like weirs and the slope-area method. Current meters are commonly used to measure velocity and must be calibrated. The area-velocity method divides the cross section into segments and multiplies width, depth, and velocity to calculate discharge. Dilution techniques use tracers added to the stream. A stage-discharge relationship can also be developed using indirect stage measurement methods.
This document provides guidance on using the area-slope method to estimate stream discharge indirectly when direct measurement is not possible. It describes the principles and steps of the area-slope method, including selecting a study reach, measuring the cross-sectional area and water surface slope, evaluating velocity using Manning's formula, and computing discharge. Guidelines are given for selecting sites, measuring cross-sections and slope, determining roughness coefficients, and performing calculations. The area-slope method provides a rough estimate of discharge but has limitations due to uncertainties in roughness coefficients.
The DXN from Dynasonics is a Portable ultrasonic flow meter capable of measuring liquid flow with multiple technologies, including: Doppler, transit time and liquid thermal flow. Easy to install by clamping transducers onto the outside of the pipe, the meter measures flow using the non-invasive ultrasonic sensors and takes over 100 readings a second. With the industry’s only advanced touch-screen interface featuring job-specific controls this is one portable meter that really can do it all.
1.Ultrasonic Flowmeter is a type of flowmeter that determines the flow velocity of fluid using ultrasonic soundwaves .
2.Ultrasonic Flowmeter works on the principle of Transit Time Difference Method , where we use Ultrasonic Transducers to emit and detect the ultrasonic waves.
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
This document discusses different methods for measuring water flow. It begins by explaining the importance of accurately measuring irrigation water. There are two main categories of flow measurement: direct discharge methods and velocity-area methods. Direct methods include using a bucket and stopwatch to collect and time water. Velocity-area methods multiply the cross-sectional area by average flow velocity, using techniques like floats, current meters, or tracers. Specific structures like weirs, flumes, and orifices are also discussed for measuring flow in open channels or pipes. Common types include rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular weirs as well as Parshall and cut-throat flumes.
This document discusses two methods for synthesizing unit hydrographs for ungauged areas: Snyder's method and the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph method. Snyder's method uses empirical equations relating basin characteristics like length, slope, and storage to calculate the basin lag, peak discharge, and time base of the unit hydrograph. The SCS method uses a standard dimensionless unit hydrograph curve and the basin's time of concentration to develop a triangular unit hydrograph. The document provides an example of applying Snyder's method and develops a 30-minute triangular unit hydrograph using SCS methods for a given watershed area and time of concentration.
Method for determining exhaustion of an electrochemical gas sensorSherry Huang
A method by which an oxygen measuring instrument can test the functionality of the oxygen sensor. Oxygen sensors of the galvanic type operate by consumption of an internal easily oxidizable anode, such as lead or cadmium.
Examination of Total Precipitable Water using MODIS measurements and Comparis...inventionjournals
This document examines the use of MODIS satellite measurements to estimate total precipitable water (TPW) and compares the results to radiosonde and GPS data. TPW was derived from MODIS near-infrared bands using established ratio techniques. Simultaneous TPW measurements from radiosonde and GPS data processing at the Mehrabad station in Iran provided points of comparison. Results showed a high correlation between TPW estimated from MODIS, radiosonde, and GPS data, validating the ability of MODIS measurements to accurately measure atmospheric water vapor content.
The document discusses characterization and measurement of sewage flow. It describes parameters used to characterize sewage such as flow rate, solids, organic matter, nutrients, biological quality, pH and more. Methods of measuring flow rate discussed include differential pressure meters, velocity meters, positive displacement meters, and open channel meters. Specific flow meter types are then defined and explained such as venturi meters, orifice plates, electromagnetic and ultrasonic flow meters, weirs and more. Equations for calculating flow using various meter types are also provided.
This document discusses key concepts in hydrology including hyetographs, hydrographs, unit hydrographs, and instantaneous unit hydrographs. It defines each term and concept and provides examples to illustrate them. Specifically, it defines a hyetograph as a plot of rainfall intensity over time, a hydrograph as a plot of discharge over time, and unit and instantaneous unit hydrographs as tools used to model watershed response to rainfall of different durations. Limitations and uses of unit hydrographs are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of flow meters used to measure flow in pipes and open channels. It begins by explaining why flow measurement is important, such as to quantify water and wastewater flows, facilitate proportionate sampling, and determine treatment plant and chemical dosage sizes. The document then covers basic requirements of flow meters and various technologies, including differential pressure, velocity, positive displacement, and mass flow meters. It also discusses open channel flow measurement using weirs and flumes.
Well hydraulics analyzes the drawdown of groundwater levels due to pumping from wells over time and distance. It is important to understand well hydraulics to design effective pumping strategies that can meet water demand by withdrawing adequate amounts of groundwater from aquifers. Basic assumptions are made about steady versus unsteady flow, and models examine steady radial flow of groundwater to wells pumping from both confined and unconfined aquifers.
Contamination of the marine environment around Fukushima NPPs has occurred through fallout and discharge of contaminated water into the sea. Japanese institutes have been monitoring seawater about 330 meters east of the discharge point and along a 30 km offshore transect. Data from several days show heterogeneous distribution of radionuclides as expected. Concentrations of Cs-137 and I-131 in surface waters 30 km offshore were 3 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than 2005 levels, and up to 3 orders of magnitude higher 330 meters from Fukushima. Modeling shows initial northeast transport of contaminated seawater reaching the 30 km section within 7 to 14 days, while marine dispersion to other Pacific countries will take months or years.
It will guide to about the air sampling process which is essential step before you proceed for any type of research regarding air pollution, pollutants and health effects.
Through the lack of technical instruments for construction and measurement. A small attempt was made by the team to demonstrate the working of Parshall Flume and Discharge measuring Accessories with support for Dr.-Ing Ramesh Kumar Maskey, Kathmandu University (KU) as part of our hydro-power project.
A hydrograph plots the variation of river discharge over time. It has components like the rising limb, peak flow, and recession limb. There are different types of hydrographs including storm hydrographs, which show discharge from precipitation over a short period, and flood hydrographs, which measure river characteristics. A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 unit of effective rainfall uniformly over a watershed. Hydrographs are constructed to analyze a basin's discharge patterns, develop flood forecasts, and extend flood records based on rainfall data.
Well logging involves making continuous measurements in a borehole to characterize rock properties. A caliper log uses tools like mechanical arms or ultrasound to measure the borehole diameter and shape. Caliper logs are useful for making corrections to other logs affected by hole size, assessing lithology and permeability, and selecting locations for well tests and casing.
This document discusses experiments carried out to study the effectiveness of using internal pipe measurements for leak detection in plastic pipes. Acoustic and pressure signals from simulated leaks of varying flow rates were measured using a hydrophone and pressure transducer inside a 4-inch plastic pipe. The results showed that both sensors could detect leaks as small as 2 liters per minute under low pipe flow rates. Increasing the ratio between pipe flow rate and leak flow rate diminished and lowered the frequency of the leak signals. Sensor location and direction relative to the leak were also found to impact the quality of the acquired signal.
Pe 4030 ch 2 sensors and transducers part 2 flow level temp light oct 7, 2016Charlton Inao
This document provides an overview of various liquid flow and level sensors, including:
1) Orifice, turbine, electromagnetic, and ultrasonic flow sensors
2) Float, differential pressure, radar, and ultrasonic level sensors
3) Details on the working principles and applications of technologies like guided-wave radar and gravimetric sensing.
The objectives are to understand common sensor types and how to select sensors based on industrial requirements.
The document discusses various methods for measuring fluid flow, including differential pressure flow meters, velocity flow meters, positive displacement flow meters, and open channel flow meters. It provides details on some common differential pressure flow meter technologies like orifice plates and pitot tubes. An orifice plate works by measuring the differential pressure across the plate to calculate flow rate, while a pitot tube measures the difference between stagnation and static pressures to determine fluid velocity at a point. The document also explains factors to consider in selecting a flow measurement approach and classifies meters as either primary quantity meters or secondary rate meters.
A Smart Flow Measurement System Adaptive to Different Variation Using Ultraso...Sheikh R Manihar Ahmed
This Paper Explain the Design of a Smart Flow measurement Technique using Ultrasonic Flow Meter for custody transfer quality. The objective of the work are; (i) to extend the linearity range of measurement to 100% of the input range, (ii) to make the measurement system adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature. An Accurate flow measurement is an essential requirement both from qualitative and economic points of view. Among the non contact type of flow measurement, ultrasonic flow measurement is widely used to measure flow, because of its advantage like high resolution and less interference of noise on output. However, non linear characteristics of Ultrasonic flow meters have restricted its use. An optimal Computational Logic is considered by comparing various schemes and algorithms based on minimization of Mean Square Error and Regression close to one. The output of ultrasonic flow meter is frequency. It is converted to voltage by using a frequency to voltage converter. An optimal Computational logic block is added in cascade to frequency to voltage converter. This arrangement helps to linearise the overall system for 100% of full scale and makes it adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature. Since the proposed Smart flow measurement technique produces output which is adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature, the present technique avoids the requirement of repeated calibration every time there is change in liquid, and/or pipe diameter, and/or liquid temperature. The results show that proposed measurement technique achieves the objectives quite satisfactorily.
Advanced gas leakage detection using acoustic sensors newYatheesh Kaggere
The document discusses methods for detecting gas leaks in pipelines. It begins with an introduction to the importance and challenges of monitoring vast pipeline networks transporting oil and gas. It then reviews several existing approaches for continuous and non-continuous leak detection, including pressure analysis, mass balance, and acoustic sensors. The document proposes a new hybrid system using both gas sensors and ultrasonic sensors to quickly detect leaks and pinpoint their location. It concludes that while technologies are advancing, the proposed system offers a more accurate and cost-effective solution compared to other current methods.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of roughness and Reynolds number on mean flow velocities in an open channel. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume with four different bed surfaces (smooth, rough with sand strips, continuous rough sand layer, permeable sand bed) and two Reynolds numbers. Laser Doppler anemometry was used to measure streamwise velocities. The results showed that mean velocities collapsed well across different bed surfaces and Reynolds numbers. Maximum velocities generally occurred below the free surface. The location of maximum velocity depended on roughness and Reynolds number. Friction coefficients were also found to depend on both roughness and Reynolds number.
Open channel flow velocity profiles for different reynolds numbers and roughn...eSAT Journals
Abstract A series of laboratory tests were carried out to understand the extent of effect of roughness and Reynolds number on mean velocity in both outer and inner scaling. To this end, four different types of bed surface conditions (impermeable smooth bed, impermeable rough bed, permeable sand bed and impermeable distributed roughness) and two different Reynolds number (Reh = 47,500 and 31,000) were adopted in the study. Sand particles of median diameter of 2.46 mm were used to create the roughness. The results show that the mean velocities collapsed well for different Reynolds number and for all different bed surfaces. The maximum velocity for all flow conditions were observed below some distances from the free surface. The location of maximum velocity is seen to be dependent on both of roughness and Reynolds number. The smooth bed test data agrees well with the standard log law and collapses well in viscous sub layer and overlap region. The extent of collapses is found to be dependent on Reynolds number. Friction coefficient is noted to be dependent on both the Reynolds number and roughness. Key Words: Open channel flow, Reynolds number, Roughness, mean velocity, friction coefficient, log law
IRJET- Intelligent Detection and Elimination of Blockage in Sewage pipes ...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a robotic system designed to detect and clear blockages in sewage pipes as a safer alternative to human workers.
2) The robot uses ultrasonic sensors to detect blockages and then clears them using either high-pressure water pumping or a rotating cutting mechanism.
3) A wireless camera and other sensors allow a remote operator to monitor the robot's progress through the pipes. This robotic system aims to eliminate health and safety risks for human sewage workers.
Development of Non-Invasive Ultrasonic Measuring System for Monitoring Multip...IJECEIAES
Process of conveying liquid substance via the pipeline is the most common practice of transferring the liquid from one point to another point. Composite pipeline is becoming an option for liquid conveying purposed (instead of PVC, acrylic or metal) for its durability, longer lifetime and non-corrosive material in comparison with current pipeline. In order to ensure, the conveying process has a smooth flow rate without particle or bubble disturbance that could hinder good process flow, non-invasive monitoring system is always required. The ultrasonic measuring system is one of the monitoring options that could be applied. With proper designed for transmitting and conditioning circuitry, 300kHz ultrasonic frequencies are found as the optimal frequency needed to penetrate across the composite pipeline with full of liquid. The ultrasonic sensor response is being successfully differentiated between full flow (no material blockage) and with bulk material blockage (dry and wet sand).
This document describes a system called PipeGuard that aims to autonomously detect leaks in pipes. It summarizes the system's design and working principles. PipeGuard contains a carrier module that provides locomotion inside pipes and a detector module. The detector works by measuring changes in force on a rotating drum suspended by a gimbal mechanism when a membrane attached to the drum comes in contact with leak areas. These force measurements can identify leak locations based on the angle of contact. The system uses two microcontrollers, one for real-time leak sensing from force sensors and one for controlling the carrier's speed. It communicates wirelessly to a command center to report leak detections.
Development of Ammonia Gas Leak Detection and Location MethodTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposed the gas for industrial ammonia leak diffusion model and the Gauss method
of leakage localization. A set of wireless ammonia leak alarm system is composed of sensor node, network
coordinator and host used in the industrial field was developed, the purpose is to reduce the loss of
property caused by the leakage of ammonia industry. Using the monitoring system to carry out the
ammonia leak location simulation measurement experiment, the result shows that the relative positioning
error of the monitoring system is about 12%, which meets the needs of industrial production safety
monitoring. Using the wireless sensor network to monitor the concentration of ammonia gas and locate the
leakage source, it solves the problems of traditional wired alarm system, such as difficult wiring and weak
expansibility, which helps to find the leak timely and provides a reference for the emergency rescue work.
Abstract: Leak detection in gas pipelines has always been a great challenge for engineers, which prompts us to develop much better ways to inspect pipelines efficiently. Saving time and money at the same time are priorities of the pipeline inspection. There have been numerous models around the world but performance varies on a wider range. Most of the inspection systems have limited applicability, are neither reliable nor robust, while others depend on the user experience. This project work consists of developing an ‘In Pipe Inspection Robot’ that move inside a pipeline and find the position of leakage. The need of a leak detecting system, types of leak detecting system are discussed in brief. Leak detection is done using the principle of pressure gradient around the leakage area and The robot chassis is incorporated with the electronic components for the movement of robot inside the pipeline.
Effectiveirrigation water management beginswith timingand regulating irrigation water application in away that will satisfy the need of the crop without wastingwater,soil and cropnutrients. Thisinvolvessupplying water according to the crop requirement, quantity that canbe heldby the soil and is available tothe crop at ratestolerated according to the soil characteristics.So measuringwater infields is veryessential step in irrigation management systems. Thereare manywater flow measurement techniques aswell as different types of water flow meters used inirrigation tomeasure thevolume ofwaterflow in pipelines but these all are too costly. This paper describes design and development of low cost automaticwaterflow meter which supplies only required amount of water to the crops saving water as well as energy.G1/2 HallEffectwater flow sensor is usedas a sensing unitwith a turbine rotor inside it whosespeed of rotationchanges with the different rate of flowofwater.The Hall Effect sensoroutputs the corresponding pulse train for frequency input to the microcontroller.The whole system comprises of AT89S52microcontroller,G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor, relay, optocoupler, a water pump, 5V supply, LCD,keypadand some passive components.The AT89S52 microcontroller is programmedinKeildevelopment Tool
Design and development of automatic Water flow meterIJCSEA Journal
This document describes the design and development of an automatic low-cost water flow meter. It uses a G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor with a turbine rotor to measure water flow rate. As the rotor spins, the Hall sensor outputs a pulse train proportional to the flow rate. An AT89S52 microcontroller is programmed to convert this to a flow rate measurement displayed on an LCD. The system automatically turns off the water pump after a preset time to conserve water as per crop needs. Testing showed the sensor readings closely matched actual flow rates between multiplication factors of 1.7-2.0.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC WATER FLOW METERIJCSEA Journal
Effective irrigation water management begins with timing and regulating irrigation water application in a
way that will satisfy the need of the crop without wasting water, soil and crop nutrients. This involves
supplying water according to the crop requirement, quantity that can be held by the soil and is available to
the crop at rates tolerated according to the soil characteristics. So measuring water in fields is very
essential step in irrigation management systems. There are many water flow measurement techniques as
well as different types of water flow meters used in irrigation to measure the volume of water flow in
pipelines but these all are too costly. This paper describes design and development of low cost automatic
water flow meter which supplies only required amount of water to the crops saving water as well as energy.
G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor is used as a sensing unit with a turbine rotor inside it whose speed of
rotation changes with the different rate of flow of water. The Hall Effect sensor outputs the corresponding
pulse train for frequency input to the microcontroller. The whole system comprises of AT89S52
microcontroller, G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor, relay, optocoupler, a water pump, 5V supply, LCD,
keypad and some passive components. The AT89S52 microcontroller is programmed in Keil development
Tool.
Rev. August 2014 ME495 - Pipe Flow Characteristics… Page .docxjoyjonna282
Rev. August 2014 ME495 - Pipe Flow Characteristics… Page 2
2
ME495—Thermo Fluids Laboratory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PIPE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
AND PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
CALIBRATION
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PREPARED BY: GROUP LEADER’S NAME
LAB PARTNERS: NAME
NAME
NAME
TIME/DATE OF EXPERIMENT: TIME , DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
OBJECTIVE— The objectives of this experiment are
to: a) observe the characteristics of flow in a pipe,
b) evaluate the flow rate in a pipe using velocity
and pressure difference measurements, and c)
perform the calibration of a pressure transducer.
Upon completing this experiment you should have
learned (i) how to measure the flow rate and average
velocity in a pipe using a Pitot tube and/or a resistance
flow meter, and (ii) how to classify the general
characteristics of a pipe flow.
Nomenclature
a = speed of sound, m/s
A = area, m
2
C = discharge coefficient, dimensionless
d = pipe diameter, m
d0 = orifice diameter, m
E = velocity approach factor, dimensionless
f = Darcy friction factor, dimensionless
K0 = flow coefficient, dimensionless
k = ratio of specific heats (cp/cv), dimensionless
L = length of pipe, m
M = Mach number, dimensionless
p = pressure, Pa
p0 = stagnation pressure, Pa
p1, p2 = pressure at two axial locations along a
pipe, Pa
Q = volumetric flow rate, m
3
/s
R = specific gas constant, J·kg/K
Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless
T = temperature, K
V = local velocity, m/s
V = average velocity, m/s
Y = adiabatic expansion factor, dimensionless
= ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter,
dimensionless
p = pressure drop across an orifice meter, Pa
= dynamic viscosity, Pa·s
= air density, kg/m3
INTRODUCTION— The flow of a fluid (liquid or
gas) through pipes or ducts is a common part of many
engineering systems. Household applications include
the flow of water in copper pipes, the flow of natural
gas in steel pipes, and the flow of heated air through
metal ducts of rectangular cross-section in a forced-air
furnace system. Industrial applications range from the
flow of liquid plastics in a manufacturing plant, to the
flow of yogurt in a food-processing plant. Because the
purpose of a piping system is to transport a desired
quantity of fluid, it is important to understand the
various methods of measuring the flow rate.
In order to work with a fluid system, and certainly to
design a fluid system that will deliver a prescribed
flow, it is necessary to understand certain fundamental
aspects of the fluid flow. For this, one should be able
to answer questions like: Are compressibility effects
important? Is the flow laminar or turbulent? Is the
viscosity of the fluid important or not? Is the flow
steady or varying with time? What are the primary
forces of importance? For internal ...
The document describes a study that investigated the depth-wise profiles of velocity and turbulence parameters in the proximity of a mid-channel bar using experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling methods. Velocity measurements were taken at various depths and locations near the mid-channel bar using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). The study found changes in the velocity and turbulence profiles due to interactions between the fluid flow and the mid-channel bar. CFD modeling with the Reynolds stress model was also used to validate the experimental results.
Ocean Dynamics and Sediment Transport Measuring Acoustic and Optical InstrumentsIRJET Journal
This document discusses instruments used to measure ocean dynamics and sediment transport. It describes acoustic instruments like the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) which uses Doppler shift from sound waves to measure ocean currents and velocity profiles with 1% accuracy. Optical instruments are also discussed, such as the optical backscatter sensor which uses infrared light scattering to measure turbidity and suspended solids above 1 kg/m3. The document analyzes these acoustic and optical techniques to effectively measure parameters like velocity, turbidity, and sediment size/concentration for understanding coastal hydrodynamics and sediment transport.
Concentration measurements of bubbles in a water column using an optical tomo...ISA Interchange
Optical tomography provides a means for the determination of the spatial distribution of materials with different optical density in a volume by non-intrusive means. This paper presents results of concentration measurements of gas bubbles in a water column using an optical tomography system. A hydraulic flow rig is used to generate vertical air–water two-phase flows with controllable bubble flow rate. Two approaches are investigated. The first aims to obtain an average gas concentration at the measurement section, the second aims to obtain a gas distribution profile by using tomographic imaging. A hybrid back-projection algorithm is used to calculate concentration profiles from measured sensor values to provide a tomographic image of the measurement cross-section. The algorithm combines the characteristic of an optical sensor as a hard field sensor and the linear back projection algorithm.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
2. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
High-precision Ultrasonic Flowmeter for Mining Applications based on .... (Lili Zhang)
85
down to 0.5 mm was developed using disk ultrasonic transducers in [8]. This flowmeter can
measure a liquid flow rate below 1 ml/min, which corresponds to a Reynolds number of about
40. The flow patterns in ultrasonic liquid flowmeter and several flow visualization studies with
performance of an ultrasonic transit time flow meter have been discussed in [9]. A study on
ultrasonic flowmeter for measurements of the flow rate of viscous liquids with viscosity
substantially dependent on temperature is presented in [10]. According to 2005 research,
ultrasonic flowmeters captured approximately 10% of sales volume combining all types of
flowmeters. Moreover, no single technology, nor one type of interaction within a technology, can
be best for all fluids, occasions and situations [2].
In this paper, a flow measurement method based on velocity-area which is especially
suitable for mining application is proposed. The two key parameters liquid level and flow velocity
are required for archiving this method. Earlier, several techniques and sensors are used for
liquid level measurement such as liquid level sensor using float, capacitance liquid level sensor,
static pressure liquid level sensor, and ultrasonic liquid level sensors [11]. Considering the
characteristics and applications of various methods, ultrasonic liquid level sensor is adopted to
measure the liquid level of mine open channel. These techniques can be used for flow velocity
measurements such as flowmeter, electromagnetic induction, and ultrasonic velocity methods.
However, ultrasonic velocity method is more applicable to open channel flow measurement due
to their advantages of installation without changing the channel. The basic principle is to obtain
the velocity of fluid through the transit-times or transit-time difference (TTD) of upstream and
downstream traveling ultrasound signals [12]. In addition, mud position sensor is used to reduce
measurement error of liquid level resulted from the coal sludge and impurities deposited on the
channel bottom. Ultrasonic mud position sensor can achieve accurate measurement of mud
level when the field calibration of acoustic velocity is applied according to the practical
requirements. In summary, the proposed flowmeter is composed of three main functional
modules: (1) flow velocity detection module based on ultrasonic time difference method, (2)
liquid level detection module, and (3) mud level detection module based on ultrasonic pulse
echo method. All the measured data are transferred to the monitoring station for analysis and
displayed in real-time through M-BUS. The flowmeter is designed for focusing on mining
applications, and has higher benefits for preventing water disasters in coal mines.
2. Measurement Principle
The measurement of cross-sectional flow area is realized through open channel liquid
level and mud position detection based on the ultrasonic pulse echo method. The height of
water and mud are measured to receive water flow cross-sectional area. Schematic diagram of
the measuring principle is shown in Figure 1.
h1
h0
Sediment
deposition
h
H1
H
H-h
Liquid level
measurement host
and ultrasonic probe
Mud level
measurement host
Ultrasonic probe
for mud level
Flowmeter based
on Doppler effect
d
H0
Figure 1. Schematic diagram for measuring the water flow in cross-sectional area
3. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 16, No. 1, February 2018 : 791 – 79x
86
Ultrasonic wave is transmitted from ultrasonic transducer, and received by ultrasonic
probe after the reflection from water surface. The travelled distance of ultrasonic wave is
obtained from the product of sound velocity and elapsed time, which is double the distance
between the probe and the water surface. The liquid level height can be determined by the
following formula:
10 HHH (1)
21
tc
H
(2)
Here, c is sound velocity, t is elapsed time, 0H is the height of the ultrasonic probe,
1H is the distance between the probe and the water surface, H is the height of the liquid level.
Based on the above principle, the height of mud position can be obtained from following
formula:
0 1h h h (3)
Here, 0h is the height of ultrasonic probe for mud position, 1h is distance between the probe and
the mud surface. So, the water flow cross-sectional area is determined by the formula:
( )S H h d (4)
Here, d is the width of open channel.
The key principle of flow measurement using ultrasonic method is the measurement
of velocity of the fluid. The velocity is obtained from flow velocity module based on ultrasonic
time difference method. Relative to a fixed coordinate system (such as the side wall of the open
channel), the ultrasonic propagation velocity in the flow medium is different from the propagation
velocity in the static medium, and the changes in velocity value depend on the flow velocity of
the medium. The propagation time difference of ultrasonic wave can be measured to determine
flow velocity of the medium [13, 14].
The schematic diagram for measuring the water flow velocity based on principle of time
difference method is shown in Figure 2. The ultrasonic downstream transducer 1T and upstream
transducer 2T are installed on both walls of the open channel. Lrepresent the ultrasonic path
length, express the angle between ultrasonic propagation direction and flow direction, and
Dis the width of open channel.
Flow
direction
Ultrasonic
transducer 1
Flow
direction
Ultrasonic
transducer 2
21t
12t
LD V
Figure 2. Schematic diagram for measuring the flow velocity
4. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
High-precision Ultrasonic Flowmeter for Mining Applications based on .... (Lili Zhang)
87
The relationship among them is illustrated in the following equation:
/sinL D (5)
So, ultrasonic downstream propagation time 12t from the transmitting transducer to the
receiving transducer , can be determined by the following formula:
12 /( cos )t L c v (6)
Here, c is the ultrasonic propagation velocity in water, and v is the flow velocity. And,
ultrasonic upstream propagation time 21t from the transmitting transducer 2T to the receiving
transducer 1T , also can be determined by the following formula:
12 /( cos )t L c v (7)
Due to the continuous fluid flow, ultrasonic downstream propagation time is less than
the upstream propagation time. The time difference is derived as follows:
21 12
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 cos
cos
2 cos
1 ( ) cos
t t t
Lv
c v
vL
c
v
c
(8)
As the ultrasonic propagation velocity in water under normal temperature and
pressure is equal to1450 /m s , which is far greater than the flow velocity v , so
2
( )v
c is
approximately equal to zero. Therefore, the time difference is simplified as follows:
2
2 cosvL
t
c
(9)
Thus, formula for calculating water flow velocity in open channel is shown as follows:
2
2 cos
t c
v
L
(10)
From the above equation, the flow velocity has relationship with the parameter , which
is influenced by temperature, water depth and other physical parameters. So, combining the two
equations (6) and (7), the mathematical transformation can be used to remove the parameter
for calculating water flow velocity.
2
2
12 21 2 2 2
( )
cos
L L
t t
c v c
(11)
Finally, the flow velocity is determined by the following equation:
12 212 cos
t L
v
t t
(12)
1T
2T
c
c
c
v
5. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 16, No. 1, February 2018 : 791 – 79x
88
In the above equation, because
2cos
L
is constant, the flow velocity can be
computed after downstream and upstream propagation time are measured as described in [12].
Therefore, the average flow Q of open channel is determined according to the flow velocity
(which is measured by flow velocity sensor module) and the water flow cross-sectional area S
(which measured by water level and mud level sensor modules) shown in the following formula:
( )Q vS v H h d (13)
3. Hardware Design
In this section, the design of different hardware modules of ultrasonic open channel
flowmeter for mining application is described. The hardware modules include liquid level sensor
module, mud position sensor module and flow velocity sensor module.
3.1. Design of liquid level (or mud position) sensor module
The measuring principle of liquid level is based on the ultrasonic pulse echo method,
similar to mud position measurement. So their general design process is discussed together.
This module is composed of six components: microcontroller, ultrasonic transducer, ultrasonic
excitation circuit, signal processing circuit, electric source and communication circuit. The
overall block diagram is shown in Figure 3.
Communication
Circuit
Microcontroller
P89LPC936
Ultrasonic
Excitation Circuit
Ultrasonic
Tranducer
Signal Processing
Circuit
Power Supply
Circuit
Figure 3. Comprehensive block diagram of liquid level or mud position sensor module
In this design, P89LPC936 is adopted as the main microcontroller, which is based on
principles of high performance processor architecture and generally available in low cost
packages. In addition, capture/compare unit (CCU) provides PWM, input capturing, and output
comparison functionalities. The center frequency of 40 KHz is used in ultrasonic
transducer transceiver. In ultrasonic excitation circuit, NOT gate oscillator and its drive circuit is
designed to excite ultrasonic waves (see Appendix A-1). Signal processing circuit consists of
four modules: signal amplification, band-pass filtering, rectifier circuit, and voltage signal
comparison (see Appendix A-2). Bus transceiver TSS721A and its peripheral circuits are used
to realize the communication between liquid sensor module and communication substation (see
Appendix A-3).
M-BUS communication mode is adopted to improve anti-interference ability and
performance. To avoid the interference between communication circuit and microcontroller,
optical coupler 6N139 is used. The power supply circuit which is mainly composed of HT7150,
HT7130, DY24S12-W5, 78L05, 78L15 and FAN5660 (see Appendix A-4). The reverse voltage
is provided by FAN5660. In addition, power supply circuit is intrinsically providing safe DC
power supply, which can meet the specific requirements of coal mining.
3.2. Design of flow velocity sensor module
The flow velocity can be calculated by the specific formula after ultrasonic
propagation time of upstream and downstream are measured. As the measuring principle is
same as principle of liquid level or mud position sensor modules, their respective hardware and
software design modules are also fundamentally same. The only difference is that ultrasonic
v
v
6. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
High-precision Ultrasonic Flowmeter for Mining Applications based on .... (Lili Zhang)
89
propagation time of upstream and downstream should be measured respectively. Therefore,
one transceiver control circuit should be designed to achieve conversion of transmitting or
receiving control.
4. Design of the Software Modules
As part of software module design, liquid level or mud position sensor module required
to send the measuring data to master computer. As each liquid level sensor has one unique and
parallel address code, sensor should be activated to realize measurement from idle mode when
it receives the updated matching address code. Moreover, the liquid level sensor is connected
to the setting device to configure the address code after all the sensors are installed in place.
According to the formula of calculating the liquid level, ultrasonic propagation velocity c is a
parameter susceptible to some environmental factors. The ultrasonic velocity field calibration
needs to be completed by means of connecting the setting device to remove effects of
environmental factors on measured distance. The main program flowchart of sensor module is
shown in Figure 4.
Address identified is same to
default address?
Serial
communication
Invoke microcontroller from
power down state
Initialization
P2.2=0?
Measurement subroutine
Communication with substation
Connecting with
setting device
Calibration?
Setting address?
Measurement subroutine
Communication with setting
device
Performing
calibration
Setting
address
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Figure 4. The flowchart of main sensor module
The Figure 5 shows the flowchart of the liquid level measurement program. Initially,
through the processing circuit signal amplification is controlled by the analog switch. When the
distance is short, smaller magnification is adopted in order to prevent the clutter effect; when the
distance is larger, higher magnification is needed for the weak echo signal.
7. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 16, No. 1, February 2018 : 791 – 79x
90
Initialization
Run CCU analog
comparator
Echo is receiced?
Enable ultrasonic
transducer
Measuring the time
difference
Obtain the distance between the
transducer and liquid level
Near terminal?
Set p1.2=0
Calculate real-time distance from liquid level
to transducer
Set p1.2=1
Measure the time
difference again
Return
Y
N
Figure 5. The flowchart of liquid level measurement program
5. Circuit Testing and Experimental Results
In this section, the results after testing the designed circuits, and the experimental data
collected are presented. According to the circuit design, the signal output waveform of the
circuits is shown in Figure 6. Through the signal processing circuit, the launch time and the
reception time of the ultrasonic echo signals are shown in Figure 7. The rising edge of the first
rectangle is the launch time of the ultrasonic wave, the second rising edge of the rectangular
wave of ultrasonic wave is the reception time. The distance is obtained by measuring the
elapsed time between the two rising edges. The propagation time is 2.98ms, and the distance
from the liquid surface to ultrasonic transducer is calculated as shown below. More accurate
distance value is obtained when the sound velocity is calibrated in the field.
mm
smms
6.506
2
/34098.2
8. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
High-precision Ultrasonic Flowmeter for Mining Applications based on .... (Lili Zhang)
91
Figure 6. The rectification ultrasonic echo (top)
Figure 7. The ultrasonic echo after voltage comparison
The data from channel level sensor is compared with the measured distance. The Table
1 shows the obtained data and error of liquid level sensor module. The Table 2 shows the
obtained data and error of mud position sensor, and Table 3 shows the data and error obtained
through flow velocity sensor module. The relative errors of the liquid level sensor, mud level
sensor and flow velocity sensor are kept within 4%, and meet the expected requirements.
Table 1. Obtained Data and Error of Liquid Level Sensor Module
Distance(m) Measured distance(m) Relative error(%)
3.00 3.05 1.7
3.00 2.99 0.3
2.00 2.03 1.5
2.00 2.01 0.5
2.00 1.00 .0.0
1.00 0.96 4.0
Table 2. Obtained Data and Error of Mud Position Sensor Module
Distance(m) Measured distance(m) Relative error(%)
1.00 0.98 2.0
1.00 0.96 4.0
0.8 0.81 1.25
0.8 0.76 5.00
0.5 0.51 2.0
0.5 0.48 4.0
2.98
ms
9. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 16, No. 1, February 2018 : 791 – 79x
92
Table 3. Obtained Data and Error of Flow Velocity Sensor Module
Flow velocity using
instrument(m/s)
Flow velocity
using sensor(m/s)
Relative
error(%)
15.00 15.235 1.57
15.00 14.567 2.89
10.00 10.022 0.22
10.0 9.870 1.30
5.00 4.899 2.02
5.00 4.961 0.78
6. Conclusion
This paper describes a novel ultrasonic flowmeter for open channel, which can be
applied in a number of coal mines. The flowmeter has several features such as high accuracy,
stable communication, easy installation, and has a power supply circuit. The power supply
circuit is designed for intrinsic safety and can satisfy the requirements of coal mines. The
proposed ultrasonic flowmeter can perform liquid level, mud position, and flow velocity
detection. The working principle, hardware modules and software design are introduced in
detail. Experimental results and error analysis are given to verify the stability of flowmeter. In
addition, the ultrasonic flowmeter for mining has a higher measurement accuracy compared to
other open channel flowmeters. Therefore, it can be useful in several applications which involve
open channel flow measurement such as plant drainage, irrigation, and water conservation
applications.
References
[1] Lynnworth LC, Liu Y. Ultrasonic flowmeters: Half-century progress report, 1995-2005.
Ultrasonics. 2006; 44: 1371-1378.
[2] Baker RC. Flow Measurement Handbook: Industrial Designs, Operating Principles,
Performance, and Applications. Cambridge University Press. 2005.
[3] Xu L, Liu W, Wang Q. Design of Ultrasonic Wave Open Channel Flowmeter in Coalmine
based on M-Bus. Colliery Mechanical and Electrical Technology. 2011; 4: 43-50.
[4] Li D, Ming F, Huang X, Zhang Y. Application of Ultrasonic Technology for Measuring
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Frozen Silty Clay. Cold Regions Engineering. 2015:
1-2.
[5] Zhang Y, Li S. Research and Design of Ultrasonic Open Channel Flowmeter based on
AT89S52. Proceedings of the Intl. Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications.
Wuhan. 2010: 1-4.
[6] Ma J, Wang L. A New Design of Open Channel Flow Meter. Advanced Materials Research.
2013; 616-618: 1935-1939.
[7] Li Z, Dong E, Yang D, Zhao D. Design and Implementation of Ultrasonic Flowmeter based
on CPLD. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2013; 427-429: 725-729.
[8] Takamoto M, Ishikawa H, Shimizu K, Monji H, Matsui G. New Measurements Method for
Very Low Liquid Flow Liquid Flow Rates using Ultrasound. Flow Measureent and
Instrumentation. 2001; 12(4): 267-273.
[9] Temperley NC, Behnia M, Collings AF. Flow Patterns in an Ultrasonic Liquid Flowmeter.
Flow Measurement and Instruments. 2000; 11(1): 11-18.
[10] Kirillov KM, Nazarov AD, Mamonoc VN, Serov AF. Ultrasonic Flowmeter for Viscous
Liquids. Measurement Techniques. 2014; 57(5): 533-536.
[11] Dadashnialehi A, Moshiri B. Online Monitoring of Transit-time Ultrasonic Flowmeters based
on Fusion of Optical Observation. Measurement. 2011; 44(6): 1028-1037.
[12] Bo Y, Li C. Electronic Circuit Design for Reciprocal Operation of Transit-time Ultrasonic
Flowmeters. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation. 2013; 32: 5-13.
[13] Chen H, Kai Z, Ling Y, Zhang HJ. Numerical Simulation on the Flow Field inside an
Ultrasonic Water Meter. Advanced Materials Research. 2013; 712-715: 1126-1130.
[14] Hemp J. Theory of Transit Time Ultrasonic Flowmeters. Journal of Sound and Vibration.
1982; 84(1): 133-147.
10. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
High-precision Ultrasonic Flowmeter for Mining Applications based on .... (Lili Zhang)
93
Appendix A
Appendix A-1: The ultrasonic excitation schematics of liquid level sensor module
Appendix A-2: The signal processing schematic of liquid level sensor module
Appendix A-3: The communication schematic of liquid level sensor module
Appendix A-4: The power supply schematics of liquid level sensor module