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Nature of education as a discipline, types and levels of education

The document outlines various aspects of education in contemporary India, highlighting the characteristics and types of education such as formal, informal, and non-formal education. It elaborates on different educational stages including pre-primary, primary, secondary, higher, and professional education, emphasizing their importance and structure. The document also discusses the significance of distance education and open/optional education in making learning accessible to diverse populations.

Education◦
Contemporary India and Education Dr.C.Thanavathi M.A.(His.), M.Phil. (His.), B.A. (Eng.), M.Ed., M.Phil. (Edn.) DGT., DCA, SET (Edn.), CTE, PGDHE, Ph.D. (Edn.), Ph.D. (His.) Assistant Professor of History, V.O.C. College of Education, Thoothukudi – 628008. 9629256771 thanavathic@thanavathi-edu.in, http://thanavathi-edu.in/index.html Unit I Education in Contemporary India, Constitutional Context
NATURE OF EDUCATION AS A DISCIPLINE
• • • • NATURE OF EDUCATION AS A DISCIPLINE
• • • • NATURE OF EDUCATION AS A DISCIPLINE
The chief Characteristic of Education as a Discipline Education is Purpose Education is Deliberate Education is Drawing out and bring up process Education is Knowledge as well as experience Education is Liberal and Vocational For the Good of the Individual and well fare of the society Stabilizer, Conservator and Reconstructionist Education is Planned
The chief Characteristic of Education as a Discipline Education is Lifelong Education is Influence Exerted Education is Balanced Development Education is Bipolar Education is Tripolar Education is Psychological as well as Social Education is Growth Education is Power
TYPES OF EDUCATION
Formal Education ● Formal education in which the teacher the taught face each other in a classroom situation on a regular and continuous basis and predetermined syllabus according to time table, source of promotion to next class after passing the previous one. ● Take a public examination at the end of the course and receives a certificate. ● It is legally institutionalised and rigid it has forced point of entry and cut. ● It is motivated by employment opportunity.
Formal Education ● It corresponds to the education process normally adopted by our schools and universities. ● Formal Education corresponds to a systematic, organized education model, structured and administered according to a given set of laws and norms, presenting a rather rigid curriculum as regards objectives, content and methodology. ● It is characterized by a continuous education process, which necessarily involves the teacher, the students, and the institution.
Characteristics of Formal Education ● Education imparted by formal institutes like Schools, Colleges, and Universities. ● Though the main centers of formal education are School or Colleges but library, museum, zoo, picture galleries, lectures, symposia etc. serve as agencies of formal education. ● Definite curriculum and courses of studies are framed to teach the students and definite duration of years required to complete the courses. ● Proper time schedule prepared for day to day personalised teaching and semester or yearly planning of academic sessions are implemented.
Characteristics of Formal Education ● Both teacher and the students meet in a venue like the classroom for personalised teaching. ● Attendance of teachers as well as the students is taken for formal record and completing the Courses. ● Formal evaluation system (both internal and external) is implemented to assess the performance of the learners. Both continuous and Term End Examination are used for evaluating the performance of the students. Proper certification is done by the Board/University for awarding the degrees or diplomas to the students. ● On the basis of the result, the students are promoted to higher classes or pursue higher degrees.
Informal Education ● The education received in indirect manner is called Informal education. ● Some people called it individual or cultural education it has no anticipated goal. ● Formal planning and rigid organization it is life long process. ● The home, peer group playmates mass media etc. for example, the son of farmer acquires knowledge about farming from his father. ● In informal education experiences are unstructured and indefinite.
Informal Education - Activities ● Visit to museums or to scientific and other fairs and exhibits, etc. ● Listening to radio broadcasting or watching TV programs on educational or scientific themes. ● Reading texts on sciences, education, technology, etc. In journals and magazines. ● Participating in scientific contests. ● Attending lectures and conferences.
Characteristics of Informal Education ● Informal education is also called natural or incidental education. ● No formal or non-formal institute is required to provide informal education. ● For informal education, there is no need of any curriculum, methods of teaching, teachers/mentors and place of teaching. ● Education and experiences acquired during travel, interaction with people, family discourses, community and social dealings, interaction within the environment, neighbourhoods, playmates, cultural and religious activities are necessarily informal education.
Characteristics of Informal Education ● Informal education supports formal as well as the non-formal education. ● Informal education does not provide degrees or diplomas, it simply enriches by filling the gaps of formal and non-formal education. ● Informal education may comprise the activities like storytelling, group discussions, reading books on your interests, listening to radio broadcasting or watching educational Television programmes, visits to zoo, museums, educational fairs and scientific exhibitions, attending lectures and conferences, etc.
Non Formal Education ● This group include the school dropout, the employed or working person those living away from the additional institutions house wives, related persons. ● Non formal education is not a substitute or parallel to the formal education. ● We need Formal and Non formal education system supplementing each other Non-formal education deter from Formal and informal education.
Characteristics of Non Formal Education ● Non-formal education endowed with flexible curricula, time schedule, choices of subjects, and the place of education. ● It is not necessarily requiring daily teacher-student interaction like formal education. ● Education imparted in distance mode like the Open and Distance Learning system, offered by the Open Schools and Open Universities, even the distance education departments of the regular institutes also offer non-formal courses/education. ● Like the formal education, non-formal education has a curriculum and uses variety of methods of teaching and mode of communication. ● The gravity and quality of instruction both for formal and nonformal education are the same.
Characteristics of Non Formal Education ● The timing of regular classes in non-formal education is usually conducted on weekends (Saturday/Sunday) or during the vacations. ● Multi-media communication systems like Print (Self Learning Materials) and non-print (Audio/Video) materials, radio, television, teleconferencing, interactive radio counseling, online learning, etc. are popularly used as medium of instruction in non-formal education. ● In India, institutes like Indira Gandhi National Open University, National Open Schooling, and the State Level Open Education Institutes provide non-formal education. ● Like formal education, degree awarded and Certification are also done in non-formal education.
• Pre-Primary Education • Primary Education • Secondary Education • Senior Secondary Education • Higher Education • Professional Education • Distance Education • Open/Optional Education LEVELS OF EDUCATION
Pre-Primary Education • This is the initial stage of organized instruction; it is school or center-based and is designed for children aged at least three years. • Also referred to as Kindergarten and currently, most kindergartens are private-run. Public kindergartens are usually affiliated to primary schools. • Pupils aged four to six are admitted for 1-2 years of schooling. • Pre-primary education is known as various names such as nursery education kinder garden education Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE).
Pre-Primary Education • Nursery and Kinder garden are in fact western system of Pre-primary education which we are trying to. Adopt into Indian system. Here children are taught how to do develop basic skills. • The pre-primary education in India is also known as Kindergarten. Kindergarten, a term created by Mr Friedrich Frobel in 1837, which means "children's garden". • Pre-primary education helps children become more independent and confident as well as promote the all-round development of the children. He establishes kinder garden taught through songs and gifts. In India Gandhiji planned Pre-basic education. • Kinder garden Montessori, Nursery, pre-basic school, Day Care Centers, Balawadis etc are example.
Primary Education • Elementary or primary education is the first type of formal education most people encounter. • Primary education begins between five and seven years of age, is the start of compulsory education where it exists, and generally covers six years of full- time schooling. • This is actually the first level in the Education ladder. • The importance of primary education is recognized as it lays the foundation for lifelong learning. • It has been found that the child develops significantly in physical, cognitive, social, and emotional aspects in the early years, and its experiences deeply influence its disposition for learning. • Primary schools develop basic skills and social behavior by games, exercises, music, and simple handicrafts.
Primary Education • The seven foundation learning areas of primary education are thinking, communicating, sense of self and others, health and physical understanding, social living and learning, cultural understanding, and understanding the environments. • They teach basic literacy skills such as reading and writing, as well as mathematics, history, science, and many other topics. • To graduate, students are required to pass standardized testing that meets applicable regulatory or funding requirements.
Primary Education • The elementary stage of formal educational set up covers primary education it is the stage when the child start reading. • Formal instruction in an institution child having 6-8 years of schooling that usually start from the age of 5 or 6. • The main aim of primary education is to establish functions in a variety of subjects such as Science, Mathematics, Social science.
Secondary Education • Secondary education is the stage of education following primary education. • Secondary level education is like a bridge between elementary and higher education. • It prepares young students between the age group of 12 and 18 for entry into higher education. • The main focus of the curriculum at this level is to prepare students for employment, give instruction functional academics, and teach them adaptive skills. • The social and interpersonal skills are developed during this phase of education.
Secondary Education • Lower Secondary Education – continues the basic programs of the primary level, although teaching is typically more subject-focused. • Usually, the end of this level coincides with the end of compulsory education. • It is the final stage of education in school primary education end with VII then after enter the Secondary and Higher Secondary stage. • Its starts with VIII to end with XII.
Senior Secondary Education • It generally begins at the end of compulsory education. • The entrance age is typically 15 or 16 years. • Entrance qualifications (end of compulsory education) and other minimum entry requirements are usually needed. • Instruction is often more subject- oriented and the typical duration varies from two to five years.
Higher Education • Higher, post-secondary, tertiary, or third level education refers to the stage of learning that occurs at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology. • Higher education also includes certain collegiate-level institutions, such as vocational schools, trade schools, and career colleges that award academic degrees or professional certifications. • Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied for work (e.g. in medical schools and dental schools), and social services activities of universities.
Higher Education • Higher education follows secondary education. • Students take academic courses and are awarded undergraduate, masters, and doctorate degrees. • Higher education facilities may also offer professional degrees – for instance, law, medicine, or dentistry degrees. • Typical examples are programs designed to prepare pupils for doctorate studies or programs designed to prepare pupils for direct labor market entry.
Higher Education • Higher education is non- compulsory educational level which comprises of under graduate and post graduate along. • With vocational education training usually a person need to admit in a college or a university to receive higher education.
Professional Education • Professional education is a formal specialized training about a particular profession in which learners are taught the central concepts, principles, and techniques, and how these are applied in real practice, and the learners also acquire the necessary competencies needed for proper practice and behaviour. • Professional education is a formalized approach to specialized training in a professional school through which participants acquire content knowledge and learn to apply techniques. • Although content is what the participant is expected to learn by attending professional school, such an education also helps the participant acquire the competencies needed for proper practice and behavior.
Professional Education • Some common goals of professional education include incorporating the knowledge and values basic to a professional discipline; understanding the central concepts, principles, and techniques applied in practice; attaining a level of competence necessary for responsible entry into professional practice; and accepting responsibility for the continued development of competence. • It is designed to produce responsible professionals and then to ensure their continuing competence in the profession by helping them recognize and understand the significance of advancing professional knowledge and improving standards of practice. • It involves the translation of learning to practice and is intended to prevent occupations and professionals from becoming obsolete.
Distance Education • Distance education courses are basically correspondence courses that individuals can obtain their studies by not attending regular classes. • Students pursuing distance learning education need not worry concerning the course contents, mode of examination, and duration of the course or the degree as it’s going to be very same as awarded to regular students. • Distance education is extremely advantageous for students who wish to pursue their higher studies, but do not get enough time to do this.
Distance Education • This programs may be taken up by people who stay at remote places, workers, housewives, and even working professionals, who because for one or another reason are not able to take up a regular program. • Distance education provided by institutes is controlled by the Distance Education Council of India. • Distance education is helpful to those who cannot join regular schools or colleges. • At the school level, the National Institute of Open Schooling offers education through distance learning. • While, at the college or university level, Open universities provide distance education.
Open/Optional Education • Open education is an attitude, a practice, and a method of teaching that inspires inquiry, equal access to course materials, and sharing lessons and materials with the wider community. • At the center of open education is the belief that education is strengthened when shared openly. Open education relies on open educational resources (OER) and open licensing. • Open education is a philosophy about the way people should produce, share, and build on knowledge.
Open/Optional Education • Optional Education programs serve students with attendance problems and/or dropouts up to and including those who are 21 years of age and provide prevention and intervention services and/or optional education. • Programs which primarily provide prevention and intervention services integrate resources of the school and community to meet the needs of the students and parents. • Optional education programs serve as part- time or full-time options to regular school attendance and offer modified instructional programs or other services designed to prevent students from dropping out of school.
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Dr.C.Thanavathi M.A.(His.), M.Phil. (His.), B.A. (Eng.), M.Ed., M.Phil. (Edn.) DGT., DCA, SET (Edn.), CTE, PGDHE, Ph.D. (Edn.), Ph.D. (His.) Assistant Professor of History, V.O.C. College of Education, Thoothukudi – 628008. 9629256771 thanavathic@thanavathi-edu.in http://thanavathi-edu.in/index.html Thank you