This document discusses the nature and types of mutations. It defines mutation as any heritable change in the genomic nucleic acid sequence of an organism, regardless of phenotypic effects. Mutations can arise from errors in DNA replication, spontaneous mutagenesis, exposure to mutagens, or transposable elements. Mutations are classified as germline or somatic based on the tissue of origin, and as spontaneous or induced based on causative agents. Types of mutations include base-pair substitutions, insertions and deletions, and transposable element mutagenesis.
Chromatin is the complex combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. It can be made visible by staining with specific techniques and stain (thus the name chromatin which literally means colored material). The major proteins involved in chromatin are histone proteins; although many other chromosomal proteins have prominent roles too. The functions of chromatin is to package DNA into smaller volume to fit in the cell, to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis and to serve as a mechanism to control gene expression and DNA replication.
Chromatin is the complex combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. It can be made visible by staining with specific techniques and stain (thus the name chromatin which literally means colored material). The major proteins involved in chromatin are histone proteins; although many other chromosomal proteins have prominent roles too. The functions of chromatin is to package DNA into smaller volume to fit in the cell, to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis and to serve as a mechanism to control gene expression and DNA replication.
Chromosome structure and packaging of dnaDIPTI NARWAL
Chromosome structure : classification based upon centromere position, autosomes and allosomes
Morphology of chromosome: chromatids, chromomeres, telomeres, sister chromatids
packaging of DNA: nucleosome model
functions of Chromosomes
"Epigenetics refers to genetic factors that change an organism’s appearance or biological functions without changing the actual DNA sequence. In other words, gene expression changes but the genes themselves don’t. Epigenetics adds an additional level of complexity to the genetic code." - Public Health Cafe
Chromosome structure and packaging of dnaDIPTI NARWAL
Chromosome structure : classification based upon centromere position, autosomes and allosomes
Morphology of chromosome: chromatids, chromomeres, telomeres, sister chromatids
packaging of DNA: nucleosome model
functions of Chromosomes
"Epigenetics refers to genetic factors that change an organism’s appearance or biological functions without changing the actual DNA sequence. In other words, gene expression changes but the genes themselves don’t. Epigenetics adds an additional level of complexity to the genetic code." - Public Health Cafe
Molecular evolution, four class of chromosomal mutation, Negative Selection and Positive Selection, Mutations in DNA and protein, Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Evidence supporting neutral evolution, Phylogenetic trees, Methods of Tree reconstruction
Cell Biology and genetics paper - Mutation a basic touch to b.sc students with examples. DNA, genome, gene level mutation and chromosome level with examples. Touched some of the mutation types.
Gene therapy
Introduction
History
Overview
Administration route (ex vivo and in vivo)
Categories (somatic and germline therapy)
Gene delivery methods (physical, chemical and biological)
Viral vectors
Adenovirus vectors
Add not associated virus (AAV) based vectors
Retrovirus vectors
Construction and modification of viral vectors (pseudotyping, serology modification etc. )
Strategies
Gene augmentation therapy
Gene inhibition therapy
Gene targeting,
Assisted killing
Prodrug delivery
Clinical trials on Adenosine deaminase deficiency linked severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, cystic fibrosis, inherited retinopathies
Recent developments
Gene therapy of cancer
Conclusion
Virus isolation in embryonated eggs, cell cultures and animals
Purification by centrifugation, chromatography and electrophoresis
3d models such as organoid cultures is not discussed
General feautures
Sporulation cycle and germination
Genetic elements of bacteria- chromosomes, plasmids, transposable elements, integrons and gene cassettes
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
3. Introduction
• Mutation (Latin: mutare refers to change)
• Hugo de Vries (1880) coined the term mutation to describe phenotypic
changes in evening primrose (Oenothera lamarckiana)
Definition: Mutation refers to any heritable changes in the genomic
nucleic acid sequence of an organism irrespective of altered phenotype
expression of characters of the organism.
• Mutation refers to genotypic change and mutant refers to an organism
• Mutation(s) can be seen when it occurs in coding region of DNA
4. Nature of Mutations
Mutations can origin from many ways
• Errors during DNA replication
• Spontaneous mutagenesis
• Exposure to mutagens
• Transposable elements
• Range in size from alteration of a single DNA base to deletion or
duplication of tens, hundreds, thousands, or even millions of bases to
missing or extra entire chromosomes
5.
6. Types of mutation
Based on tissue of origin
Germline mutation:
• Occur in germ cells
Somatic mutation:
• Occur during DNA replication before a mitotic cell division. All the cells
that descend from the original changed cell are altered
7. Based on causative agents:
Spontaneous mutations:
• Any mutation that arise without action of any mutagens
Induced mutations:
• Are induced by mutagens
• Chemical mutations
• Physical mutations
8. Based on protein function
Base-pair Substitutions
• Point mutation: involves change in single base pair within the
DNA
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. Insertions and deletions
Frameshift mutations may generate
• New stop codons, resulting in a shortened polypeptide
• May result in longer-than-normal proteins because the normal
stop codon is now in a different reading frame
15. Conclusion
• Mutation refers to any heritable changes in the genomic
nucleic acid sequence of an organism irrespective of altered
phenotype expression of characters of the organism
• Mutations originate in many ways
• Mutations can be classified in many ways
16. Reference
• Peter J. Russell, (2008) iGenetics A Molecular Approach 3rd
edition, Benjamin Cummings
• Benjamin A. Pierce, (2012) Genetics A Conceptual Approach
fourth edition, W. H. Freeman and Company New York
• James D. Watson, Tania A. Baker, Stephen P. Bell, Alexander
Gann, Michael Levine,Richard Losick (2013) Molecular Biology
of the Gene, 7 edition, Pearson
