In 1815, C.A. Seydler, a German who used the word “pharmakognosie” in his book named Analecta Pharmacognostica, was referred to as the father of pharmacognosy. Work of Galen: - (131 - 200) Galen was a Greek pharmacist; he worked on the extraction of a chemical constituent from the plants. Pharmacognosy deals with the natural drugs obtained from organisms such as most plants, microbes, and animals. Up to date, many important drugs including morphine, atropine, galanthamine, etc. have originated from natural sources that continue to be good model molecules in drug discovery. The scope of Pharmacognosy gives a sound knowledge of the vegetable drugs under botany and animal drugs under zoology. It also includes plant taxonomy, plant breeding, plant pathology, plant genetics, and by this knowledge, one can improve the cultivation methods for both medicinal and aromatic plants
This document provides an overview of the herbal industries in India. It discusses the growing demand for herbal medicines and products due to their lower costs and side effects compared to Western pharmaceuticals. India has a long history of using herbs in Ayurvedic medicine and is a major supplier of herbs globally. The document outlines the various sectors of the herbal industry in India including traditional Ayurvedic medicines, essential oils, cosmetics, and health supplements. It provides examples of some of the major companies in the herbal industry in India such as Dabur, Baidyanath, Himalaya Drug Company, and Vicco Laboratories.
Ayurvedic Formulation: Asava, Arishta, Avaleha, Ghrita, Taila, Gutika
Concept of Detoxification: Panchkarma
Final Year B.Pharm (Sem-VIII) Pharmacognosy-III (Mumbai University Syllabus
Definition of drug interaction, potential of herb-drug interactions,significance of study of herb-drug interactions, reasons for their study, types according to ayurveda, effects & different ways of herb-drug interactions, their mechanism, hypericum, kava lava, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, garlic, pepper, ephedra.
This document discusses churnas, which are fine herbal powders used in Ayurvedic medicine. It describes how churnas are prepared by cleaning, drying, pulverizing and sieving herbs. Parameters for standardizing churnas include authentication of plant parts, morphology, microscopy, chemical composition, physical properties, and biological factors. Examples of evaluating physical parameters like pH, moisture content, and ash value are provided. Common uses of churnas include as carminatives, diuretics, laxatives, and for conditions like diarrhea. Some example churna formulations are listed.
The document describes a procedure to isolate mentha oil from mentha leaves using hydrodistillation with a Clavenger apparatus. It involves extracting the volatile oils from the leaves through distillation with water in the apparatus. Volatile oils are complex mixtures found in plants that are odorous and evaporate at room temperature. They are identified and standardized based on their volatile oil content and characteristics. The procedure aims to isolate mentha oil and identify menthol within it using thin layer chromatography.
Catechu and tannic acid are plant-derived tannins. Catechu comes from the leaves of Uncaria gambier and consists of dried aqueous extract containing tannins like catechins. Black catechu comes from the heartwood of Acacia catechu and Acacia chundra. Tannic acid is obtained from nutgalls, which are outgrowths on oak tree twigs, and yields gallic acid and glucose upon hydrolysis. Both catechu and tannic acid are used as astringents.
Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from incisions made on several species of Styrax trees native to Southeast Asia. There are two main types - Sumatra benzoin from Styrax benzoin and Siam benzoin from Styrax tonkinesis. Sumatra benzoin contains a higher amount of benzoic and cinnamic acids which give it an aromatic odor. Siam benzoin contains mainly coniferyl benzoate and has a vanilla-like odor. Both types are used as expectorants and antiseptics in preparations like compound tincture of benzoin. They are also used industrially to add fragrance to products.
This document provides an overview of the herbal industries in India. It discusses the growing demand for herbal medicines and products due to their lower costs and side effects compared to Western pharmaceuticals. India has a long history of using herbs in Ayurvedic medicine and is a major supplier of herbs globally. The document outlines the various sectors of the herbal industry in India including traditional Ayurvedic medicines, essential oils, cosmetics, and health supplements. It provides examples of some of the major companies in the herbal industry in India such as Dabur, Baidyanath, Himalaya Drug Company, and Vicco Laboratories.
Ayurvedic Formulation: Asava, Arishta, Avaleha, Ghrita, Taila, Gutika
Concept of Detoxification: Panchkarma
Final Year B.Pharm (Sem-VIII) Pharmacognosy-III (Mumbai University Syllabus
Definition of drug interaction, potential of herb-drug interactions,significance of study of herb-drug interactions, reasons for their study, types according to ayurveda, effects & different ways of herb-drug interactions, their mechanism, hypericum, kava lava, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, garlic, pepper, ephedra.
This document discusses churnas, which are fine herbal powders used in Ayurvedic medicine. It describes how churnas are prepared by cleaning, drying, pulverizing and sieving herbs. Parameters for standardizing churnas include authentication of plant parts, morphology, microscopy, chemical composition, physical properties, and biological factors. Examples of evaluating physical parameters like pH, moisture content, and ash value are provided. Common uses of churnas include as carminatives, diuretics, laxatives, and for conditions like diarrhea. Some example churna formulations are listed.
The document describes a procedure to isolate mentha oil from mentha leaves using hydrodistillation with a Clavenger apparatus. It involves extracting the volatile oils from the leaves through distillation with water in the apparatus. Volatile oils are complex mixtures found in plants that are odorous and evaporate at room temperature. They are identified and standardized based on their volatile oil content and characteristics. The procedure aims to isolate mentha oil and identify menthol within it using thin layer chromatography.
Catechu and tannic acid are plant-derived tannins. Catechu comes from the leaves of Uncaria gambier and consists of dried aqueous extract containing tannins like catechins. Black catechu comes from the heartwood of Acacia catechu and Acacia chundra. Tannic acid is obtained from nutgalls, which are outgrowths on oak tree twigs, and yields gallic acid and glucose upon hydrolysis. Both catechu and tannic acid are used as astringents.
Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from incisions made on several species of Styrax trees native to Southeast Asia. There are two main types - Sumatra benzoin from Styrax benzoin and Siam benzoin from Styrax tonkinesis. Sumatra benzoin contains a higher amount of benzoic and cinnamic acids which give it an aromatic odor. Siam benzoin contains mainly coniferyl benzoate and has a vanilla-like odor. Both types are used as expectorants and antiseptics in preparations like compound tincture of benzoin. They are also used industrially to add fragrance to products.
Herbal cosmetics are cosmetic products made using plant ingredients. They have increased in popularity due to their mild and non-toxic nature compared to synthetic cosmetics. Herbal cosmetics include ingredients like oils, extracts and phyto-constituents obtained from plants. They have advantages like not causing allergic reactions and side effects while being effective in small quantities. However, they also have disadvantages such as slower effects compared to allopathic products and difficulties in masking tastes and odors. Common herbal ingredients used in skin and hair care products include aloe vera, turmeric, neem, tulsi, and shikakai.
This document provides information about withanolides and umbelliferone. It discusses their biological sources, properties, biosynthesis, extraction, isolation, uses, and characterization. Withanolides are steroidal lactones found in ashwagandha that have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Umbelliferone is a yellow coumarin found in plants like carrot and coriander that exhibits blue fluorescence and is used as an indicator in chemical tests. The document outlines methods for extracting, isolating, and identifying these compounds using techniques like column chromatography, TLC, UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy.
Hi Friends , This ppt contains some information related to herbal formulation .This topic mainly abstracted from Pharmacognosy subject of FY.D.pharmacy.so i hope you like my slide and if you like my slide then like ,share and follow me.
This document provides information about various carminative drugs including their biological sources, chemical constituents, and uses. Some examples of carminative drugs discussed are ajowan, cardamom, black pepper, asafoetida, nutmeg, benzoin, myrrh, neem, and turmeric. Carminative drugs act by relieving pain in the stomach and intestine and expelling gas from the gastrointestinal tract. They are used as stimulants, carminatives, and for their aromatic properties. Information on cultivation, chemical profiles, and substituents is provided for several of these medicinal plants.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are liquid, volatile compounds found in plants and animals. They evaporate at ordinary temperatures. Chemically, they are derived from terpenes and their oxygenated compounds. Common examples include oils from clove, cinnamon, fennel, and coriander. Distillation is a widely used method to extract volatile oils from plant material, while other methods include solvent extraction, mechanical expression, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Volatile oils have various medicinal and industrial uses such as flavoring agents, fragrances, and antimicrobials.
Senna glycoside is a type of anthraquinone glycoside found in senna leaves. It consists mainly of dimeric anthracene glycosides called sennosides. Sennosides include sennoside A, B, C and D which contain rhein and/or emodin anthrones joined by C-C bonds. Their purgative effects are due to the anthracene aglycones which are released in the large intestine. Hydroxylation and the degree of oxidation impact activity. Glycosylation allows transport to the intestine. Senna preparations are used as laxatives and cathartics and work by stimulating intestinal peristalsis.
This document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It provides an overview of:
- The growing trend toward herbal medicines and India's role as a source of medicinal plants
- The scope and size of the herbal drug market in India, which is growing at 20-25% annually
- Infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities, including space allocation, environmental factors, and quality control processes
- Good manufacturing practices (GMP) that must be followed to ensure quality standards are met
The concept of beauty and cosmetics is as ancient as mankind and civilization. Women are obsessed with looking beautiful. So, they use various beauty products that have herbs to look charming and young. Indian herbs and its significance are popular worldwide. An herbal cosmetic have growing demand in the world market and is an invaluable gift of nature. Herbal formulations always have attracted considerable attention because of their good activity and comparatively lesser or nil side effects with synthetic drugs. Herbs and spices have been used in maintaining and enhancing human beauty.
The document discusses materia medica, which is the study of crude drugs obtained from plants, animals, and minerals. It covers the history and etymology of the term, describes crude drugs and their preparation and storage, and discusses various systems for classifying crude drugs based on their morphology, taxonomy, therapeutic use, and chemical constituents. The key classification systems covered are morphological, taxonomic, therapeutic, and based on active chemical constituents.
This document discusses several Ayurvedic herbal preparations called arishtas. It provides details on the manufacturing process for Arjunarishta and its evaluation. It also provides information on other arishtas including Jirakdyarishta, Abhayarishta, including their ingredients, indications, dosages and packaging. Arishtas are unique Ayurvedic liquid herbal formulations that contain self-generated alcohol content and herbal extracts soluble in both water and alcohol. They are used to treat various conditions.
Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
Rutin is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in many plants that contributes to their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. It occurs as a yellow crystalline powder soluble in alkali but only slightly soluble in water. On hydrolysis, rutin yields quervetin, rhamnose and glucose. Rutin was extracted from plant seeds, leaves, and callus using Soxhlet extraction with ethanol, followed by separation using petroleum ether, chloroform and aqueous layers. Identification of the extracted rutin was confirmed using IR spectroscopy which showed peaks for alcoholic, phenolic, alkene, ether, and carbonyl functional groups. Rutin has various pharmacological functions as an antioxidant with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and
The document discusses various Ayurvedic dosage forms including solid, semisolid, and liquid forms. It describes the classification and preparation methods of common dosage forms such as churna, gutika, asava, arishta, avaleha, and lehya. The document also covers parameters for standardizing different Ayurvedic formulations to ensure quality, purity, and therapeutic efficacy.
This document discusses raw materials and natural preservatives commonly used in herbal cosmetics. It provides examples of raw materials such as aloe vera gel, lavender essential oil, coconut oil, and kaolin clay. It also discusses natural preservatives like rosemary extract, grapefruit seed extract, neem extract, tea tree oil, and lavender oil that are used to extend the shelf life of herbal cosmetic products while ensuring their natural and organic composition is maintained. The document emphasizes the importance of natural preservatives in developing sustainable and eco-friendly herbal cosmetic formulations.
This document discusses herbal cosmetics and their classification. It defines herbal cosmetics as beauty products that use herbal ingredients to provide physiological benefits like skin healing and conditioning. Herbal cosmetics can be classified by dosage form (oils, creams, etc.) or the body part they are applied to (skin, hair, nails). Common herbal ingredients used in skin care, hair care and oral care are discussed, along with their therapeutic properties and uses.
The document provides information about a presentation on alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found mainly in plants. They have a complex molecular structure and show significant pharmacological activity. Alkaloids are classified based on whether the nitrogen is part of a ring or not. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties and are tested using various chemical reagents like Mayer's reagent. Alkaloids have many uses as analgesics, antihypertensives, and in treating other medical conditions due to their pharmacological activities. Examples of alkaloid-containing plants discussed include Lobelia, which has expectorant properties.
This document discusses herbal cosmetics and provides information on various types. It begins by introducing cosmetics and herbal cosmetics. It then classifies herbal cosmetics based on dosage form and body part applied. Several herbal cosmetic formulations are described for skin, hair, teeth, and more. Key herbal ingredients and their skin benefits are outlined. Guidelines for using herbs safely are provided. The document concludes by emphasizing the growing demand and potential of herbal cosmetics.
This document provides information on the extraction and identification of several phytoconstituents including curcumin, artemisinin, atropine, citral, menthol, caffeine, and reserpine. For each constituent, it describes the biological source, properties, extraction method from the source, and thin layer chromatography conditions and results for identification, including mobile phase, detecting agent, and Rf value.
This document provides information on various plants used in Ayurvedic medicine categorized by their therapeutic actions including laxatives, cardiotonics, carminatives and GI regulators, astringents, and drugs acting on the nervous system. It lists the plant name, parts used, active constituents, and traditional indications for plants such as aloe, rhubarb, ispaghula, senna, digitalis, coriander, fennel, ajowan, catechu, hyoscyamus, belladonna, aconite, ashwagandha, ephedra, opium, and cannabis. The document appears to be classroom notes on pharmacognosy, the study of
medicinal plants natural products and phytotheraphysafuraqazi
Medicinal plants can be used to produce pure natural products containing one or few active substances, or herbal medicines which are complex mixtures. Pure natural products like morphine are isolated compounds, while herbal medicines like St. John's Wort contain many active and inactive substances. Both are produced through extraction and formulation processes from botanical starting materials, though pure compounds undergo additional purification steps. Herbal medicines are generally considered medicinal products and are regulated differently than pure natural products. Common herbal medicines include St. John's Wort, turmeric, clove, and devil's claw.
Herbal cosmetics are cosmetic products made using plant ingredients. They have increased in popularity due to their mild and non-toxic nature compared to synthetic cosmetics. Herbal cosmetics include ingredients like oils, extracts and phyto-constituents obtained from plants. They have advantages like not causing allergic reactions and side effects while being effective in small quantities. However, they also have disadvantages such as slower effects compared to allopathic products and difficulties in masking tastes and odors. Common herbal ingredients used in skin and hair care products include aloe vera, turmeric, neem, tulsi, and shikakai.
This document provides information about withanolides and umbelliferone. It discusses their biological sources, properties, biosynthesis, extraction, isolation, uses, and characterization. Withanolides are steroidal lactones found in ashwagandha that have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Umbelliferone is a yellow coumarin found in plants like carrot and coriander that exhibits blue fluorescence and is used as an indicator in chemical tests. The document outlines methods for extracting, isolating, and identifying these compounds using techniques like column chromatography, TLC, UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy.
Hi Friends , This ppt contains some information related to herbal formulation .This topic mainly abstracted from Pharmacognosy subject of FY.D.pharmacy.so i hope you like my slide and if you like my slide then like ,share and follow me.
This document provides information about various carminative drugs including their biological sources, chemical constituents, and uses. Some examples of carminative drugs discussed are ajowan, cardamom, black pepper, asafoetida, nutmeg, benzoin, myrrh, neem, and turmeric. Carminative drugs act by relieving pain in the stomach and intestine and expelling gas from the gastrointestinal tract. They are used as stimulants, carminatives, and for their aromatic properties. Information on cultivation, chemical profiles, and substituents is provided for several of these medicinal plants.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are liquid, volatile compounds found in plants and animals. They evaporate at ordinary temperatures. Chemically, they are derived from terpenes and their oxygenated compounds. Common examples include oils from clove, cinnamon, fennel, and coriander. Distillation is a widely used method to extract volatile oils from plant material, while other methods include solvent extraction, mechanical expression, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Volatile oils have various medicinal and industrial uses such as flavoring agents, fragrances, and antimicrobials.
Senna glycoside is a type of anthraquinone glycoside found in senna leaves. It consists mainly of dimeric anthracene glycosides called sennosides. Sennosides include sennoside A, B, C and D which contain rhein and/or emodin anthrones joined by C-C bonds. Their purgative effects are due to the anthracene aglycones which are released in the large intestine. Hydroxylation and the degree of oxidation impact activity. Glycosylation allows transport to the intestine. Senna preparations are used as laxatives and cathartics and work by stimulating intestinal peristalsis.
This document discusses the herbal drug industry in India. It provides an overview of:
- The growing trend toward herbal medicines and India's role as a source of medicinal plants
- The scope and size of the herbal drug market in India, which is growing at 20-25% annually
- Infrastructure requirements for herbal drug manufacturing facilities, including space allocation, environmental factors, and quality control processes
- Good manufacturing practices (GMP) that must be followed to ensure quality standards are met
The concept of beauty and cosmetics is as ancient as mankind and civilization. Women are obsessed with looking beautiful. So, they use various beauty products that have herbs to look charming and young. Indian herbs and its significance are popular worldwide. An herbal cosmetic have growing demand in the world market and is an invaluable gift of nature. Herbal formulations always have attracted considerable attention because of their good activity and comparatively lesser or nil side effects with synthetic drugs. Herbs and spices have been used in maintaining and enhancing human beauty.
The document discusses materia medica, which is the study of crude drugs obtained from plants, animals, and minerals. It covers the history and etymology of the term, describes crude drugs and their preparation and storage, and discusses various systems for classifying crude drugs based on their morphology, taxonomy, therapeutic use, and chemical constituents. The key classification systems covered are morphological, taxonomic, therapeutic, and based on active chemical constituents.
This document discusses several Ayurvedic herbal preparations called arishtas. It provides details on the manufacturing process for Arjunarishta and its evaluation. It also provides information on other arishtas including Jirakdyarishta, Abhayarishta, including their ingredients, indications, dosages and packaging. Arishtas are unique Ayurvedic liquid herbal formulations that contain self-generated alcohol content and herbal extracts soluble in both water and alcohol. They are used to treat various conditions.
Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
Rutin is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in many plants that contributes to their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. It occurs as a yellow crystalline powder soluble in alkali but only slightly soluble in water. On hydrolysis, rutin yields quervetin, rhamnose and glucose. Rutin was extracted from plant seeds, leaves, and callus using Soxhlet extraction with ethanol, followed by separation using petroleum ether, chloroform and aqueous layers. Identification of the extracted rutin was confirmed using IR spectroscopy which showed peaks for alcoholic, phenolic, alkene, ether, and carbonyl functional groups. Rutin has various pharmacological functions as an antioxidant with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and
The document discusses various Ayurvedic dosage forms including solid, semisolid, and liquid forms. It describes the classification and preparation methods of common dosage forms such as churna, gutika, asava, arishta, avaleha, and lehya. The document also covers parameters for standardizing different Ayurvedic formulations to ensure quality, purity, and therapeutic efficacy.
This document discusses raw materials and natural preservatives commonly used in herbal cosmetics. It provides examples of raw materials such as aloe vera gel, lavender essential oil, coconut oil, and kaolin clay. It also discusses natural preservatives like rosemary extract, grapefruit seed extract, neem extract, tea tree oil, and lavender oil that are used to extend the shelf life of herbal cosmetic products while ensuring their natural and organic composition is maintained. The document emphasizes the importance of natural preservatives in developing sustainable and eco-friendly herbal cosmetic formulations.
This document discusses herbal cosmetics and their classification. It defines herbal cosmetics as beauty products that use herbal ingredients to provide physiological benefits like skin healing and conditioning. Herbal cosmetics can be classified by dosage form (oils, creams, etc.) or the body part they are applied to (skin, hair, nails). Common herbal ingredients used in skin care, hair care and oral care are discussed, along with their therapeutic properties and uses.
The document provides information about a presentation on alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found mainly in plants. They have a complex molecular structure and show significant pharmacological activity. Alkaloids are classified based on whether the nitrogen is part of a ring or not. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties and are tested using various chemical reagents like Mayer's reagent. Alkaloids have many uses as analgesics, antihypertensives, and in treating other medical conditions due to their pharmacological activities. Examples of alkaloid-containing plants discussed include Lobelia, which has expectorant properties.
This document discusses herbal cosmetics and provides information on various types. It begins by introducing cosmetics and herbal cosmetics. It then classifies herbal cosmetics based on dosage form and body part applied. Several herbal cosmetic formulations are described for skin, hair, teeth, and more. Key herbal ingredients and their skin benefits are outlined. Guidelines for using herbs safely are provided. The document concludes by emphasizing the growing demand and potential of herbal cosmetics.
This document provides information on the extraction and identification of several phytoconstituents including curcumin, artemisinin, atropine, citral, menthol, caffeine, and reserpine. For each constituent, it describes the biological source, properties, extraction method from the source, and thin layer chromatography conditions and results for identification, including mobile phase, detecting agent, and Rf value.
This document provides information on various plants used in Ayurvedic medicine categorized by their therapeutic actions including laxatives, cardiotonics, carminatives and GI regulators, astringents, and drugs acting on the nervous system. It lists the plant name, parts used, active constituents, and traditional indications for plants such as aloe, rhubarb, ispaghula, senna, digitalis, coriander, fennel, ajowan, catechu, hyoscyamus, belladonna, aconite, ashwagandha, ephedra, opium, and cannabis. The document appears to be classroom notes on pharmacognosy, the study of
medicinal plants natural products and phytotheraphysafuraqazi
Medicinal plants can be used to produce pure natural products containing one or few active substances, or herbal medicines which are complex mixtures. Pure natural products like morphine are isolated compounds, while herbal medicines like St. John's Wort contain many active and inactive substances. Both are produced through extraction and formulation processes from botanical starting materials, though pure compounds undergo additional purification steps. Herbal medicines are generally considered medicinal products and are regulated differently than pure natural products. Common herbal medicines include St. John's Wort, turmeric, clove, and devil's claw.
classification of drugs from natural origin
alphabetical, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, taxonomical, chemotaxonomical, serotaxonomical classifications are included in the presentation
This document summarizes 10 traditional medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine including their names, parts used, active constituents, traditional uses, and some modern formulations. It provides details on Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) used to treat anemia, edema, and liver diseases. Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus microphylla) is described as a brain tonic. Lehsun (Allium sativum/garlic) has anti-inflammatory and cholesterol lowering properties. Guggul (Commiphora mukul) and Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) are used to treat liver and cardiovascular issues.
Turmeric consists of the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa and contains curcumin, which is responsible for turmeric's bright yellow color and pharmacological effects. Curcumin has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, and anti-viral effects. It may help treat digestion issues, circulation problems, cough, menstrual problems, and skin disorders. Turmeric is also used for diabetes, arthritis, anemia, wounds, and more when applied locally or taken internally.
PHARMACOGNOSY CHAPTER NO 5 CARMINATIVES AND G.pdfSumit Tiwari
Carminatives are herbs that relieve stomach and intestinal pain and expel gas from the gastrointestinal tract. Examples mentioned include fennel, ginger, coriander, cinnamon, nutmeg, asafoetida, and clove. The document then summarizes the biological sources, chemical constituents, and therapeutic properties of 9 specific herbs - coriander, fennel, cardamom, ginger, black pepper, asafoetida, nutmeg, cinnamon, and clove. Each herb is indigenous to a particular region and contains volatile oils, resins, or other compounds that provide digestive benefits such as reducing gas, soothing the stomach, and stimulating digestion.
List of common Indian Spice and their uses, Spices such as Black Pepper, Capsicum, Cardamom, Celery, Cinnamon, Clove, Coriander, Cumin, Ginger, Fennel, Fenugreek, Nutmeg, Tejpat, Turmeric and Saffron.
This document provides information about the marking nut tree (Semecarpus anacardium), including its synonyms, physical properties, chemical constituents, traditional uses, and pharmacological activities. The key points are:
- The marking nut tree is known by various names including Bhilawa in Hindi and Velagota in Bangla. Its scientific name is Semecarpus anacardium.
- Its fruits and seeds are used medicinally as an astringent and anti-inflammatory and to treat tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, and malignant growths. Its bark and gum resin are also used.
- Its chemical constituents include bhilwanols, phenolic compounds, biflavonoids, ster
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This document provides information on 19 different plants including their Latin names, biological sources, chemical constituents, and traditional medicinal uses. It includes entries on plants such as Shatavari, Adulsa, Tulsi, Kardal, Sunflower, Palm, Dresica, Anthurim, Kolis, Maratha, Syngonium, Anthora, Spathiphyllum, Catharanthus, Sontaka and others. Each entry lists the plant's scientific classification and key active compounds and describes traditional applications in Ayurveda and other medical systems.
This document discusses the various natural and synthetic sources of drugs. It outlines mineral sources like lithium carbonate, microbiological sources like gentamicin from microbes, animal sources like thyroxine from the thyroid, and genetically engineered sources like altaplase. It also discusses plant-derived drugs including alkaloids, glycosides, essential oils, gums, resins, tannins and more. Synthetic drugs are noted as the largest source due to advantages like purity and modifiable structures. The document provides examples of drugs derived from each source.
This document summarizes information about several medicinal and aromatic plants. It provides details on the botanical name, family, origin, uses, constituents, and cultivation techniques for each plant. Some of the plants discussed include aloe, opium poppy, pyrethrum, bishop's weed, ocimum varieties like tulsi and sweet basil, mint varieties, and includes a glossary of herbal terms.
The document discusses the plants clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, oregano, and onion. It describes the traditional medicinal uses of each plant and highlights key chemical constituents. Specifically, it notes that cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and oregano contain eugenol, while oregano and thyme contain thymol and carvacrol. It summarizes that these compounds have antimicrobial properties and discusses potential therapeutic applications.
This document discusses various methods of classifying crude drugs, including alphabetical, morphological, taxonomic, chemical, pharmacological, chemo-taxonomic, and sero-taxonomic classification. Alphabetical classification arranges drugs based on their Latin or common names. Morphological classification groups drugs as organized (plant parts) or unorganized (products from plants, animals, minerals). Taxonomic classification is based on the biological classification of the source. Chemical classification groups drugs based on their main active constituents. Pharmacological classification groups drugs according to their therapeutic effects. Chemo-taxonomic classification considers both taxonomy and characteristic chemical constituents of plant families. Sero-taxonomic classification uses antigen-antibody reactions to help solve taxonomic
The herbal drugs are divided into groups according to their medicinal action: demulcent, expectorant, antitussive, spasmolytic, anticatarrhals and immunostimulant.
Demulcents
- The major respiratory demulcent herbs are Althaea officinalis root or leaves, mallows flowers, Ulmus spp., licorice and comfrey.
- Respiratory demulcents are herbs contain mucilage and have a soothing and antiinflammatory action on the lower respiratory tract. Indications for respiratory demulcents:
Dry, non-productive, irritable cough
Application:
Best taken before meals.
Similar to PHARMACOGNOSY NOTES FOR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY##1 (20)
This document summarizes four organic chemistry reactions:
1. The Meerwein-Pondorf-Verley reduction uses aluminum iso-propoxide to reduce carbonyl compounds to alcohols.
2. The Oppenauer oxidation is the reverse of the MPV reduction and uses aluminum alkoxides to oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones.
3. The Beckmann rearrangement converts oximes to N-substituted amides using acidic catalysts like phosphorus pentachloride.
4. The Michael reaction involves the 1,4-addition of enolates to α,β-unsaturated carbonyls to form 1,5-dicarbonyl products
The document discusses three main text-based biological databases for data retrieval - Entrez, Sequence Retrieval System (SRS), and DBGET/LinkDB. It provides details on the types of data each database searches, features, and how to perform searches. Entrez searches nucleotide, protein, and literature databases and links related records. SRS is a search interface for over 80 biology databases at EBI. DBGET/LinkDB integrates database searching with tools like BLAST at GenomeNet in Japan.
which increase the excretion of urine by kidney. They leads to the secretion of excess water and salt that accumulate in tissues and urine, results in decrease in the body fluids.
These drugs include a heterogeneous class of compounds which act by preventing the entry of slow calcium ions into the cellos which are required for the contraction of muscles. These drugs act on the calcium channel receptors and cause blockade of the calcium channels.
- Histamine was first identified in 1911 and is found throughout the human body. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cell granules.
- Histamine binds to four receptor types (H1, H2, H3, H4) and is involved in various physiological processes like smooth muscle contraction and vasodilation. It causes allergic symptoms.
- Antihistamines work by blocking H1 and/or H2 receptors. First generation antihistamines are sedating while second generation ones are non-sedating. Structural requirements for antihistamine activity include diaryl substitutions, an optimal distance between rings, and a tertiary amine group.
Purines are the cyclic diureides, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused with an imidazole ring. Purine m.p. 212-213⁰C is a synthetic compound. Purine is not found naturally, but it’s derivatives, adenine, and guanine are found in nature. These are the building blocks of nucleic acid RNA and DNA. Purine can exist in four tautomeric forms in which the hydrogen atom is attached to the different nitrogen atom, N-1, N-3, N-7, and N-9. Purines are a type of chemical compound found in foods and drinks that are part of a normal diet. A small number of foods contain concentrated levels of purines, such as seafood, organ meats, and alcoholic beverages, especially beer.
Chemsitry of Natural Products-Flavonoids and quercetinSurendraKumar338
# Quercetin is the most abundant dietary flavonoid. It has been linked to improved exercise performance and reduced inflammation, blood pressure, and blood sugar level.
# Flavonoids any of large class of plant pigments having a structure based on or similar to that of flavone.
This document discusses natural products and their classification. It begins by defining natural products as organic compounds found in animals, plants, and microbes. Natural products are then classified as either primary or secondary metabolites. The main classes of secondary metabolites discussed are terpenoids and steroids, fatty acids, alkaloids, non-ribosomal polypeptides, and enzyme cofactors. Specific examples of natural products used in medicine like atropine, cocaine, and digoxin are also provided. Finally, the document outlines the process for isolating and developing natural products into drugs, including extraction, fractionation, structure determination, and clinical testing.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Laxatives
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Aloe
Aloe barbadensis, Mill.
A. Indica, Royle.
A. Littoralis, Koening
A. Vera, Tourn. Ex
Linn. (Liliaceae;
Agavaceae)
Curacao Aloe,
Barbados Aloe,
Indian Aloe,
Jaffarabad Aloe,
Kummari
Juice
glyburide,
anthraquinone
glycosides – aloin,
acemannan.
purgative (causes
griping), gel—
topically
emollient, anti-
inflammatory,
antimicrobial -
used for wound
healing, sunburn.
Rhubarb
Rheum officinale, Baill.
Rheum Palmatum, Linn.
(Polygonaceae) Rhubarb
Rhizome,
root
chrysophan, chrysophanic
acid, emodin, aporetin,
phæoretin, erythroretin,
rheumic acid, and
rheotannic acid
purgative, astringent,
aperient. used for
constipation and
atonic dyspepsia
Ispaghula
Plantago ovata, Forsk.
(Plantaginaceae)
Blond Psyllium,
Indian Plantago,
Ispagol,
Pale Psyllium,
Spogel
Seed,
husk
essential oils with alpha-
pinene, dipentene,
linalool, cineol, methyl
salicylate, decyl
aldehyde, eugenol,
anisaldehyde, bergapten,
indole, salicylic and
benzoic acids as major
constituents.
seed -astringent. seed
coat -demulcent.
Senna
Cassia senna, Linn.
Cassia angustifolia,
Vahl. (Leguminosae)
Alexandrian Senna,
Cassia acutifolia
Delite,
Khartoum Senna
Indian Senna,
Tinnevelly Senna
Fruit
(pod),
leaves
contains rhein, aloe-
emodin, kaempferol,
isormamnetin, both free
and as glucosides,
together with mycricyl
alcohol the purgative
principles are largely
attributed to
anthraquinone derivatives
and their glucosides.
purgative (free from
astringent action of
rhubarb type herbs,
but causes gripe),
used in compounds
for treating
biliousness,
distention of
stomach, vomiting
and hiccups.
3. Cardiotonics
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Digitalis
Digitalis lanata, Ehrh.
Digitalis purpurea, Ehrh.
( Scrophulariaceae)
Grecian Foxglove Leaves cardiac glycosides found
throught entire plant
cardiac stimulant
diuretic
emetic
Adulsa
Adhatoda zeylanica, Medic.
Adhatoda vasica, Nees.
(Acanthaceae )
Malabarnut,
Vasaka
Adulsa
Leaves along
with tender stem
quinazoline alkaloids -
vasicoline, adhatodine,
vasicolinone and
anisotine . vasicinol,
vasicinone,
deoxyvasicinone,
deoxyvasicine
cold. cough, whooping-
cough and chronic
bronchitis and asthma
as sedative-
expectorant
Carminatives and GI regulators
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Coriander Coriandrum sativum, Linn.
(Umbelliferae)
Dhaanyaka,
Kustumburu,
Dhaanyeyaka,
Dhanika
Fruits
contains volatile oil,
consisting mainly of delta-
linalool, alpha-pinene and
terpinine. it also contains
flavonoids, coumarins,
phthalides and phenolic acids
(including caffeic and
chlorogenic)
stimulant, stomachic,
carminative,
antispasmodic,
diuretic; also
hypoglycaemic and
anti-inflammatory.
oil—bactericidal
and larvicidal.
Fennel
Foeniculum vulgare, Mill.
(Umbelliferae)
Mishreyaa,
Mishi,
Madhurikaa,
Madhuraa,
Shatapushpaa
Fruits
fennel seed contain volatile
oils anethole, among others
fenchone and
methylchavicol), flavonoids,
coumarins (including
bergapten) and sterols
carminative,
stomachic,
antispasmodic,
emmenagogue,
galactagogue, anti-
inflammatory,
diuretic.
Ajowan
Trachyspermum ammi, Linn.
Carum copticum, Benth.
(Umbelliferae)
Ammi,
Lovage,
Carum,
Fruits
Leaf juice
Root
the seeds contain a phenolic
glucoside, principal
constituents of the
fruits—carminative,
antispasmodic,
anticholerin,
4. Ajowan,
Yavaani
ajowan oil are the phenols,
mainly thymol and some
carvacrol.
antidiarrhoeal,
bechic, stimulant.
leaf juice—
anthelmintic. root—
carminative,
diuretic, febrifuge.
Cardamom
Elettaria cardamomum,
Maton
(Zingiberaceae)
Lesser Cardamom ,
Elaa,
Sukshmailaa.
Seed
seeds yield an essential oil
the major constituents are,
1,8-cineole and alpha-
terpinylacetate, with
limonene, alpha-terpineol,
sabinene and linalool.
seed - carminative
antiemetic, stomachic,
orexigenic, anti-gripe,
antiasthmatic, bechic,
oil - antispasmodic,
antiseptic.
Ginger
Zingiber officinale, Roscoe.
(Zingiberaceae)
Fresh rhizome—
Aardraka,
Aadrikaa,
Shrngibera.
Dried rhizome—
Shunthi,
Naagara.
Rhizome
contains an
essential oil containing
monoterpenes, mainly
geranial and neral;
sesquiterpenes mainly beta-
sesquiphellandrene,
betabisabolene;
aromatic curcumene and
alphazingiberene; pungent
principles, consisting of
gingerols, shogaols and
related phenolic ketone
derivatives.
antiemetic, antiflatulent,
hypocholesterolaemic,
anti-inflammatory,
antispasmodic,
expectorant, circulatory
stimulant, diaphoretic,
increases bioavailability
of prescription drugs.
Black pepper
Piper nigrum, Linn.
(Piperaceae)
Black Pepper ,
Maricha,
Vellaja
Fruits
the fruit yielded piperine,
piperatine and piperidine;
amides, piperyline,
piperoleins a and b,
and n-isobutyl- cicosa-
trans-2-trans-4-dienamide.
stimulant, carminative,
diuretic, anticholerin,
sialagogue, bechic,
antiasthmatic. used in
fevers, dyspepsia,
flatulence, indigestion,
and as mucous
5. membrane and
gastro-
intestinal
stimulant.
Asafoetida
Ferula assafoetida
Linn. Ferula
rubricaulis Boiss.
Ferula foetida Bunge.
(Apiaceae /
Umbelliferae)
Asafetida, Asant,
Devil’s Dung,
Gum Asafetida
Oleo gum
resin obtained
by incising
the living
rhizomes and
roots.
ferula foetida
contains: resins
consisting of
asaresionotannols
and their esters;
farnesiferols,
ferulic acid and other
acids; gum; volatile oil,
major constituent being
sec- propenylisobutyl
disulphide; sulphated
terpenes, pinene,
cadinene and vanillin;
sesquiterpenoid
coumarins.
olea-gum-resin—
stimulates the
intestinal and
respiratory tracts
and the nervous
system.
Nutmeg
Myristica fragrans
Houtt. (Myristicaceae)
Nutmeg,
Mace,
Jaatiphala,
Jaatishasya.
Dried seed
and Aril
contains anti-
inflammatory principle,
and licarin-b and
dehydro diisoeugenol,
eugenol and
isoeugenol, myristicin.
nutmeg is used in
flatulency,
diarrhoea, nausea
and vomiting. mace
is used in
rheumatism, chronic
bowel complaints
and asthma.
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Bl. Cinnamomum loureirii
Nees. Cinnamomum
burmanii (Nees) Bl.
(Lauraceae)
Ceylon Cinnamon,
Cinnamomum
verum
J.S. Presl., True
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum
obtusifolium Nees
var.loureirii Perr. &
Eb., Saigon Cassia,
Saigon Cinnamon
Inner bark
cinnamaldehyde, alpha-
and beta-pinene,
pcymene and limonene,
linalool
leaf—
carminative,
antidiarrhoeal,
spasmolytic,
antirheumatic,
hypoglycaemic.
essential oil—
fungicidal.
6. Batavia Cassia,
Batavia Cinnamon,
Padang-Cassia,
Panang Cinnamon
Clove
Syzygium aromaticum (Linn.)
Merr. & Perry.
Caryophyllus aromaticus
Linn.,
Eugenia aromatica (Linn.)
Baill.,
Eugenia caryophyllata
Thunb.,
(Myrtaceae)
Lavanga,
Devakusum,
Devapushpa,
Shrisangya,
Shriprasuunaka
Clove (dried
flowerbud)
eugenin, triterpene
acids, crategolic
acid, steroid
glucosides.
Eugenol a major
component of the oil, is
antibacterial.
carminative,
antiinflammatory,
antibacterial.
Flower buds—
antiemetic, stimulant,
carminative, used in
dyspepsia, gastric
irritation.
oil—
employed as a local
analgesic for
hypersensitive
dentlines and carious
cavaties; internally as
a carminative and
antispasmodic
Astringent
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Catechu
Uncaria gambier, Roxb.
(Rubiaceae)
Pale Catechu,
Gambier,
Khadira
extract of the
leaves and
shoots
contains
tannins ─ mainly catechins
and catechu tannic acid,
indole alkaloids ─including
gambirine, gambiridine;
flavonoids ─ quercetin;
pigments and
gambirfluorescin.
demulcent,
emollient,
expectorant,
diuretic,
intestinal astringent.
7. Drugs acting on Nervous System
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Hyoscymus
Hyoscyamus niger, Linn.
(Solanaceae)
Indian Henbane,
Black Henbane,
Paarsika-yavaani,
Ajwaayin.
Leaves and
flowering tops
tropane alkaloids ─
hyoscyamine,
and hyoscine.
Sedative. Narcotic
drug. Used for
convulsions. Action
similar to Belladonna
Belladonna
Atropa belladonna, Auct.
(Solanaceae)
Belladonna,
Deadly Nightshade,
Suuchi
fruits,
leaves
atropine, (dl-hyoscyamine), l-
scopalomine (tropane
alkaloid)
(atropine is converted to l-
hyoscyamine by an enzyme
when the plant is dry,
therefore the plant is more
active when dry) starch,
sugar, mucilage
antispasmodic,
parasympathetic,
depressant,
vasoconstrictor,
smooth muscle
inhibitor,
bronchodilator.
Aconite
Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser.
Aconitum napellus Linn.
(Ranunculaceae)
Aconitum,
Indian aconite,
Monkshood
tuber
aconitia,
aconitine or nepalline
narcotic, sedative,
antileprotic,
anti-inflammatory.
extremely poisonous.
(roots possess
depressant
activity, but after
mitigation in cow’s
milk for 2–3 days,
they exhibit
stimulant activity.)
Ashwa-
gandha
Withania ashwagandha, Kaul.
(cultivated variety)
W. somnifera Linn.
Winter Cherry,
Ashwagandhaa,
Hayagandhaa,
root
alkaloids ─ withanine,
withananine,
withananinine,
root—used as an
antiinflammatory
drug for swellings,
8. (Solanaceae) Ashwakanda,
Gandharvagandhaa.
pseudo-withanine,
somnine,
somniferine,
somniferinine.
steroidal lactones ─
withanolide,
tumours, scrofula and
rheumatism; and as a
sedative and hypnotic
in anxiety neurosis.
Ephedra
Ephedra sinica, Stapf.
E. Equisetina, Bunge.
E. Intermedia, Shrenk. ex
Meyer.
E. Gerardiana, Wallich. ex
Meyer.
(Ephedraceae)
Cao Ma Huang, E.
Mahuang Liu, Ephedra
(and some other herbs)
has also been referred
to as ‘herbal ecstasy
arial:
alkaloids ephedrine,
phytosterols.
root: ephedrine, tannin,
saponin, flavone, oil
arial parts: diaphoretic
stimulant
astringent
decongestant
expectorant diuretic
root: diaphoretic
Opium Papaver somniferum, Linn.
(Papaveraceae)
Opium Poppy,
Ahiphena,
Aaphuuka,
Afyum.
dried poppy
juice
isoquinoline alkaloids ─
morphine, narcotine,
codeine, papaverine and
thebaine.
opium is obsolete as
a drug. narcotic,
sedative, hypnotic,
analgesic, sudorific,
anodyne,
antispasmodic.
Cannabis Cannabis sativa, Linn.
(Cannabinaceae)
Hemp, Indian
Hemp,
Vijayaa,
Bhangaa,
Maadani,
Maatulaani,
Indraasana.
dried leaves or
juice
cannabis yields 421
chemicals of various
classes—cannabinoids,
cannabispirans,
and many alkaloids,
of which
δ -9- tetrahydrocannabinol
(thc) is important.
hallucinogenic,
hypnotic, sedative,
analgesic,
antiinflammatory,
hemp derivatives are
suggested for treating
glaucoma and as an
antiemetic in cancer
chemotherapy.
Nux vomica
Strychnos Nux-vomica, Linn.
(Loganiacoe) Semina Strychni seeds
strychnine, brucine,
caffeotannic acid, igasuric
acid, loganin
bitter stomachic and
tonic
Antihypertensive
9. Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Rauvolfia Rauvolfia serpentine, Benth.
(Apocynaceae)
Snake root,
Sarpgandha
root
indole alkaloids (more than
50 alkaloids identified,
reserpine - best known) anti-
hypertensive alkaloids
(alseroxylone, corganthine,
voxinil, rescinamine)
anti-arrhythmic alkaloids
─ ajmaline
anti-arrhythmic
anti-hypertensive
Antitussive
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) used Constituents Indications / use
Vasaka
Adhatoda zeylanica, Medic
Adhatoda vasica, Nees.
(Acanthaceae )
Malabarnut,
Vasaka
Adulsa
leaves along with
tender stem
quinazoline alkaloids -
vasicoline, adhatodine,
vasicolinone and
anisotine . vasicinol,
vasicinone,
deoxyvasicinone,
deoxyvasicine
cold. cough, whooping-
cough and chronic
bronchitis and asthma
as sedative-
expectorant
Tolu Balsam Toluifera Balsamum, Linn.
(Leguminosae)
Balsamum Tolutanum balsam of the
plant
toluene, benzylic benzoate,
benzylic cinnamate, benzoic
acid, cinnamic acid, resins
expectorant
Tulsi
Ocimum Sanctum, Linn.
(Labiatae)
Holy Basil,
Sacred Basil,
Tulsi,
Surasa
seed, leaves
Major components of the
essential oil are eugenol,
carvacrol, nerol and
eugenolmethylether.
Leaves have been reported
to contain ursolic acid,
apigenin,
luteolin, apigenin-7-O-
glucuronide,
luteolin-7-O-glucuronide,
orientin and molludistin.
leaf— expectorant,
carminative,
stomachic,
antispasmodic,
antiasthmatic,
antirheumatic,
stimulant,
hepatoprotective,
antipyretic and
diaphoretic. seed—
used in
10. genitourinary
diseases.
Antirhumatics
Plant Name Biological name Synonym(s) part(s) used constituents indications / use
Guggul
Commiphora mukul, Hooker.
(Burseraceae)
Indian Bdellium,
Guggulu
gum ─ resin
exudes
guggolestrones E, Z.
anti-cholesterol,
antirhumatic
Colchicum
Colchicum autumnale, Linn.
(Liliaceae)
seed and the
corn of
colchicum
colchicine
antirhumatic,
as emetic in
poisioning
Antitumour
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Vinca
Vinca major, Linn.
(Apocynaceae)
Periwinkle, amaranth
whole plant
extract
indole alkaloids
(vincamine, cinblastine)
tannins
anticancer, circulatory
stimulant
(increases blood flow
to the brain)
hypotensive
Antileprotics
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Chaulmoogra
oil / Oleum
Chaulmoogra
e
Taraktogenos Kurzii, King.
(Hydnocarpus)
Taraktogenos.
Chaulmoogra.
Chaulmoogra.
Seed oil
fixed oil, 25-50 % contains
palmitin, linolein, but chiefly
glycerides of two fatty
acids—chaulmoogric, cho,
and hydnocarpic, cho,
starch, proteins, tannin,
coloring matter
leprosy
Antidiabetics
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Pterocarpous
Pterocarpus Marsupium,
Rozburgh.
(Papilionaceae; Fabaceae)
Gummi (Resina) Kino,
Vengay, Bastard
bark juice
kino-tannic acid,
kino-red, kinoin,
pyrocatechin
(pyrocatechuic acid,
catechol),
diabetes, diarrhea,
pyrosis, menorrhagia,
dysentery, leucorrhea,
ulcers,
11. Gymnema
sylvestre
Gymnema sylvestre B. Br.
(Asclepiadaceae)
Australian Cow Plant,
Ipecacuanha (Indian).
Meshashringi,
Meshavishaanikaa,
leaves or whole
plant
gymnemagenin,
gymnemic acids
leaf—antidiabetic.
stimulates
the heart and
circulatory
system, activates the
uterus. used
in parageusia and
furunculosis.
whole plant—diuretic,
antibilious.
root—
emetic, expectorant,
astringent,
stomachic.
Diuretics
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Gokhru
Tribulus terrestris, Linn.
(Zygophyllaceae)
Gokshura,
Gokshuraka,
Kshudra (Laghu)
Gokharu,
Shvadamshtraa,
Swaadu-kantaka
fruit,
leaves,
root.
plant contains saponins,
which on hydrolysis yield
sapogenins—diosgenin,
gitogenin, chlorogenin,
ruscogenin,
25d-spirosta-3, 5-diene,
among others. flavonoids—
rutin, quercetin,
kaempferol, kaempferol-3-
glucoside and-rutinoside,
and tribuloside have
been isolated fromthe
leaves and fruits.
theseeds contain carboline
alkaloids—
harmane and harmine.
fruits—diuretic,
demulcent,
anti-inflammatory,
anabolic,
spasmolytic, muscle
relaxant,
hypotensive,
hypoglycaemic.
leaf—diuretic,
haemostatic.
root—stomachic,
diuretic.
12. harmol is also reported
from the herb.
Punarnava
Boerhavia diffusa, Linn.
(Nyctaginaceae)
Horse-purslane,
Hogweed,
Rakta-punarnavaa,
Punarnavaa,
Katthilla,
Shophaghni.
whole plant
xanthone,
beta-ecdysone.
flavonoid,
arbinofuranoside
diuretic,
anti-inflammatory,
antiarthritic,
spasmolytic,
antibacterial
(used for inflammatory
renal diseases,
nephrotic syndrome,
in cases of ascites
resulting from
early cirrhosis of liver
and chronic
peritonitis, dropsy
associated with
chronic bright’s
diseases
Antidysenterics
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Ipecacuanha
Cephaelis ipecacuanha,
A. Richard
(Rubiacae)
Ipecacuanha. Ipecac dried root
emetine, cephaeline,
cephaelic acid,
epecacuanhic acid, tannic
acid, volatile oil, starch,
gum
antidysenterics,
emetic
Antiseptic and disinfectant
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Benzoin
Styrax benzoin, Dryander.
(Styraceoe)
Sumatra benzoin
resinous
exudates
obtained by
injury to the tree
benzaldehyde, vanillin
(1 %), phenylpropyl
cinnamate, styrol, and
styracin, cinnamic acid,
benzoic acid
antiseptic and
disinfectant
Myrrh Commiphora myrrha Nees. African Myrrh, oleo-gum-resin the gum contains acidic antiseptic and
13. (Burseraceae) Arabian Myrrh,
Balsamodendron
Myrrha,
Bitter Myrrh,
Commiphora,
polysaccharides, volatile oil
including other
constituents, eugenol,
heerabolene,
monoterpenes and
furanosequiterpenes.
disinfectant
Neem
Melia Azadirachta, Linn.
(Meliaceoe)
Neem,
Limb,
Nila
leaves,
bark,
seed oil.
amorphous resin, a
crystalline, bitter alkaloid
(margosine), margosia
acid, a crystalline
substance and tannin
insect repellant, bitter
tonic, antiseptic and
disinfectant
Curcuma
Curcuma Longa, Roxb
(Zingiberaceae)
Turmeric, haridra,
haldi, halad.
the dried
rhizome
contains volatile oil 5-10%,
turmerones which are
sesquiterpene, ketones,
Curcumin, Curcuminoids,
bitter principles, sugars,
starch, resin.
antiseptic and
disinfectant,
stomachic, aromatic,
stimulant; dyspepsia,
flatulence
Antimalarial
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Cinchona
Calisaya Weddell, Linn.
Cinchona officinalis, Linn.
(Rubiaceae)
Cinchona bark,
Jesuit bark.
Quills or in
curved pieces of
bark
quinine, quinidine,
cinchonine, cinchonidine,
quinamine, quinic acid,
quinovic acid
malaria
Oxytocics
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Ergot
Claviceps purpurea,
(Clavicititaceae) Rye ergot dried sclerotium
alkaloids (ergotamine)
ergotic/ergotinic acid,
sclerotic
oxytocic,
hemostatic,
motor excitant
Vitamins
Amla
Emblica officinalis, Gaertn.
(Euphorbiaceae)
Phyllanthus emblica,
Aaamalaki, Aaamalaka
Fruit pericarp
vitamin C (ascorbic acid),
zeatin, phyllembin,
antianaemic, anabolic,
antiemetic, bechic,
14. minerals and amino acids astringent,
antihaemorrhagic.
Enzymes
Papaya
Carica Papaya, Linn.
(Caricaceae)
Papain or Papayotin papain enzyme plant enzyme
digestive in dyspepsia
stomachic,
carminative, diuretic,
galactagogue. useful
in bleeding piles,
haemoptysis,
dysentery and chronic
diarrhoea.
Perfumes and Flavoring Agents
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Peppermint
oil
Mentha piperata, Linn.
(Labiatae; Lamiaceae)
Pudinaa,
Peppermint, Brandy
Mint
steam distilled
volatile oil of the
plant
menthol, menthone,
pulegone, enthofuran,1,8-
cineole, menthyl acetate,
isomenthone, the leaves
contain flavonoid
glycosides, eriocitrin,
luteolin 7-0-rutinoside,
hesperidin, isorhoifolin,
diosmin, eriodictyol 7-O-
glucoside and narirutin,
besides rosmarinic acid,
azulenes, cholene,
carotenes.
digestive, carminative,
chloretic,
antispasmodic,
diuretic,
antiemetic, mild
sedative, diaphoretic,
antiseptic, antiviral,
used in
many mixtures of
indigestion and
colic and cough and
cold remedies.
Lemon oil
Citrus limon, Linn.
(Rutaceae)
Jambira, Jambh,
Jambhir,
Jaamphal, Nimbu,
Nimbuka, neebu
peel oil
volatile oil (about 2.5% of
the peel) consists of about
75% limonene,
alpha-and beta-pinenes,
alpha-terpinene, citral,
hesperidin, rutin.
antiscorbutic,
carminative,
stomachic,
antihistaminic,
antibacterial. used
during coughs,
colds, influenza and
15. onset of fever
Sandalwood
Santalum album, Linn.
( Santalaecae)
Chandan, Sandal,
Sandalwood
Heartwood of
the plant
phenols - santalol, borneol,
alcohols - α-norisoborneol
aromatic therapy,
perfumary
Miscellaneous
Plant Name Biological name/ Synonym(s) Other names Part(s) Used Constituents Indications / Use
Liquorice
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linn.
(Papilionaceae, Fabaceae)
Gan Cao
(root/rhizome),
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
Var. Glabra, G.glabra
L. Subsp. Glandulifera
(Waldst. & Kit.) Ponert,
Licorice
root,
stolon
glycyrrhizin 2-8%,
triterpene saponin,
glycyrrhetinic acid,
isoflavonoids, chalcones,
coumarins, triterpenoids
and sterols, lignans, amino
acids, amines, gums and
volatile oils
demulcent,
expectorant,
antiallergic, anti-
inflammatory,
spasmolytic, mild
laxative, antistress,
antidepressive
Garlic
Allium sativum, Linn.
(Liliaceae, Alliaceae)
Ajo, Allium,
Lashuna, Rasona,
Yavaneshta,
Ugragandha
bulb
(clove)
disulphide compounds
allicin (via allinase)
alliin, diallyl disulphide,
lipids, mucilage, albumin
vitamins A, B, C, E.
anti-microbial
hypotensive
hypolipidemic
Picrorhiza
Picrorhiza kurroa,
Royle ex Benth
(Scrophulariaceae)
Katukaa, Katurohini,
Kutki.
root
glycosidal bitter
principle, kutkin found to be
a mixture of two iridoid
glycosides, picroside
i and kutkoside also
obtained were D-mannitol,
kutkiol, kutkisterol
and a ketone (identical with
apocynin).
in jaundice,
intermittent fever,
dyspnoea and
skin diseases
Dioscorea
Dioscorea anguina, Roxb.
Dioscorea bulbifera, Linn.
(Dioscoreaceae)
Wild yam, Colic-root,
Dioscorea villosa
tubers
dioscorine , furanoid
norditerpenes, contain
nearly 83% starch
tubers—used for
ulcer, to
kill worms in wounds.
plant parts—
used in whitlow, sores,
boils.
16. Linseed
Linum usitatissimum, Linn.
(Linaceae)
Flaxseed, Flax, Lint-
bells, Winter lien
ripe seed
fixed oil 35-40%, tannin,
amygdalin, mucilage, oleic
acid, linoleic acid
inflammation of
mucous membranes
of respiratory,
digestive, and urinary
organs, renal and
vesical irritation,
catarrh, dysentery,
Shatavari
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
(Asparagaceae)
Indian asparagus ,
Shataavari, Shatmuuli,
Atirasaa, Bahusutaa,
Shatpadi, Shatviryaa
dried root
saponins—
shatavarins I–IV.
shatavarin IV is a glycoside
of sarsasapogenin,
sitosterol etc.
as galactagogue, for
disorders of female
genitourinary tract,
ulcer-healing agent,
intestinal disinfectant
and astringent in
diarrhea, nervine tonic
and in sexual debility
for spermatogenesis
Shankh-
pushpi
Evolvulus alsinoides, Linn.
(Convolvulaceae)
E. Angustifolius Roxb.
Convolvulus alsinoides
L. Shankhphuli,
Shivakrandi
aqueous extract
of whole plant
evolvine,
beta-sitosterol, stearic,
oleic, linoleic
acids, pentatriacontane
and triacontane
brain tonic, an aid in
conception, astringent,
antidysenteric.
Pyrethrum
Anacyclus Pyrethrum, Linn.
(Compositae)
Pellitory,
Officinarum Hayne,
Aakallaka, Aakulakrit,
Agragraahi
root
an acrid, brown resin,
inulin, anacycline,
isobutylamide,
inulin and a trace of
essential
oil.
sialogogue, stimulant,
cordial, rubefacient,
insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus
Tobacco
Nicotiana tabacum, Linn.
(Solanaceae )
Indian tobacco,
Taamraparna,
Dhuumrapatraa
herb
nicotine
muscle relaxation in
dislocation,
strangulated hernia
and orchitis arthralgia,
lumbago, rheumatism
and gout