Abdul Wahid Dhuddy

1. AN OVERVIEW OF PAK-US RELATIONS
AND EFFECTS OF RUSSIAN-AFGHAN
WAR ON PAKISTAN .

2. Determinants of Foreign Policy
•
• Role of Personalities.Geo-Physical Location. Geo-Role of Personalities.Geo-Physical Location. Geo-
Political Location.Threat Perception.NationalPolitical Location.Threat Perception.National
InterestInterest

3. • When Pakistan emerged as an independent state
on the map of the world on 14th
August 1947, the
controversies of cold war had blemished the
international atmosphere.
• South Asia was considered responsibility of The
British for maintaining peace in the region as the
American policy makers were not interested in
playing any role in South Asia in the beginning.
• United States was the first country to broaden
diplomatic acknowledgment towards Pakistan and
also the only foreign power to send an official
delegate to formal ceremonies. Pakistan’s request
for membership in the United Nations, Far Eastern
Commission and other organizations was
supported by the United States.

4. • The engrossments of both the nations were
different as Pakistan was struggling with the early
problems made harder by the Indian hostility while
USA was working on the containment of
Communism and USSR.
• The fear of expansion of Communism and perceived
threat of shift in the global balance of power in
favor of the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic
of China instituted the importance of Pakistan to
the policy makers of America in the early 1950s.

5. • Pakistan’s tactical location on the boundaries of
USSR and People’s Republic of China earned great
importance in the domination policy of the US.
Being a country in the right location and the right
time, Pakistan became a valued one for U.S policy.
• Liaqat Ali Khan visited US in 1950 and declared
Pakistan’s alliance with the US.
• President Truman pioneered the technical
assistance with the Pakistan in 1950.The US
economic and defense assistance to Pakistan in
1952 emerged as an insignia of the possibility of
larger and fruitful cooperation between the both
countries.

6. • President Eisenhower in Feb 1954 announced the
provision of military assistance to Pakistan under
the Mutual Defense Assistance Programme.
• 1954 Pakistan signed South East Asia Treaty
Organization-SEATO.CENTO 1959
• 1st
May 1960-U 2 incident. Russian Threat for
Nuclear attack .
• 1965 war. American embargo on supply of
weapons to Pakistan.
• President Nixon saw Pakistan-China entente as
the possibility of using Pakistan as a bridge in his
policy of rapprochement with China.

7. • Pakistan arranged secret visit of Dr Henry Kissinger
to Beijing.
• 1971 war. Americans Betrayed .Air craft career
reached when the war was over.
• Pakistan withdrew from the US oriented security
pacts.
• 1976-Pressurized France to cancel the deal of
Nuclear Plant.
• Symington Amendment is legislation introduced by
Stuart Symington.
• 1979- 2 events took place. Iranian Revolution &
Russian Invasion on Afghanistan.

8. • “US Twin Pillar” policy failed.(Iran & KSA as
watchmen of Gulf)
January 1980- USA offered 800 million $ aid.
• Rejected by Islamabad and Characterized as Peanut
to face the Russian Bear.
• Americans provided 3.2 billion US $ as an aid during
Russian presence in Afghanistan.

9. Soviet Attack on Afghanistan1979
• Warm Water theory.
• The Soviet leaders considered Asian countries as
‘economic rear’ of capitalist countries, therefore,
strategic objective of the soviet foreign policy was
to death this rear from the west.

10. Cost For Pakistan
• Soviet air attacks and terrorist activities
• Between 1980 and 1988, Pakistani air and ground
boundaries were constantly dishonored through
widespread shelling and bombing.
• There were over 200 violations of Pakistani airspace
in 1985 and over 700 in 1986.
• In the first 10 months of 1987 there were 574 air
and 517 artillery attacks on Pakistan from the
Afghan side, and 540 terrorist activities launched
from Afghanistan.

11. Drugs Trade
• In the late 80s, Pakistan was access strip in the
trafficking of 70% of the world’s high grade heroine.
CIA had cultured the idea to grow poppy for meeting
the expense of war against Soviets
Between 1982 and 1987, the number of drug
addicts increased from 124,000 to 450,000
including 5000 heroin addicts.

12. • Kalashnikov Culture. The armament of Afghan
mujahedeen with the American supplied AK-47
Kalashnikov rifles, this culture flourished in
Pakistan.
• Together with the full range from Japanese pen
pistols to rapid fire guns and communication
equipments, missiles and anti aircraft weapons,
Soviet and China made Kalashnikov rifles and hand
grenades were openly on sale in the Tribal Areas of
Pakistan.

13. Sectarianism
• As a result for stopping the extension of
Communism, sectarianism came up as the biggest
challenge and gravest threat to Pakistan’s internal
security. Afghan Refugees changed the demography
of certain areas and were a cause for promoting
sectarianism.

14. Afghan Refugees burden on
Pakistan
• Pakistan provided shelter for approximately 3.7
million refugees who were settled in 386 camps.
• Deforestation. Afghan refugees brought more than
2.5 million cattle with them which had a harmful
effect on the atmosphere because of grazing on the
limited pasture land and delicate land.
• Employment Sector
• Real Estate and Transport
• Pakhtunistan Issue

15. Russian Withdrawal
• Neither the proposed objectives in Afghanistan
could have been achieved by the Russians nor could
they make roots in the political system. They had
three options in front of them.
• ( 1) Withdrawal (2) military option (3) political
option
• Pakistan had formulated a maximum negotiating
position including
• 1)Unconditional with drawl of Soviet Forces from
Afghanistan and repatriation of Afghan refugees

16. • (2)restoration of the Islamic character of
Afghanistan
• (3)maintenance of non-aligned status of
Afghanistan’s foreign policy.
• Geneva Accord was signed in Feb 1988 where
Russians agreed for a withdrawal of troops .
• The Soviet with drawl was a major event in the
history of the world since 2nd
World War. But it's
after effects were in the form of civil war between
the Kabul regime and Mujahedeen. The Geneva
Accord did not guarantee any cease fire or the safe
return of some six million Afghan refugees.

17. Conclusion
• The history of Pakistan relations with the United
States had been marked by a changeable fortune.
The US correlation had been an essential feature in
Pakistan’s foreign policy for much the greater part
of its history.
• The US - Pakistan coalition during the Afghan crisis
of the 1980s was an excellent example of a sneaky
partnership between two unequal powers. Being a
great power with the assumption of global
responsibilities and commitments, the United
States took advantage of Pakistan's desperate need
for military and economic assistance.